captivity and slavery among the saracens in late antiquity (ca. 250 - 630 ce)

AnTard 19 2011 p 237-266

VARIA

CAPTIVITY AND SLAVERY AMONG THE SARACENS IN LATE ANTIQUITY (CA 250-630 CE)

NOEL LENSKI

Captiviteacute et esclavage chez les Saracegravenes

dans lrsquoAntiquiteacute tardive (ca 250-630)

Cet article examine le pheacutenomegravene de la prise de captifs et la deacutetention drsquoesclaves parmi les Sarrasins les Arabes nomades qui habitaient les deacuteserts de Syrie et drsquoArabie et le territoire de steppe en marge des empires tqockpgvrgtugckpukswg ng tqcwogfgヅkoctcw uwffg ncrfipkpuwngctcdkswg0Wpgdtflxggpsw‒vg uwt ngustructures tribales sarrasines montre comment dans la peacuteriode de lrsquoAntiquiteacute tardive ils se sont deacuteveloppeacutes en rwkuucpvgu eqphfiffitcvkqpu cnnkfigu cwzrgwrngu ufifgpvcktgu swk ngu gpvqwtckgpv0 Uqpv gpuwkvg rcuufiu gp tgxwg nguteacutemoinages des attaques agrave grand eacutechelle des Sarrasins sur lrsquoempire romain au cours desquelles la prise de cap-vkhuguvcvvguvfig0QpxqkveqoogpvTqoggvncRgtugqpvgzrnqkvfivqwufgwzngueqorfivgpegufguUcttcukpufcpuncrtkugfgecrvkhugpockpvgpcpvwpcxcpvcigvcevkswggvuvtcvfiikswg0Wpdtghcrgtrsaquowfgncufifgpvctkucvkqpfcpuncreacutegion reacutevegravele comment les provinciaux se sont deacuteplaceacutes en nombre dans la steppe au cours de lrsquoAntiquiteacute tardive et comment cela a conduit agrave resserrer les liens entre les Arabes nomades et les seacutedentaires mais aussi agrave redoubler ngurquukdknkvfiufgeqphnkvu0GphkpwpuwtxqnfguuqwteguckfgsectokgwzeqortgpftgeqoogpvnguUcttcukpuqpvwvknkufileurs captifs en tant que cibles de la violence bergers partenaires sexuelles et surtout sources de revenu par la tcprsaquoqpgvrctncxgpvgeqoogguencxgu0WpguqtvgfgeqoogtegvtkcpiwncktgfguecrvkhugvguencxgufiogtigitcurrenegcwswgnnguUcttcukpuqpvgzrnqkvfingwteqpvtraquongfgncvgttgffiugtvkswgsectokejgokpgpvtgTqogncRgtuggvヅkoctrqwttgphqtegtngwtrqwxqktfcpunctfiikqp0[Auteur]

Around 390391 CE Jerome committed to writing the story of an ascetic named Malchus whom he had met some YacutehvggpgctugctnkgtyjknguvckpipgctEjcnmkuSkppgštkp+

in Syria10 Vjg cikpi oqpm urqmg qpn Utkce cpf jcf

1 On the date of their encounter see S Rebenich Hieronymus und sein Kreis Rtquqrqitcrjkuejg wpf uqbrvbarkcniguejkejvnkejg Wpvgtuwejwpigp JkuvqtkcGkpbrvbargpuejtkhvgp94+Uvwvvictv34rr050Qpvjgfcvgqheqorqukvkqpof the Vita MalchiuggR0NgEngtecpfG0O0Oqtcngufkt0+Jeacuterocircme trois xkgufgoqkpguRcwnOcnejwuJknctkqp+UE72+Rctku4229rr03340 K wug vjg vgtoUctcegp vjtqwijqwv vq tghgt vq vjqug rgqrngyjqnkxgfkpvjgLcbrvbartcvjgUkpckqpvjguvgrrgqwvnkpkpivjgkppgtewtxgqhvjgFertile Crescent and in the Syrian Desert and who shared the qualities of an ethnoscdqxgcnncoqtgqt nguueqooqpncpiwciguqogxgtukqpqhQnfCtcdke+cpfcewnvwtgdcugfkprcuvqtcnpqocfkuovjqwijuqognkxgfcuugokpqocfuqtugfgpvctkuvucuqhvgpqeewtuykvjpqocfkeewnvwtgu+0Vjkuigpgtkevgtofqgupqvfgukipcvgcukpingvtkdgqtrqnkv0KvuwugjcuvjgcfxcpvcigqhtgrtgugpvkpicrgqrngykvjkfgpvkYacutecdnggngogpvuqhewnvwtcneqjgukqpcuvjgygtguggphtqovjgTqocpqDbrvbarcpvkpgrgturgevkxgyjkejkuvjgrtkocthqewuqhvjkurcrgt0KvcnuqtgrtgugpvuvjgUtkcergturgevkxghqtcnvjqwijUtkceurgcmgtuwugfvjgvgtoザcダパhqtvjkuucogitqwrfgtkxgfhtqovjgpqtvjOguqrqvcokcpvtkdgqh憶ck歌+vjgvqqrgtegkxgfvjgocucigpgtkecnnkfgpvkYacutecdnggvjpkeecvgiqteh0L0D0UgicnArabs in Syriac Literature before the rise of Islam in Jerusalem Studies in Arabic

Kujqwnfnkmg vq vjcpmvjgLqjpUkoqpIwiigpjgkoHqwpfcvkqphqt vjghgnnqyujkryjkejKjgnfyjkngytkvkpivjkuctvkeng0KcocnuqitcvghwnvqUeqvvDtwegItgiHkujgtGnkbrvbarcdgvjHqyfgpcpfMngJctrgthqtvjgktcareful readings and learned comments on earlier drafts Versions of vjkurcrgtygtgfkuewuugfcvRtkpegvqpWpkxgtukvcpfvjgWpkxgtukvqhChicago before attentive audiences that offered many useful suggestions hqtkortqxgogpv0

Grkitcrjkeeqtrqtcctgcddtgxkcvgfceeqtfkpivqvjgeqpxgpvkqpuqwvnkpgfcv H0 Dfitctf gv cn0 Guide de lrsquoeacutepigraphiste 3rd ed rev Paris 2000 CddtgxkcvkqpuhqtrcrtqnqikecneqtrqtchqnnqyL0H0QcvguT0U0DcipcnnY0J0YknnkucpfM0C0YqtrEjgemnkuvqhGfkvkqpuqhItggmcpfNcvkpRcrtkQuvtceccpfVcdngvu4Cvncpvc340 Kpcffkvkqp vjg hqnnqykpiabbreviations recur ndash CIS = Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum 7xqnu0Rctku33=ndash FHGM0Omacrnngtfkt0+Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum 7 xqnu0 Rctku 363369= ndash WH = FV Winnett and I0N0JctfkpiInscriptions from Fifty Safaitic CairnsPgctcpfOkffngGcuvUgtkgu+Vqtqpvq390

NOEL LENSKI AnTard 19 2011238

ecwijvLgtqogOacuteucvvgpvkqp hqtrtcevkekpicuegvkekuokp vjgeqorcpqhcpgnfgtnyqocpcpwpwuwcnrcktkpiqt uqvjqwijv Lgtqog0Yjgpcumgfjku uvqtOcnejwu tgrqtvgfvjcvjgjcfitqypwrqpchctopgctvjgekvqhPkukdkucpfjcffgekfgfvqTHORNggjkurctgpvuvqrwtuwgfkxkpgrgthgevkqpcv c oqpcuvke eqoowpkv kp vjg uvgrrg dgvyggp Kooc[gpk3gjkt+cpfDgtqgcCngrrq+20Jcxkpiurgpvcpwodgtof years there Malchus learned that his mother had been ykfqygfcpffgekfgfvqtgvwtpvqPkukdkuvqectghqtjgtcpfclaim the inheritance to which he was entitled30Mpqykpivjcv vjg tqwvg dgvyggp Dgtqgc cpf Gfguuc 2cpnotildewthc+ycurnciwgfdUctcegptckfgtujgcvvcejgfjkougnh vqcitqwrqhcdqwv ugxgpv hgnnqy vtcxgngtu vqrtqxkfguchgvin numbers for his journey40PgxgtvjgnguujkuyqtuvhgctuygtgtgcnkbrvbargfyjgpcitqwrqhUctcegpuuyqqrgffqypqpvjgtqcfcpfvqqmvjgvtcxgngtukpvqecrvkxkv0VjgfkxkfgfvjgkturqknucnnqvvkpiOcnejwucpfvjgyqocpyjqdgecogjkuhwvwtgeqorcpkqpvqvjgucogocuvgt0 Vjgtckfgtrcemgfvjgo qp vjg dcem qh c ecogn cpf rqtvgf vjgo hqt fcudghqtgetquukpicnctigtkxgtrgtjcruvjgEjcdwt7

