capsule cam

8/7/2019 Capsule Cam

1/13


2/13

1.2 CAPSULE CAMERA:

Capsule camera, endoscopic capsule or video pill is a camera with the size and

shape of pill. The Imaging Capsule contains a miniature camera, battery, light,

computer chip and wireless transmitter. The target destination for the device is the small

bowel, where the miniature camera may help physicians detect sources of bleeding or

diagnose disease.

Fig. 1.1. CAPSULE CAMERA

2


3/13

2. OBJECTIVE

At the present time, the capsule camera is primarily used to visualize the small

intestine. Whereas the upper gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach, and duodenum)

and the colon (large intestine) can be very adequately visualized with scopes (cameras

placed at the ends of thin flexible tubes), the small intestine is very long (average 20-25

feet) and very convoluted. No available scope is able to traverse the entire length of the

small intestine. The capsule camera travels through the length of the small intestine in

about 4 hours, and wirelessly transmits two images every second to a receiver carried

by the patient. The images are of very good quality, comparable to those from scopes.

The test carries a high sensitivity and specificity for detecting lesions. The main uses

today are for detecting the cause of gastrointestinal bleeding, and for inflammatory

bowel disease, such as Cohns disease

.

Fig.2.1. A CAPSULE TO SAVE STOMACHS

3


4/13


5/13

3. LITERATURE SURVEY

A 2002 TEC Assessment (1) concluded that wireless capsule endoscopy met the TEC

criteria as a technique to investigate obscure gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding suspected of

being of small bowel origin. (2) Specifically, the TEC Assessment reviewed 2 articles

that focused on the clinical applications of wireless capsule endoscopy in patients with

obscure GI bleeding. Obscure GI bleeding is defined as recurrent or persistent iron-

deficiency anemia, positive fecal occult blood test, or visible bleeding with no bleeding

source found at original endoscopy.

The first comparative study included 20 patients with obscure digestive tract

bleeding. Capsule images were reported as good or excellent by the 2 physician

reviewers, 1 of whom was blinded to clinical information and results of push

enteroscopy. Overall, wireless capsule endoscopy found a bleeding site in 11 of 20

(55%) patients studied and provided additional information not detected by push

enteroscopy in 5 of 20 (25%) cases.

An updated literature search performed for the period of 2005 through January

2006 did not identify any additional articles that would prompt reconsideration of the

relevant policy statement, which remains unchanged. Published studies continue to

support the role of the capsule camera in the evaluation of obscure GI bleeding.The policy was updated with a literature search through February 2007. Eliakim

evaluated 106 patients (93 with GER and 13 with Barrett esophagus) with wireless

endoscopy followed by standard endoscopy as the gold standard. (18) A blinded

adjudication committee reviewed all discrepant findings. The authors reported a

sensitivity of 92% (61 of 66) and specificity of 95%. Lin and colleagues reported results

of a prospective blinded (without adjudication) study of capsule endoscopy compared to

conventional endoscopy for Barretts esophagus in 66 screening and 24 surveillance

patients. (19) This study reported a sensitivity of 67% (14 of 21) and specificity of 84%.

The policy was updated with a literature review in June 2008 using MEDLINE.

Delvaux studied both esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and capsule endoscopy

(CE) in a European study of 98 patients, enriched to include abnormal esophageal

5


6/13

findings in two-thirds of patients. (21) EGD was normal in 34 patients and showed

esophageal findings in 62 (esophagitis 28, hiatus hernia 21, varices 21, Barrett's

esophagus 11, others 7). Average esophageal transit time of the capsule was 361

seconds. Capsule endoscopy (CE) was normal in 36 patients but detected esophagitis in

23, hiatus hernia in 0, varices in 23, Barrett's esophagus in 18, and others in 4. Overall

agreement per patient was moderate between EGD and capsule endoscopy for the per-

patient (kappa = 0.42) and per-findings (kappa = 0.40) analyses.

The policy was updated with a literature search through mid-July 2009.

Literature was reviewed for several indications for capsule endoscopy and for the

patency capsule. A recent meta-analysis summarized available studies comparing

capsule endoscopy to a reference standard of duodenal biopsy. (33) The pooled analysisof 3 studies showed a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 98%. The sensitivity of the

test does not seem to be sufficient to replace duodenal biopsy for the diagnosis of celiac

disease. The policy statement is unchanged; the use of capsule endoscopy remains

investigational for the evaluation of celiac disease.

6


7/13

4. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

Wireless capsule endoscopy is performed using the PillCam, which is a disposable

imaging capsule manufactured by Given Imaging, Ltd (Norcross, GA). The capsule

measures 11 by 30 mm and contains video imaging, self-illumination, and image

transmission modules as well as a battery supply that lasts up to 8 hours. The indwelling

camera takes images at a rate of 2 frames per second as peristalsis carries the capsule

through the gastrointestinal tract. The average transit time from ingestion to evacuation

is 24 hours. The device uses wireless radio transmission to send the images to a

receiving recorder device that the patient wears around the waist. This receiving device

also contains some localizing antennae sensors that can roughly gauge where the image

was taken over the abdomen. Images are then downloaded onto a workstation for

viewing and processing.