Ujqtvn vjgtgchvgt vjg rctv tgcejgf vjg ecor qh vjgSaracenrsquos family where Malchus was forced to do obeisance vq vjgykhg cpf ejknftgp0 Kvycu pqv nqpi dghqtg jg hqwpfjkougnhftguukpicpfgcvkpinkmgcUctcegp6 The master established Malchus as a goatherd charged him with watching jkuTHORNqemucpfocfgjkokpjcdkvcecxgpgctjkurcuvwtcig0Dgecwug Ocnejwu ycu igpgtcnn qdgfkgpv jku ocuvgtgpvtwuvgfjkoykvjjkuhgocnghgnnqyecrvkxgkpvgpfkpivjcvMalchus should use her as a mate This situation fomented an existential crisis in Malchus both because of his own vow of ejcuvkvcpfdgecwugvjgyqocpjcfdggprtgxkqwunocttkgf0Dwvyjgpvjgocuvgtcpitknvjtgcvgpgfvjgktnkxgukhvjgfkfpqveqwrngvjgvyquncxgutguqnxgfvqeqrgykvjvjkufkngooc

and Islam 636rr0346cvrr03223260QpCtcdgvjpkekvqhyjkejvjgUctcegpuecpdgeqpukfgtgfcuocnngtdgecwughwpfcogpvcnnpqocfke+uwdugvuggT0JqncpfCtcdkccpfvjgCtcdultHtqovjgDtqpbrvbargCigvqthe Coming of Islam Nqpfqp1Pgy[qtm4223cvrr044469=Kf0Arab kings Arab tribes and the beginnings of Arab historical memory in late TqocpgrkitcrjkpJ0O0Eqvvqpgvcn0fkt0+From Hellenism to Islam Ewnvwtcn cpf Nkpiwkuvke Ejcpig kp vjg Tqocp Pgct Gcuv Cambridge 422rr0596622= J Retsouml VjgCtcdukpCpvkswkvltVjgktJkuvqthtqovjg Cuutkcpu vq vjg Woccfu Nqpfqp 1 Pgy [qtm 4225 passim=MCA MacDonald Arabs Arabias and Arabic before Late Antiquity in Vqrqk38422rr0 4995540Qp vjggvoqnqiqh vjgpcogUctcegpuggdgnqyp090QpvjgpqocfkepcvwtgqhUctcegpewnvwtguggdgnqycvp030

2 Jer Vita Malchi5036kpNgEngtecpfOqtcnguVtqkuxkgu ekv0p03+rr03320

3 Kdkf0 5070 Qp OcnejwuOacute kpjgtkvcpeg eh0Vita Malchi 43 Giq000haereditarius possessor= 807lt Swkf rtqfguv000 tgo hcoknkctgocontempsisse

4 Kdkf0 41 70Ibid6047030Qpvjgtkxgtgrandi amne transmisso+eh0040QpvjgnkmgnkjqqfkvycuvjgEjcdwtuggK0QrgnvDes Hieronymus Heiligenbiographien als SwgnngpfgtjkuvqtkuejgpVqrqitcrjkgfguhellipuvnkejgpOkvvgnoggttcwou in TSC9639rr0367399cvrr0373p039=V0F0DctpguGctnEjtkuvkcpJcikqitcrjcpfTqocpJkuvqtVmacrdkpigp4232r0397p090

6 Vita Malchi7034=eh0605ltCibus semicrudae carnes et lac camelorum potus erat

drtgvgpfkpivqnkxgeqplwicnnyjkngcduvckpkpihtqokpvgtcourse70Cu vkogrcuugfjqygxgtOcnejwuygctkgfqhjkueqpfkvkqpcpfeqpxkpegfjku hgocngeqorcpkqp vqcvvgorvTHORNkijvykvjjko0Vjgvyqmknngfcrcktqhiqcvurtgrctgfvjgogcvhqtrtqxkukqpucpfugygfvjgjkfgu kpvq ngcvjgtdciuvq ugtxg cuTHORNqvcvkqpfgxkegu0VjgTHORNgf cv pkijv eqxgtkpiten miles to the river over which they had entered Saracen vgttkvqt cpfetquugf kvykvj vjg kpTHORNcvgfdciu0Htqo vjgtgthey traveled three further nights before catching sight of vjgktocuvgtyjqjcfeqogkprwtuwkvqhvjgoqpecogndcemtogether with another of his slaves9 The two fugitives cvvgorvgfvqjkfgkpcecxgdwvvjgocuvgtcpfhgnnqyuncxghqnnqygfvjgktvtcemucpfgpvgtgfkvkpcpghhqtvvqtgecrvwtgvjgo0Kpuvgcfcnkqpguuyjqfygnvvjgtgmknngfvjgvyquncxgjwpvgtu dwv nghv Ocnejwu cpf jku eqorcpkqp wpjctogf0Cuvqpkujgf cv vjku uvtqmg qh nwem vjg hwikvkxgu vqqm vjgocuvgtOacuteuecognuvqigvjgtykvjjkurtqxkukqpucpfeqpvkpwgfvjgkt THORNkijv yguvyctf hqt cpqvjgt yggm dghqtg tgcejkpi cRoman military installation They were soon turned over to the Dux Mesopotamiae Ucdkpkcpwu cYacuteiwtg cvvguvgf cu cpeastern general in Ammianus Marcellinus10 After recounting their story and selling their camels Malchus and the woman ygtgrqtvgfdcemvqUtkcyjgtgvjgvqqmwrtgukfgpegpgctEjcnmkucpfuqogfgecfguncvgtogvLgtqog0

YjkngLgtqogOacuteuvcngjcuogvykvjumgrvkekuohtqouqoguejqnctuvjgtgctgocptgcuqpuhqtceegrvkpikvcucetgfkdngrendition ndash though by no means a verbatim recounting ndash of cpcevwcnnkxgfgzrgtkgpeg110Kvkucnuqvjgtghqtgcpkpetgfkdnxcnwcdng uqwteg hqt vjg gzrgtkgpeg qh uncxgt coqpi vjgUctcegpu0 Kv vgnnu wu qh vjg UctcegpuOacute rtqyguu cv tckfkpivtcxgngtuhqtdqqvcpfecrvkxguqpvjgtqcfucnqpivjgfgugtvhtkpig=qhvjguwffgppguuqhvjgktcvvcemuhtqodqvjecogncpfjqtugdcem=qhvjgugiogpvgfnkhguvnghqwpfkpvjgktuocnnencpitqwru= qh vjgkt uecpv enqvjkpi cpfoknm cpfogcvfkgv= qhvjgkttgcfkpguuvqtgictfecrvkxgucuuncxgucpfvjgkttgvgpvkqp

7 Kdkf07050400Kdkf0903050QpvjgwugqhuwejTHORNqvcvkqpfgxkegukpvjgtgikqphtqo

Assyrian times through the early 20th century see M Tardieu Les paysages reliques routes et haltes syriennes drsquoIsidore agrave Simplicius Nqwxckp1Rctku32rr093324359690

9 Vita Malchi 93 Quid terroris cum ante specum haud procul starent dominus et conservus0VjkuhgnnqyrwtuwgtOacuteuuncxguvcvwukueqpYacutetogfthree further times Kdkf007ltmittit servum=08lt introgresso famulo=0ltservi increpans socordiam

10 Kdkf0 102 Full references on Sabinianus at RNTG 1 Sabinianus 3 For the reading ldquoSabinianusrdquo rather than ldquoSabianusrdquo as some MSS see LeClerc and Morales Vtqkuxkgu ekv0p03+r0420

330HqtkpvgtrtgvcvkqpcucpqxgngvvguggO0HwjtocppDie OhellippejuiguejkejvgpfguJkgtqpowuIcircHqtogzrgtkogpvgkpgtbrvbarldquojngpfgtNkvgtcvwtg in Christia-pkuoggvhqtogunkvvfitcktgufgnOacuteCpvkswkvfivctfkxggpQeekfgpvGpvtgvkgpuJctfv45+XcpfIacutewxtg399rr063=Kf0Christen in der Wuumlste Drei JkgtqpowuNgigpfgpmacrdgtugvbrvbarvwpfgtnldquowvgtvyenmacrtkej1Owpkej350HqtcuvtqpifghgpugqhvjgNkhgOgraveucwvjgpvkekvuggQrgnvJkgtqpowuekv0p07+0S Weingarten VjgUckpvOacuteuUckpvultJcikqitcrjcpfIgqitcrjkpLgtqog Ngkfgp4227rr03933yjkejkpenwfgucffkvkqpcndkdnkqitcrjcffufurther arguments both for the authentic core of the narrative as well as the introduction of literary elements by Jerome

AnTard 19 2011 CAPTIVITY AND SLAVERY AMONG THE SARACENS IN LATE ANTIQUITY (CA 250-630 CE) 239

of slaves in sizable numbers12=qhvjgktwugqhvjguguncxgucujgtfgtu=qh vjgktghhqtvu vqdtggfvjgktuncxgudguvcdnkujkpieqplwicnwpkqpu=qhvjgktyknnkpipguuvqcnnqyuncxgueqpukfgtcdnghtggfqoqhoqxgogpv=cpfqhvjgkttgcfkpguuvqejcugfqypcpfgxgpmknnhwikvkxgu0KhkphcevygecpvtwuvLgtqogOacuteutgrqtvcucnkvgtcttgpfkvkqpqhOcnejwuOacutenkxgfgzrgtkgpegkvoffers an invaluable window into a society that has left very few traces whatsoever from which to reconstruct its social jkuvqt0Kvkuvjwucnnvjgoqtgtgoctmcdngjqyowejqhvjcvrkevwtghqewuguqpecrvkxkvcpfuncxgt0

Vjkudgeqoguuqogyjcvnguuuwtrtkukpijqygxgtyjgpygeqpukfgtjqyowejgxkfgpegygjcxghqtvjgrtcevkegof slave raiding among the Saracens The following discussion will examine this material in great detail wukpiOcnejwuOacute gzrgtkgpeg cu c uqtv qh vcdngcw tgTHORNgzkxgqh cowej nctigt rjgpqogpqp0 Lgtqogycu kp c rctvkewnctn iqqfrqukvkqp vq ugtxg cu vjg kpvgtogfkct hqt uwejc tgrqtv hqt fwtkpi vjg rgtkqfyjgp jgogvOcnejwu jgnkxgf kp vjg uvgrrg qh vjgEjcnmkfkmパ cpf vjwu cnqpi vjgmargins of ldquoSaracen countryrdquo130 Cu uwej jg crrctgpvnjcf tgiwnct gzrgtkgpegykvj Uctcegpu cpfyknn jcxg jcfcorngqrrqtvwpkvvqoggvvjgxkevkouqhvjgkttckfu14 As ygujcnnuggjqygxgtUctcegpecrvkxkvkucvvguvgfkpnguudetail but with almost monotonous regularity in a variety qhqvjgteqpvgorqtctuqwtegu0Vjkuuvwfyknnuuvgocvkecnnrtgugpvvjkuvguvkoqphtqovjgokf5rd century down vqvjggxgqhvjgOwunkoeqpswguvu0Kvyknnecvcnqiwgonly gzcorngu qh Uctcegp tckfkpi kp yjkej ecrvkxg vcmkpi kugzrnkekvnogpvkqpgf0Vjkufqgupqvogcpvjcvecrvkxkvfkfpqv rnc c tqng kp vjgocpqvjgt cvvcemu tgrqtvgf kp vjgsources but the article will eschew discussion of these both kpqtfgtvqnkokvkvuueqrgcpfcnuqvqcdkfgdvjgngvvgtqhvjgvgzvu0KvyknnujqyvjcvvjgUctcegpuOacutercuvqtcnoqfgqhuwdukuvgpegngpvkvugnhvqecrvkxgtckfkpicpfuncxgjqnfkpi=vjcvvjgugecrvkxguygtgrwvvqcxctkgvqhwugukpenwfkpikpvgtdtggfkpi qt cfqrvkqp kpvq vjg vtkdcn wpkv vctigvu hqtxkqngpegqtjwocpucetkYacuteeggzejcpighqttcpuqoucngvqneighboring sedentarists and ndash as with Malchus ndash retention cuuncxgu=vjcvdqvjvjgTqocpcpfRgtukcpGorktguyqtmgfvq nkokv vjguguncxkpicevkxkvkgucickpuv vjgktqyprgqrngu

340OcnejwuOacuteocuvgtpqvqpnmgrvjkojku hgocngeqorcpkqpcpf vjgconservusyjqjgnrgfjwpvvjgvyqhwikvkxgucdqxgp0+dwvcnuqcpwpurgekYacutegfpwodgtqhqvjgtuncxgueh0Vita Malchi705ltdominos meos et conservos rarius video

13 The notion of ldquoSaracen countryrdquo is attested at Eus Qpqo0 33044Mnquvgtocpp+ltりヽ♯=Eqoo0kpKu04045yenkgingt+ltやややぐ々♯=Rgtgi0Gi050 Octcxcn+ltYacutepguUctcegpqtwokpYacutepkvqu=908ltrelinquentes iam vgttcuUctcegpqtwo0

14 Jer Gr0703JkndgtiEUGN NKX43+ltin ea mihi parte heremi commoranti quae iuxta Syriam Sarracenis iungitur=Gr0904EUGNNKX49+ltad me heremi parte delatae sunt quae inter Syros ac Sarracenos vastum limitem ducit=Gr03704EUGN NKX85+ltad eam solitudinem conmigravi quae UtkcokwpevqdctdctkcgYacutepgfgvgtokpcv Cf Jer XkvcRcwnk804NgEngtsand Morales SC DVIII376+ltvguvqt000kpgcrctvggtgokswcgkwzvcUtkcoUctcegpkukwpikvwtgvxkfkuugogoqpcejqu000

cpfvqgpeqwtcigvjgocickpuvvjgktgpgokgu=cpfvjcvvjgsedentarists living near the Saracens fought against the ghhgevuqhUctcegptckfudwvrctcfqzkecnncnuqgpeqwtcigfvjgodrtqxkfkpic vjtkxkpioctmgv hqt vjqugyjqo vjgSaracens enslaved

The Growth of Saracen Confederations in Late Antiquity

Dghqtggpvgtkpikpvqvjgswguvkqpqhecrvkxkvcpfuncxgtcoqpi vjgUctcegpu kv ku pgeguuct vq uwtxgdtkgTHORN vjgpcvwtgqhvjgktrqnkvkecnngcfgtujkrcpfuqekcnuvtwevwtgucpfvqfguetkdgjqyvjgugcrrgctvqjcxgejcpigfkpvjgrgtkqfof Late Antiquity The word ldquoSaracenrdquo came into fashion kp vjku rgtkqf cu c igpgtke fgukipcvkqp hqtCtcd pqocfuhqtogtntghgttgfvqkpItggmuqwtegucuvcパpqkor umパpkvck ETHvgpvfygnngtuNtilde+0VjgugvtkdgujcfdggprtgugpvkpvjgPgctEast since long before the arrival of the Romans and they crrgctpqvvqjcxgrqugfcprctvkewnctncewvgvjtgcvrtkqtto the late 3rd century370VjkuycufwgcvngcuvkprctvvqvjgfktgevcrrnkecvkqpqhTqocprqygtkpvjgugvvngftgikqpuqhthe Fertile Crescent To an even greater extent however vjkutgncvkxgrgcegtguwnvgfhtqovjggzgtvkqpqhcwvjqtkvby the Arabs of oasis cities on the margins of the Roman cpfRgtukcpGorktgugurgekcnnRgvtckpvjg3st century CE cpfJcvtccpfRcnotckpvjgugeqpfcpfvjktf16 With the fguvtwevkqpqhJcvtc kp462cpf vjgtgfwevkqpqhRcnotckp495vjgpqocfudgicpvqgzgtvitqykpirtguuwtgqpvjgRoman and Persian frontier zones even as they formed into oqtgvkijvnmpkvcpfrqygthwnvtkdcneqphgfgtcvkqpuvqdgfkuewuugfdgnqy0Kvkukprtgekugnvjkurgtkqfqhkpetgcugfcohesion ndash and violence ndash that we begin to encounter the yqtfETHUctcegpNtildevqfguetkdgpqocfkeCtcducucitqwr17

370QpvjguecngcpfpcvwtgqhOgravepqocfvjtgcvOacutecowejfgdcvgfuwdlgevuggF0H0 ItchTqog cpf vjg Uctcegpult Tgcuuguukpi vjg Pqocfke ogpceg kpV0Hcjffkt0+LrsquoArabie preacuteislamique et son environnement historique et culturel Uvtcudqwti 3 rr0 563622= R0Ocgtuqp Saracens and TqocpultOketqOcetqTgncvkqpujkru in DCUQT4963rr0939Kf0OqpmuOctvtuUqnfkgtucpfUctcegpultRcrgtuqpvjgPgctGcuvkpNcvgCpvkswkv38435+ Lgtwucngo36rr0535543=D0KucceVjgNkokvuqhGorktg0VjgTqocpCtokpvjgGcuvtgx0gf0Qzhqtf34gur0rr08994576=O0E0C0OceFqpcnfPqocfucpfvjgヅcytダpkpvjgNcvgJgnngpkuvkecpfTqocpRgtkqfultCTgcuuguuogpvqh vjgGrkitcrjkeGxkfgpeg in Syria9235rr0525635Kf0NkvgtcecpfKfgpvkvkpRtgIslamic ArabiaHctpjco422uvwfKK=O0UctvtgVjgOkffngGcuvwpfgtTqogvtcpu0E0RqtvgtcpfG0TcynkpiuEcodtkfigOc+1Nqpfqp4227rr04554557585=U0V0Rctmgt Vjg TqocpHtqpvkgtkpEgpvtcnLqtfcpltHkpcnTgrqtvqp vjgNkoguCtcdkewuRtqlgev323 2 Washington FE+4228rr0757793=F0H0EcpgtHistory and Hagiography from the Late Antique SinaiVVJ75+Nkxgtrqqn422rr05730