Evaluation of the esophagus requires limited transit time, and it is estimated that

the test takes 20 minutes to perform. Alternative techniques include upper endoscopy.

In 2006, the FDA also provided clearance for the Given AGILE patency system. This

system is an accessory to the PIllCam video capsule is intended to verify adequate

patency of the GI tract prior to administration of the PillCam in patients with known or

suspected strictures. This capsule is of similar size to the endoscopy capsule, but ismade of lactose and barium and dissolves within 30-100 hours of entering the GI tract.

It carries a tracer material that can be detected by a scanning device. Excretion of the

intact capsule without symptoms (abdominal pain or obstruction) is reported to predict

the uncomplicated passage of the wireless capsule.

7


8/13

5.TECHNICAL DETAILS

The procedure involves the patient taking a small capsule, or endoscope with a

tiny camera, light and radio transmitter inside it. The patient also wears small sensors

attached to the abdomen with adhesive sleeves. A mini-lens on the tip of the capsule

would be connected to a tiny "engine" running off electrical signals. An antenna would

take in the electric signals and send out the data collected and the "brain" behind the

whole system would be a microchip operating with hi-tech fluids. As the capsule moves

through the digestive system it records images and sends them by radio signal to a

receiver/recorder worn by the patient on a waist

Belt as the patient goes about his or her regular day. The procedure takes about 12 hours

and the final recording is about 8 hours long. Afterward, a doctor takes the disk from

the recorder and views the video on a high-resolution monitor. The device takes two

frames every second, providing about 58,000 images in eight hours as it makes it way

through the patients entire digestive tract.

Fig. 5.1.PILL CAMERA OF THE FUTURE

The camera transmits digital images to a recording device the patient wears on a

belt. Later, the recorders data is downloaded to a physicians computer. As the video

8


9/13


10/13

To the body and the strength of the signal was used to calculate the position of

the capsule in the body. These promote greater efficiency in medical Institutions and

help improve quality of life for the patients. Gastrointestinal endoscopes are now

recognized as the only medical devices that can simultaneously perform observations,

diagnoses (tissue extraction), and treatment. As tiny as a pill measuring just 9

millimeters in diameter and 23 mm in length, the Norika3 capsule endoscope developed

by RF is uniquely painless. "Though it hasn't been in practical use yet. Although the

company says it is still preparing to conduct clinical studies with other medical

institutions, it expects to market the Norika3 by the end of the year both in Japan and

overseas. It will accommodate a CCD camera of 0.41 mega pixels and is likely be

initially marketed at $100. The capsule moves painlessly through the gastrointestinaltract while transmitting color images on a real-time basis. The device accommodates a

plastic CCD camera with a 0.6-millimeter lens as well as four Light-Emitting Diode

(LED) flashing devices to supply light in the dark intestines. The camera can transmit

up to 30 images per minute, as long as the patient is wearing the vest that transmits

microwaves to the capsule.

Fig. 5.3.INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF CAPSULE CAMERA

10


11/13

5.2. CAPSULE ENDOSCOPE TECHNOLOGY

(1) Technology of capsule endoscope:

Compact, low power-consumption imaging technology, wireless transmission

technology.

(2) Wireless power supply system:

Eliminates constraints on operating time and energy levels.

(3) Drug delivery system:

Administer drugs directly to the affected area.

(4) Body fluid sampling technology:

Extracts body fluid for diagnosis and analysis.

(5) Self-propelled capsule:

Propels (capsule) freely within the gastrointestinal tract.

5.2.1. BENEFITS OVER TRADITIONAL ENDOSCOPY:

1. Little discomfort

2. Does not require sedation

3. Eliminates potential sedation related cardiopulmonary complications.

4. Offers a simple, safe and less invasive alternative.

5. Patient satisfaction

6. Comfort during procedure

7. Convenience

8. Immediate recovery

9. Preferred by patient over traditional endoscopy

5.2.2. LIMITATIONS OF CAPSULE CAMERA:

1. A physician cannot stop the cameras progress to change the angle or take a

prolonged look when it nears suspicious areas.

2. There is no air insufflations pumping in air to open up intestinal folds for

Examination.

11


12/13

6. CONCLUSION

Modern endoscopic techniques have revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of

diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach, and duodenum) and the

colon.

It is Very effective to use. And by using this can obtain best results.

Capsule endoscope technology is developed by using capsule camera.

It is to be in great use in near future.

12


13/13

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.msdn.microsoft.com

www.wikipedia.org

www.asptoday.com

www.capsule-endoscopy.info

www.google.com

13

capsule cam

Documents