16 FE Peters Tqocpu cpf Dgfqwkp kp Uqwvjgtp Utkc in LPGU 37 39rr053748=UctvtgOkffngGcuv ekv0p037+56670

390HqtvjgwugqhvjgpcogUctcegpkpItggmcpfNcvkpuqwteguuggdgnqyn 31 For its etymology see MCA MacDonald SwgnswgutfiTHORNgzkqpuuwt ngu uctceflpgu nOacutekpuetkrvkqp fg Tcyyダhc gv nOacutectofig tqockpg in J0 Nqbrvbarcejogwt fkt0+Rtfiugpeg ctcdg fcpu ng etqkuucpv hgtvkng cxcpvlrsquoHeacutegireRctku37rr05323cpfdgnqyp090Hqtvjgrquukdngtqng


Our fullest understanding of the growth of the Saracen confederation can be gleaned from our evidence hqt c ejcpig kp ngcfgtujkr rcvvgtpu c ejcpigyjkej ecpqpn dgogcuwtgfykvj cp fgitgg qh eqorngzkv qp vjgRoman side From its earliest encounters with nomadic CtcduTqogjcfuvtwevwtgfkvutgncvkqpujkruvjtqwijvjgktngcfgtuyjqokvfgukipcvgfykvjvjgItggmyqtfphylarch ー+3 This name continued to be used down to the

rncgfd vjg kpxgpvkqpqh cpgyecogn ucffng vjgšcfダf in the rise of the Saracens see MJ Zwettler Ocピcff kp NcvgCpekgpv CtcdkcpgrkitcrjcpfqvjgtRtgKuncokeuqwtegu in WZKM24222rr044552cvrr048846ykvjgctnkgtdkdnkqitcrj0

30Hqtyjcv hqnnqyu uggO0UctvtgVtqku fivwfgu uwt nOacuteCtcdkg tqockpg gvdbrvbarcpvkpgEqnngevkqpNcvqowu39+Dtwuugnu34rr034434=KucceNkokvu qh Gorktg cit0 p037+ rr045746= OceFqpcnf Pqocfu cit p037+ rr058599= C0I0 Itqwejgxq Vtqku OgravepkxgcwzOacute fg rjnctswgu0

vkogqhvjgOwunkoeqpswguvudwvkvuueqrgcpfvjgtcpigof meanings changed considerably0 Around the time of VtclcpOacuteucppgzcvkqpqhvjgPcdcvcgpmkpifqokpvjggctn

iexclvwfg vgtokpqnqikswguwt ngu tgncvkqpufgTqoggvfgDbrvbarcpegcxge nguArabes avant lrsquoIslam in Syria 94 37 rr0327353=V0Dtmacriigocpp cpf kp Tqocp Ctcdkc3uv5tf egpvwt+lt Egpvtcn rqygt nqecn cfokpkuvtcvkqp cpf pqocfkeenvironment kpC0Ngykp cpfR0Rgnnitkpk fkt0+VjgNcvgTqocpCtokp vjgPgctGcuv htqoFkqengvkcp vq vjgCtcdEqpswguv DCTKU339+Qzhqtf 422 rr049746= Jqncpf Arab kings ekv0 p03+= Kf0 Late TqocpRtqxkpekcCtcdkcoqpqrjukvgoqpmucpfCtcdvtkdgultcrtqdngoof centre and periphery in SemClas 4 422 rr033935 cv rr03333=OknnctTqogOacuteuOgraveCtcdOacuteCnnkguekv0p047+rr042843=C0NgykpDid vjgTqocpGorktgjcxgcoknkvctuvtcvgicpfygtgvjgLchpkfurctvqhitkpF0IgpgswcpfcpfE0L0TqdkpTgictfuetqkufiufgnOacutejkuvqktggvfglrsquoarcheacuteologie sur la dynastie Jafnide forthcoming See also Segal Arabs in Syriac ekv0p03+rr068qpvjgwugqhphylarch to designate the leaders qhugvvngfeqoowpkvkgunkmgGfguuckpvjgYacutetuvegpvwtkguDEGcpfEG0

Fig 1 ndash The Fertile Crescent (N Lenski and D Underwood)


1st century CE the title phylarch or sometimes ethnarch wuwcnnrcktgfykvjstrategos was used to identify leaders qhpqocfkeitqwrukphqtocncnnkcpegykvjvjgGorktgyjqygtgpgxgtvjgnguu tgncvkxgnokpqtrncgtuykvj cwvjqtkvqxgt qpn nqecn eqpvkpigpvu0D vjg6th century however phylarch is often used of leaders who have much broader cwvjqtkvqxgtnctigtitqwruvjcvygtgpqydgkpifgrnqgfpqvlwuvhqtnqecnrqnkekpidwvcnuqhqtnqpifkuvcpeggzrgfkvkqpu0Dvjgvkogygtgcejvjg8th century phylarchs had vcmgpqpcswcukqhYacuteekcntqngyjkejkpenwfgfhqtocnvkvngunkmgcomes patricius and や〆 gloriosissimus+ 19

19 Eg IGLS X4775df=O0UctvtgDeux phylarches arabes dans lrsquoArabie dbrvbarcpvkpg in Museon32835rr0367376=eh0K0UjcjparafDbrvbarcpvkwoand the Arabs in the Sixth Century 11 RqnkvkecncpfOknkvctJkuvqt YcujkpivqpFE+37]DCUKE_rr0474830

cpf kpxqnxgf korgtkcn crrqkpvogpvu cu ugokcwvqpqoqwuoknkvct ngcfgtuqxgt vjgfghgpugqhfgukipcvgfrtqxkpeguor regions200 Vjgug ukzvjegpvwt phylarchs ngf itqwrukfgpvkYacutegfkpvjguqwtegucuvjgETHUctcegpuqhvjgTqocpuNtildeqtvjgETHUctcegpuqhvjgRgtukcpNtildeyjkejeqwnfYacutegnfoknkvctforces said to be as large as 30 000 men21 Some of this egpvtcnkbrvbarcvkqpqhcwvjqtkvuwtgnuvgoogfhtqovjgkorgvwu

420UgggurgekcnnT0JqncpfNcvgTqocpRtqxkpekcCtcdkcoqpqrjukvgmonks and Arab tribes a problem of centre and periphery in SemClas4422rr033935hqtcxkiqtqwufguetkrvkqpqhvjggzvgpvqhETHIjcuuダpkfNtildecwvjqtkvkpukzvjegpvwtUtkc0

430 Lqj0 Ocn0 3038 Vjwtp r0586+lt ― nabla Ntilde ふNtilde 々 ♯ ♯ やpart auml Å ∽― や aumlbdquo ざ oline oline = Et0Scyth Vita Johannis Hesychastae35Uejyctvbrvbarr0433+ltふNtildeと♯euml々♯

Fig 2 ndash The Arabian Peninsula (N Lenski and D Underwood)


qhvjgTqocpcpfRgtukcpGorktgu0Vjgugucycpcfxcpvcigkp rtqoqvkpi coqtg jkgtctejkbrvbargf ngcfgtujkr dqvj vq jgnrthem to assert greater control over the many nomadic tribes cpfencpuqpvjgkthtqpvkgtucpfvqjctpguuvjgrqygtqhvjgugitqwruhqtcvvcemucickpuvvjgqrrqukpigorktg0

Pgxgtvjgnguu vjgegpvtcnkbrvbarcvkqpqhcwvjqtkvcoqpi vjgUctcegpuycuxgtowejcfkcnqikertqeguucpfcrrgctuvqjcxgdwknvqpkorwnuguhtqoykvjkpvjgpqocfeqoowpkvcuygnn0KpfggfqwtgctnkguvuqnkfvguvkoqphqtcuwrtcvtkdcnejkgheqogukpcetwekcnnkorqtvcpvdwvfkhYacuteewnvvqfgekrjgtkpuetkrvkqp htqo gpPcoダtc yjkej ku ytkvvgp kp OwfctkArabic and was clearly intended for an Arab audience22 The kpuetkrvkqpycuhqwpfgcuvqh vjgUvtcvcFkqengvkcpcqpvjggfigqhvjgUtkcp価cytダpvjwuykvjkpvjgurjgtgqhTqocpkpTHORNwgpegdwvqwvukfgTqocpvgttkvqt0Hktonfcvgfvq54kv tgeqtfu vjg cejkgxgogpvu qh Kotw歌 cnScuyjq enckouvqdgAringmkpiqhcnnvjgCtcduCcedilcpfcuugtvujkucwvjqtkvqxgtvjgvyqUtkcucpfvjgpqtvjyguvCtcdkcpvgttkvqtqhPkbrvbarダt0Kotw歌cnScudqcuvuqhjkuxkevqtqxgtvjgekvqhPcltダpcpf jku fqokpcpeg qh vjg vtkdcn eqphgfgtcvkqp qhOc河cffdqvjfggrkpvjgCtcdkcprgpkpuwnc+cpftgncvgujkuvtcpuhgtof control over the tribes to his sons This was thus the head qhcnctigeqphgfgtcvkqpcoclqtrqnkvkecncpfoknkvctngcfgtyjqqrgtcvgf kpcnnkcpegykvjTqogdwvxgtowejcucpcwvqpqoqwucigpv0JkucuugtvkqpqhqxgtctejkpirqygtcpfkpfgrgpfgpegctggxkfgpvkpjkuwugqhvjgCtcdkevkvngmalik cnピctcdmkpiqhcnnvjgCtcdu+cenckoengctnckogfcvjkuhgnnqyvtkdguogpcpfdjkucwvjqtkvvqfgxqnxgrqygtvqhis sons230Jku cwvqpqoecp cnuqdg uwtokugf htqoyjcvygecpmpqyqhjkudcemitqwpf0Jku kpuetkrvkqp kfgpvkYacutegu

440VjgkpuetkrvkqpRctkuNqwxtgCQ625+YacutetuvrwdnkujgfcvT0Fwuucwfand F Macler Tcrrqtv uwt wpgokuukqp uekgpvkYacuteswg fcpu ngu tfiikqpudeacutesertiques de la Syrie moyenne in Pqwxgnngu ctejkxgu fgu okuukqpuuekgpvkYacuteswgu gv nkvvfitcktgu 42 324 rr0938946 jcu igpgtcvgf cvtgogpfqwu dkdnkqitcrj0 Korqtvcpv pgy tgcfkpiu ecp dg hqwpf cvMJ Zwettler KotcビcnscuuqpqhピCotmkpiqh000AAA in M Mir and L0G0 Hquuw fkt0+ Literary Heritage of Classical Islam Arabic and KuncokeUvwfkgukpJqpqtqhLcoguC0DgnncoRtkpegvqp35rr0559cpfO0MtqrrVassal ndash pgkvjgtqhTqogpqtqhRgtukc0OctビcnScuthe great king of the Arabs in RtqeggfkpiuqhvjgUgokpcthqtCtcdkcpStudies 45 35 rr08560Yjkng hwnn cempqyngfikpi vjg wpuvcdngpcvwtgqhvjgvgzvKhqnnqyvjgoquvtgegpvfgvckngftgcfkpicvR0DqtftgwknA Desreumaux C J Robin and J Teixidor NkpvgcwkpuetkrvCQ625 kpE0LTqdkpcpf[0Ecnxgvfkt0+CtcdkgjgwtgwugCtcdkgffiugtvg0Nguantiquiteacutes arabiques du Museacutee du LouvreRctku39rr0487480

450 Vjg rtgekug ogcpkpi qh cnピctcd kp vjg kpuetkrvkqp jcu qeecukqpgffgdcvgrctvkewnctnqxgtyjgvjgtvjkukpfkecvgucrgqrngqtctgikqpuggZwettler Kotcビcnscu ekv0p044+rr036ctiwkpihqtvjgncvvgtcpfK0UjcjparafDbrvbarcpvkwocpf vjgCtcdufwtkpi vjgtgkipqhEqpuvcpvkpgltvjgPcoダtckpuetkrvkqp in DbrvbarH484222rr038ctiwkpiIcircoqtgrgtuwcukxgnIcirc hqt vjg hqtogt0Qp vjgwugqhmlk kpqvjgt grkitcrjketexts see C J Robin Ngu Ctcdgu fg ヅkoct fgu OgraveTqockpuOacute gv fguRgtuguIIIe-IVeukflengufgnOacutefltgejtfivkgppg+ in SemClas3422rr0389424cvrr03436=JqncpfArab kings ekv0p03+0Lwuvkpkcphcoqwuntgeqipkbrvbargfvjgenckoqh価ダtkvjkdpLcdcncvqmkpiujkrditcpvkpijkovjg qhYacuteeg qh mkpi と + ugg Rtqeqr0Bell0 303906769Jcwt+ eh0Uctvtg Vtqku fivwfgu ekv0 p03+ rr0392394= UjcjparafDCUKE303 ekv0p03+rr07346=I0HkujgtVjgRqnkvkecnFgxgnqrogpvqhvjgIjcuuダpdgvyggpTqogcpfKtcp in JLA3422rr0533556cvrr05353=TqdkpNguCtcdgufgヅkoct ekv0rr039390

jkocuvjguqpqh河Cot0YgmpqyhtqovjggkijvjegpvwtCtcdjkuvqtkcpKdpcnMcnd vjcvcpKotw歌cnScuycuuqpqhcegtvckp河Cotkdp河CfqhvjgNcmjokfvtkdgqhcn価tckp Rgtukc0 Vjg Ujcjcpujcj Pctugu K cnuq enckou cp 河CotmkpiqhvjgNcmjocuqpgqhjkuuwrrqtvgtukpvjgvgzvjgjcfkpuetkdgfcvRckmwnkec0450VjkuowuvvjgpjcxgdggpKotw歌cnScuOacutehcvjgtyjkejyqwnfogcpvjcvvjguqpjcfujkhvgfhis allegiance and one assumes that of his followers from Persia to Rome24

Kotw歌cnScuycuqpnvjgYacutetuvYacutetoncvvguvgfuwejngcfgtkpcnqpinkpgqhukoknctejkghuqhyjqoygmpqyhtqoNcvgCpvkswkv0Wrwpvknxgttgegpvnrckpuvcmkpicvvgorvujcxgbeen made to associate these with the named tribal confedgtcvkqpufguetkdgfkpvjggctnCtcdkejkuvqtkqitcrjqhvjgthegpvwtcpfhqnnqykpidwvcpkorqtvcpvctvkengtgegpvnrwdnkujgfdE0Tqdkpjcufgoqpuvtcvgfvjgvgpwqwupguuqhvjgug eqppgevkqpu cpf korqtvcpv jkuvqtkcpu jcxg hqnnqygfjko kpdgikppkpi vqrwv cukfg vjgqnfgtoqfgnu47 Even in the 6thegpvwtyjgpqwtnkvgtctcpfgrkitcrjkeuqwteguctgeqorctcvkxgncdwpfcpvygecpucykvjtgncvkxgegtvckpvqpnvjcvDbrvbarcpvkwocnnkgfkvugnhykvjcfpcuvpqytghgttgfto as the Jafnids for while its leaders are often associated ykvjvjgvtkdgqhIjcuuダpTqdkpjcuujqypvjkueqppgevkqpvq dg gzvtgogn vgpwqwu0 Hwtvjgtoqtg ukzvjegpvwtDbrvbarcpvkwoyqtmgfpqvqpnykvjvjgLchpkfudwvcnuqykvjqvjgteqphgfgtcvkqpu nkmg vjcvqh vjgVjc河ncdccpfOc河cff0UqvqqvjgYacutehvjcpfukzvjegpvwtRgtukcpucnnkgfvjgougnxgucdqxgcnnykvjvjgPc卸tkffpcuvigpgtcnncuuqekcvgfykvjvjgvtkdgqhNcmjodwvTqdkpjcuujqypvjcvvjgeqppgevkqpdgvyggpfpcuvcpfvtkdgkucnuqswguvkqpcdng0Kpcffkvkqpygmpqyvjcvdvjgncvg7thegpvwtvjgMkpifqoqh価koctjcftkugpvqdgeqogcpkorqtvcpvrqygtcpfocfgenckouvqcwvjqtkvqxgtvjgUctcegpeqphgfgtcvkqpuqhOw牡ctcuygnncuvjgOc河cffqxgtyjqokvkpuvcnngfgvcpqvjgtfpcuvvjg価wltkfu26

24 Sartre Vtqkufivwfguekv0p03+rr0358359=K0UjcjparafDbrvbarcpvkwocpfthe Arabs in the Fourth CenturyYcujkpivqp FE+36 ]DCHQE_rr05457 596597= Tqdkp Ctcdgu fg ヅkoct ekv0 p045+ r034=Jqncpf Ctcd mkpiu ekv0 p03+ r050 Vjku kfgpvkYacuteecvkqp ku pqvwpkxgtucnnceegrvgfltuggMtqrrVassal ekv0p044+0

470 TqdkpCtcdgu fgヅkoct ekv0 p045+= eh0H0OknnctTqogOacuteu OgraveCtcdOacuteCnnkgukpNcvgCpvkswkvltEqpegrvkqpucpftgrtgugpvcvkqpuhtqoykvjkpvjg Htqpvkgtu qh vjg Gorktg kp J0 Dhellipto cpf L0 Ykgugjhelliphgt fkt0+Eqoowvcvkq gv Eqpvgpvkqlt Uvwfkgu kp vjg Ncvg Tqocp UcucpkcpcpfGctn KuncokePgctGcuv kpOgoqt qh yenggxTwdkpFmacruugnfqth4232rr03448=I0HkujgtDgvyggpGorktgultCtcduTqocpucpfSasanians in Late AntiquityQzhqtf4233vjgncvvgtqhyjkejKjcxgpqvdggpcdng vq kpeqtrqtcvg hwnn kpvq vjgctiwogpvurtgugpvgfjgtg0For earlier models see Sartre Vtqkufivwfgu ekv0 p03+rr03543=ItchTqogcpfvjgUctcegpuekv0p037+=UjcjparafDCHQEekv0p046+=Kf0DbrvbarcpvkwocpfvjgCtcdukpvjgHkhvjEgpvwtYcujkpivqpFE+3]DCHKE_=Kf0DCUKE303 ekv0p03+=H0OknnctVjgTqocpPgctGcuv53DECF559Ecodtkfig Oc+35rr0653658=JqncpfArabia ekv0p03+rr095=HkujgtRqnkvkecnFgxgnqrogpv ekv0p045+0

26 C J Robin Le tqcwogJwltkfg fkv Aring tqcwog fgMkpfc Ccedil gpvtgJkoctgvDbrvbarcpeg in ETCK38rr0887897=Kf0Ctcdgufgヅkoctekv0p045+rr039239=JqncpfArabia ekv0p03+rr0679=HkujgtRqnkvkecnFgxgnqrogpvekv0p045+rr0538530


Tqdkp jcu cnuq gorjcukbrvbargf c rqkpv vjcv ujqwnf pqv dgkpfkurwvgdwv kuqhvgpqxgtnqqmgflt vjgugcnnkcpeguygtg kpceqpuvcpvuvcvgqhTHORNwzcuvtkdguejcpigfvgttkvqtkguujkhvgfnqcnvkguygpv kpvq gzvkpevkqp qt ukorn kpvgttwrvgf iqqftgncvkqpuykvj Tqog Rgtukc qt価koct0Yg jcxg cntgcfuggp vjcv Kotw歌 cnScu ujkhvgf htqoRgtukc vqTqog cpfvjgucogecpdguckfqhCurgdgvquyjqec0642THORNgfRgtukcwith his tribesmen to Roman Arabia to become a phylarch cpfgxgpvwcnncdkujqrcuygnncu 河Cffyjqujkhvgfjkuallegiance and that of his warriors from Persia to Rome in 7251726270OqtgkpvgtguvkpiuvknnCoqtmguquTHORNgfRgtukcykvjhis tribesmen and carved out his own suzerainty over southern RcnguvkpcKKKcpfvjgkuncpfqhKqvcdパdghqtgykppkpicempqynedgement as phylarch htqoNgq K 679696+40CurgdgvquOacutefghgevkqpycufwg vqjku uorcvj hqtEjtkuvkcpkvyjkejycu tcrkfn urtgcfkpi coqpi vjgUctcegpu vjtqwijqwv vjgtgikqpocmkpitgnkikqpcpkorqtvcpvhcevqtkpfgvgtokpkpicnngikcpeg0DwvrcicprtcevkegtgvckpgfkvukorqtvcpegcoqpiocpUctcegpitqwrukpvqvjg9th century allowing leaders nkmg vjgPc卸tkfOwpfjkt KKK+ vqfkhhgtgpvkcvgjkougnh htqojku Tqocpcnnkgf gpgokgu vjg Lchpkfu yjq ygtg uvcwpejcfjgtgpvu qh Okcrjukvg Ejtkuvkcpkv290 Yg cnuq mpqy qhujkhvu yjkej ygtg fwg vq rqnkvkecn ocejkpcvkqpu cu yjgpLwuvkpkcpyqqgfvjgngcfgtujkrqhOc河cffkpvqvjgDbrvbarcpvkpgqtdkv fwtkpi vjgCmuokvg vcmgqxgt qh 価koct kp 753 qtukornvqocvvgtuqheqpxgpkgpegcukp844yjgpJgtcenkwuecrvwtgf cUctcegp ejkgh cnnkgfykvj vjgRgtukcpu dwv vjgphtggfjkoqpvjgeqpfkvkqpvjcvjgYacuteijvhqtDbrvbarcpvkwo30 The tgncvkqpujkrudgvyggpTqogRgtukc価koctcpfvjgxctkqwuUctcegpitqwruygtgvjwueqorngzcpfuwdlgevvqeqpuvcpvpgiqvkcvkqp0 Vjku THORNwkfkv qeecukqpgf d vjg kpvgtrncdgvyggp rqygthwn gorktgu cpf cuugtvkxg Uctcegpu ngcfgtuhquvgtgfcpgpxktqpogpvvjcvyqwnfrtqxgxgteqpfwekxgvqslave raiding and trading

490QpCurgdgvquuggEt0Uevj0XkvcGwvjokk32Uejyctvbrvbarrr033+ykvjUjcjparafBAFIC ekv0p046+rr06260Qp河CffuggRu0Lquj0Uvn097gf0Y0YtkijvVjgEjtqpkengqhLqujwcvjgUvnkvgCambridge 34= trans and comm FR Trombley and JW Watt VjgEjtqpkengqhRugwfqLqujwc vjgUvnkvg ]VVJ54_Nkxgtrqqn4224+ykvjUjcjparafDCUKE303 ekv0p03+r03360

40Ocnejwu ht0 3 Dnqemng+ykvj UjcjparafBAFIC ekv0 p047+ rr07113

40QpvjgurtgcfqhEjtkuvkcpkvcoqpivjgUctcegpuuggUgicnRqnkvkecnDevelopment ekv0 p03+ rr0327343= G0M0 Hqyfgp Vjg DctdctkcpRnckpltUckpvUgtikwudgvyggpTqogcpfKtcpDgtmgng3=JqncpfNcvgTqocpekv0p042+0QpvjgqpiqkpiuwtxkxcnqhrcicpkuouggUgicnRqnkvkecnFgxgnqrogpv ekv0p03+rr0334336=C0E0MnwimkuvDie beiden Jqoknkgp fgu Kuccm xqp Cpvkqejgkc macrdgt fkg Gtqdgtwpi xqp Dgv ヅwtdurch die Araber kp J0L0Y0 Ftklxgtufkt0+ IV Symposium Syriacum 36ltNkvgtctigptgukpUtkceNkvgtcvwtgItqpkpigpndashQquvgtjguugngp3234 Ugrvgodgt+Tqog 39 rr0459478= H0T0VtqodngHellenic TgnkikqpcpfEjtkuvkcpkbrvbarcvkqpe0592744Ngkfgp35rr03564260

520Qp753uggPqppquwuFHGKX3932Rjqv0Bib0eqf05+=Rtqeqr0Bell0303038eh0TqdkpCtcdgufgヅkoct ekv0 p045+rr0397399=cf Zwettler Ocピcff ekv0p039+rr04794830Qp844uggIgqti0Rkukf0Gzr0Rgtu0KK4395Rgtvwuk+ykvjC0RgtvwukIkqtikqfkRkukfkcRqgok 1 Rcpgitkek Grkek Gvvcn 37 rr0374375= Y0 Mcgik Heraclius GorgtqtqhDbrvbarcpvkwoEcodtkfig4225r03360

Toward a History of Saracen Captive-Taking in Late Antiquity

VjggctnkguvcrrgctcpegqhvjgyqtfUctcmパpqukpItggmvq fguetkdg pqocfke Ctcdu vcmgp igpgtkecnn cu c itqwrfgtkxguhtqocngvvgteqorqugfdFkqpukwuqhCngzcpftkctgeqwpvkpivjgvtqwdnguetgcvgfdvjgFgekcprgtugewvkqpkp4730Kp kvFkqpukwutgncvgujqyvjqugEjtkuvkcpuyjqTHORNgfkpvqvjgfgugtvpgctvjgHcwoygtgvcmgpecrvkxgqpvjgETHCtcdkcpOqwpvckpNtildedUctcegpuyjqgkvjgtuqnfvjgodcemfor ransoms or retained them as slaves310KpNcvkpSaracenus Yacutetuv crrgctu kp c rcpgitke qh ncvg 43 vjcvogpvkqpu vjgtgegpvuwrrtguukqpqhcUctcegpwrtkukpidFkqengvkcpvjgrtgxkqwu gct320Vjg vtqwdngu ctg nqecnkbrvbargfoqtg rtgekugnncvgtkpvjgucogurggejyjkejurgcmuqhncwtgnudgkpiqhhgtgfkp vjcpmuikxkpi vq Fkqengvkcp d vjg hqtogtn qrrtguugfinhabitants of Syria330HtqoOc32qh42ygcnuqrquuguuc tguetkrv kuuwgf vq vjgiqxgtpqtqhUtkcyjkngFkqengvkcpycu tgukfkpi cv Goguc 価qou+0 Kv qtfgtu kpswguvu vq dgmade to sort out slaves who were claiming freeborn status from freeborn individuals being held illegally as slaves34 Vyq hwtvjgt Fkqengvkcpke tguetkrvu qh 42 uwtxkxg ykvjqwvtgeqtfgfrnceguqhkuuwgdwvykvjfcvgutcpikpiykvjkpyggmuqhvjcvhtqoGogucOc39cpf4+0Vjgowuvuvgohtqothe same context and both deal with similar ambiguities cuuqekcvgfykvj vjg xkevkou qh tgegpv ecrvkxkvlt kp qpg vjgrgvkvkqpgtykujguvqenckovjgguvcvgqhcpcwpvdgkpijgnfkpecrvkxkvcpfkpvjgqvjgtvjgrgvkvkqpgtcvvgorvuvqcuugtvvjg

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32 Rcp0 Ncv0 33]5_0706 Opqtu+lt qokvvq000 qrrtguuwoswg ecrvkxkvcvkuvinculis Sarracenum See also IGLS XK 4993 cpf Oknnct TqocpPgct Gcuv ekv0 p047+ r03990 Saraceni recur several times in the Historia Augustayjkejrwtrqtvuvqdgcpgctn6th century source but cevwcnnfcvgu vq vjg gpfqh vjcv egpvwt eh0I0Y0DqygtuqemArabs and Saracens in the Historia Augusta in Bonner Historia Augusta Eqnnqswkwo36137Cpvkswkvcu6+Dqpp39rr09320

33 Rcp0 Ncv 11[3]71 Laurea illa de victis accolentibus Syriam nationibus0VjkuoccnuqdgtgncvgfvqvjgpqvkegcvLqj0Ocn03405Vjwtpr0459+vjcvFkqengvkcpguvcdnkujgfcpctouhcevqtfabrica+cvDamascus because of the inroads of the Saracens

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freeborn status of his son who had just been recovered by a praefectus legionis from the barbarians almost certainly Saracens570 Vcmgp kp eqodkpcvkqp vjku gxkfgpeg rqkpvu vqc engct nkpm dgvyggp vjg Uctcegp wrtkukpi qh 42 cpf vjgvcmkpiqhrtqxkpekcnecrvkxgu0VjwudgikppkpicntgcfykvjqwtxgtYacutetuvcvvguvcvkqpuqhvjgpcogETHUctcegpNtildekpvjgItggmcpfNcvkpncpiwciguygoggvcrgqrngikxgpvqvjgecrvwtgqhrtkuqpgtu0

Cu pqvgf kp vjg rtgxkqwu ugevkqp dgikppkpi kp vjg4th century we have evidence for the formation of larger and oqtg rqygthwn Uctcegp eqphgfgtcvkqpu0Vjg guvcdnkujogpvand maintenance of alliances with these was from the earliest fcu kpgzvtkecdn kpvgtvykpgfykvj vjgrtqdngoqh ecrvkxgvcmkpi0Vjkurkevwtggogtigucntgcfkpvjggctn6th century ykvj c eqphwugf dwv kpvtkiwkpi ugpvgpeg htqo c ugxgpvjegpvwt Utkce ejtqpkeng0 Kp c pqvkeg hqnnqykpi ujqtvnchvgt kvu tgrqtv qh EqpuvcpvkpgOacuteu fgcvj vjg Chronicon ad cppwo946uvcvgultETHKpOguqrqvcokcocpCuutkcpunkxkpiin Persia were sold by the Saracens360NtildeVjgpqvkegkurncegfdgvyggpvjgfgcvjqhEqpuvcpvkpgkpOc559cpfダrwtOacuteuYacutetuvukgigqhPkukdkuvjcvucoguwoogt370Vjgqrjcpguyjqused a source common with the Ejtqpkeqpcf946rnceguvjgucogpqvkegdghqtgEqpuvcpvkpgOacuteufgcvjdwvcnuqnkpmukvvq vjgeqpTHORNkevu vjcvftgyTqog kpvqyctcickpuvRgtukc kpvjgYacutepcngctuqhjkutgkip5 The motives for Constantinersquos cdqtvkxgRgtukcpecorckipctgdqvjeqorngzcpfujtqwfgfkpmystery39 but this testimony indicates that at least one casus belli ycuvjgucngqhRgtukcpecrvkxgudIcirccrrctgpvnTqocpcnnkgf Icirc Uctcegpu kp Wrrgt Oguqrqvcokc400 Dgecwug vjgfygnv qp vjgoctikpu qh dqvj gorktgu cpfygtg umknngf cv

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Cukoknctrkevwtggogtigukpvjgokf6th century from vjgfgvckngfceeqwpvqhCookcpwuOctegnnkpwu0Pgctvjgqrgpkpi qh jku gzvcpv pcttcvkxg jgogpvkqpu fgxcuvcvkpiUctcegp cvvcemu qp Tqocp rtqxkpekcnu kp 576 ykvjqwviqkpikpvqfgvckncdqwvvjgrtgekugpcogucpfchYacutenkcvkqpuqh vjgktrgtrgvtcvqtu= vjtqwijqwvjku tgockpkpircigujgvjgptgiwnctncnnwfguvqUctcegptckfkpicucpqopkrtgugpvthreat410KpvjgeqpvgzvqhLwnkcpOacuteu585RgtukcpgzrgfkvkqpygngctpvjcvvjggorgtqtocfgeqpvcevykvjUctcegpcnnkguyjqcrrtqcejgfjkuctopgctEcnnkpkewoqpvjgGwrjtcvgucpfxqnwpvggtgfvjgktugtxkeguhqtvjgecorckip42 Julian ceegrvgf vjg qhhgt cpf qpg korqtvcpv vcum jg cuukipgfvjgug eqphgfgtcvguycu vqpggfng vjgRgtukcpud vcmkpiecrvkxgultETHVjgUctcegpudtqwijvumktokujgtuhtqocwpkvqhvjggpgovqvjggorgtqtyjqycuqxgtlqgf0Vjgugygtgrckfc tgyctfcpf ugpvqwv vq ceeqornkujoqtgqhthe same43rdquo Julian thus motivated his Saracen allies d qhhgtkpi ecuj fqyp hqt fgnkxgtkpi wr rtkuqpgtu cpfCookcpwuocmgukvengctvjcvvjgRgtukcpufkfowejvjgucog0GctnkpjkuceeqwpvqhvjgecorckipjgfguetkdguRgtukcOacuteu rtkog Uctcegp cnn vjwultOcngejwu Rqfqucegunomine phylarchus Saracenorum Assanitarum famosi nominis latro 460403+0Malechus is best understood as the title malik IcircmkpiIcircyjkejyggpeqwpvgtgfkpqwtfkuewuukqpqh Kotw歌 cnScu44 Ammianusrsquo phylarchus is thus not rngqpcuvke dwv eqpYacutetou vjcv yjcv vjgCtcdu eqpukfgtgfmkpiuvjgTqocpufgukipcvgfETHrjnctejuNtildevtkdcnejkghu+0The Assanitae ygtg cnoquv egtvckpn vjg Ijcuuダpkfu ctribe allied at this time with the Persians and Ammianusrsquo derogatory latro characterizes the sort of raiding behavior vjcvvjgTqocpugzrgevgfqhvjgugpqocfkeitqwrugxgpkp vjgkt ecrcekv cu cnnkgu qh vjg Rgtukcpu0 Vjg Ncvkpecp vjwu dg vtcpuncvgflt ETHvjgOcnkm Rqfqucegu dpcog

41 Amm0 360603 Ughctvj+ c0 576+lt Uctcegpk vcogp000wnvtq ekvtqswgdiscursantes quidquid inveniri poterat momento temporis parvi vastabant=eh0dgnqyp03430VjgrquukdngektewouvcpeguqhvjkuwrtkukpictgTHORNgujgfqwvdUjcjparafDCHQE ekv0p046+rr0979857=R0N0IcvkgtTqockpuet Saracegravenes deux forteresses de lrsquoAntiquiteacute tardive dans des documents meacuteconnus in VqrqkQtkgpvQeekfgpv 3 rr042430 Hqt hwtvjgttghgtgpegu vq Uctcegp tckfkpi uggCoo0 45050lt ut ad furta bellorum appositi=460406ltomni saevitia per nostros limites diu grassatus=5303807ltUctcegpqtwo ewpgwu000 cf hwtvcociku gzrgfkvkqpcnkwo tgtwo swco cfconcursatorias habiles pugnas=eh0Lwn0Qt0303743d+Dkfgbrvbar+lt〇やふolineや〇sub

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obtulere laetissimo principi et munerati ad agenda similia sunt remissi660 Hqnnqykpi vjg tgcfkpi AringRqfqucekuCcedil qhOUI UjcjparafDCHQE ekv0 p046+rr033345rtghgtuvqvtcpuncvgMalechuscuvjgrtqrgtpcogOダnkmcpfRqfqucekucucrcvtqpoke0


rjnctejqhvjgCuucpkvcgUctcegpucdcpfkvqhkphcoqwutgpqyp0NtildeKpfggfRqfqucegucpfjkuhqnnqygtunkxgfwrvqthe designation latrones even as Julianrsquos forces struggled vqtgvtgcvqwvqhRgtukckpuwoogt5850Crctvhtqoigpgtcnjcttkpi htqo Uctcegp umktokujgtu Cookcpwu vgnnu wuswkvgurgekYacuteecnnvjcvvjqugTqocpuyjqdtqmgtcpmucpfetquugfvjgVkitkuvqqgctnETHygtgecrvwtgfdUctcegpuqtRgtukcpucpfgkvjgtuncwijvgtgfnkmgujggrqtecttkgfhctaway to be sold67rdquo

Htqo vjg 7th century we have further testimony of UctcegptckfkpicpfecrvkxgvcmkpiqpDbrvbarcpvkwoOacuteugcuvgtphtqpvkgt0Kpcngvvgtqh632Lgtqogfguetkdguceqqtfkpcvgfugtkgu qh cvvcemu qp vjg dqtfgtncpf qh Girv RcnguvkpgRjqgpkeパcpfUtkcecttkgfqwvdUctcegpu460Crcuucigfrom his EqoogpvctqpGbrvbargmkgn written that same year mentions the same raids and indicates that many of their victims were enslaved ldquowho would believe that all vjg ujqtgnkpguqh vjgGcuvqhGirvcpfqhChtkecqpegYacutenngf ykvj vjtqpiu htqo vjg okuvtguu qh ekvkgu ctg pqyYacutenngf ykvj vjtqpiu qh uncxgu cpf ugtxkpi iktnu47rdquo The uqwtegtgeqtfhqtoknkvctcpfrqnkvkecngxgpvukpvjgokf7thegpvwtkurctvkewnctnygcmdwvgzegnngpvgxkfgpegqhUctcegpecrvkxgvcmkpikucxckncdnghqtvjgncvgtrctvqhvjgegpvwt0KpjkuGeengukcuvkecnJkuvqtEvagrius describes general Saracen raiding at the beginning of Zenorsquos reign 69663+cpfVjgqrjcpgurkprqkpvuvjgugucogcvvcemuvqWrrgtOguqrvqokccpfnqecvguvjgokpvjggct6966 Vjgugpqvkeguecpdg nkpmgf vq vyqjqoknkguqh KucceqhCpvkqej vjcv ncogpv ykfgurtgcfCtcd ecrvkxg vcmkpi cvDパvj価wtpgctCokfc49 We are fortunate to have this very

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46 Jer Gr034804EUGNNXK366+lthoc autem anno cum tres explicassem libros subitus impetus barbarorum de quibus tuus dicit Vergilius lateque vagantes Barcaei Aen06064+et sancta scriptura de Ismahel contra faciem omnium fratrum suorum habitabit Igp0 38lt34+ sic Aegypti limitem RcncguvkpcgRjqgpkeguUtkcgrgtewewttkvcfkpuvctvqttgpvkuewpevcugewovtcjgpuwvxkzocpwugqtwookugtkeqtfkcEjtkuvkrqvwgtkowugxcfgtg0

47 Jer In Ez 3 praef (Glorie CCSL LXXV 91) quis crederet ut tota Orientis Aegypti Africae littora olim dominatricis urbis seruorum et ancillarum numero complerentur On these passages see Shahicircd BAFIC cit (n 25) pp 22-25 ctr Graf Rome and the Saracens cit (n 15) pp 349-350

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circumstantial evidence for it serves to demonstrate that when our historical sources mention Saracen raids without gzrnkekvn pqvkpi ecrvkxg vcmkpi vjku ku d pqogcpu cpindicatation that it did not occur

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D vjg8th century our evidence becomes much more cdwpfcpv cpf gzrnkekv0 Oqtgqxgt cu fkuewuugf kp vjgrtgxkqwuugevkqpvjgrqygtqhvjgUctcegpngcfgtucpfvjgkteqphgfgtcvkqpujcfitqypdvjkurgtkqfngcfkpivqcujkhvkpvjguecngqhvjgrtqdngo0EtknqhUevjqrqnkugrkvqokbrvbarguvjgukvwcvkqpyjgpjgtgrqtvuvjcvkp72cnctigcpfeqqtfknated Saracen force hit Arabia and Palestine

At this same time Alamundarus the son of Sikika (al-Mundhir ibn aqqa)53 who had attained the dignity of being king over the Saracens subject to Persia invaded Arabia and Palestine in great fury against the Romans

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carrying off everything as plunder taking Romans into captivity by the tens of thousands and after the capture of Amida perpetrating many lawless acts54

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the territories of Antioch and Emesa and even the brazen ucetkYacuteegqhhqwtjwpftgfxktikpuecrvwtgfhtqoceqpxgpvat Emesa70 Htqo 7531754 Ejqtkekwu qh Icbrvbarc fguetkdguUctcegp tckfu kpxqnxkpi gzvgpukxg ecrvkxg vcmkpiykvjqwvurgekhkpivjgngcfgtkpxqnxgfdwvOwpfjktkucickpvqdgsurmised70KpfggfkpcigpgtcnkbrvbarkpiuvcvgogpvtgncvgfvqvjgrgtkqfRtqeqrkwufguetkdguOwpfjktOacuteuecrvwtgqhTqocprtqxkpekcnu d vjg vgpu qh vjqwucpfu htqo vjg dqtfgtu qhGirv vjtqwijOguqrqvcokc600 Kp gxgt kpuvcpegyg ecpcuuwog vjgPc卸tkf ngcfgtOacuteucvvcemuygtgrgtokvvgf khpqvencouraged by Persia which was able to use the Saracen rjnctej cu c rtqz kp kvu qpiqkpi uvtwiinguykvjTqog0The same was surely true of Rome and its Jafnid allies vis agrave vis the Persians61hqtdvjkurqkpvvjgqrrqukpigorktgujcfoqxgfvjgktUctcegpcnnkguvqvjghtqpvnkpgucpfecrvkxgvcmkpieqpuvkvwvgfcukipkYacuteecpvgngogpvkpvjgktuvtcvgiqhdegrading the enemyrsquos infrastructure as well as its tax and recruitment bases

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940Coo04708032lthos autem Saracenos ideo patiebamur infestos quod salaria muneraque plurima a Iuliano ad similitudinem praeteriti temporis accipere vetiti questique apud eum solum audierant imperatorem bellicosum et vigilantem ferrum habere non aurum

950 Ogp0 Rtqv0 ht0 803 gf0 T0E0 Dnqemng Vjg Jkuvqt qh Ogpcpfgt vjgGuardsmanNkxgtrqqn37r08+ltoacuteauml々々々aumlnablaがnablanabla―oline ヂ = fr 93 oline や oline 々が♯0HwtvjgtgzcornguqhvtkdwvgcvOgp0Rtqv0ht003=Rtqeqr0Bell0403035=Lqj0Grj0JG805EUEQUUNKX44NX435436+= Lqj0Ocn03083 Vjwtpr052+=Vjgqrjcp0 c0o08345 fgDqqtr0557+= eh0V0 Ukbrvbariqtkej OgraveFq rtqrjgvu eqog ykvj c uyqtfAOacute EqpswguvGorktgcpfJkuvqtkecnPcttcvkxgkpvjgGctnKuncokeYqtnf in CJT 112 4229 rr053237= Jqncpf Arab kings ekv0 p03+ rr056570 Ru0PknwuPctt0803339gf0H0EqpecPknwuCpetcpwuPcttcvkq Stuttgart 35= eh0Ecpgt Jkuvqt ekv0 ]p0 37_ rr0343 346+ kpfkecvgu vjcv vjg

some Saracen allies were also entitled to regular food rations annona+740 Kp cffkvkqp vjg rcuucigu swqvgf gctnkgt htqoCookcpwu460303247003+ocmgkvengctvjcvcvjktfoqfgqheqorgpucvkqpycuvjgrgtokuukxgvcmkpiqhecrvkxgu0Vjkudgeqogu gxgpoqtg crrctgpv kp c ugtkgu qh ekvcvkqpu htqothe Chronicle qhRu0LqujwcvjgUvnkvg0KpvjgYacutetuvvjgcwvjqttells how following his defeat of Roman forces at the battle qh VgnDgšock kp 724 Mcxcfj tgyctfgf jku Pc卸tkf cnnPw河oダpKK+dcnnqykpijkovqocmgcuwtrtkugtckfctqwpfEcttjcg cpfGfguuc cpf ecrvwtg uqog 3 722 rtkuqpgtu97 Ru0 Lqujwc vjgpgzrnckpu vjcv vjggpuwkpiTqocpqRgtukcpwar ldquoled greatly to the enrichment of the Saracen allies of dqvjukfguNtildevjtqwijrnwpfgtcpfecrvkxkv760Kvkupquwtrtkugvjgp vjcv yjgp c vtweg ycu tgcejgf kp ykpvgt 7271728uqog Uctcegpu hqwpf kv fkhYacuteewnv vq tgpqwpeg tckfkpi cpfdtqmgvjgvtwegdgpvgtkpivjgqrrqukpigorktgOacuteuvgttkvqtyjgtg vjg ecrvwtgf gpvktg xknnciguOacuteyqtvj qh rgqrng0VjghcevvjcvvjgugCtcdunqqmgfvqRgtukccpfTqogtgurgevkxgnhqt rgtokuukqp hqt uwej tckfu ku eqpYacutetogf d Ru0 Lqujwcyjgpjg tgrqtvu vjcv wrqp ngctpkpiqh vjgugwpcwvjqtkbrvbargfcvvcemuvjgRgtukcpoctbrvbardcpcvPkukdkucpfvjgTqocpdux at Callinicum had no choice but to arrest and execute the ujcmjutgurqpukdng770VjguegpgjcutgoctmcdngtguqpcpeguykvjvjgkpekfgpvfguetkdgfcdqxghtqoDct卸cwocqhPkukdkukp vjg62u0Kpdqvj vjgUctcegpcnnkguqh vjg vyqgorktgucuugtvgfvjgktcwvqpqodtghwukpivqewtdvjgktkpvcmgqhecrvkxgu0Cuuwej vjgeqpuvkvwvgfcp kpfgrgpfgpvxctkcdngvjcvpggfgfvqdghcevqtgfkpvqvjgecnewnwuqhhqtgkiprqnkeddqvjgorktgu9

Pqyjgtg ku kv engctgt vjcv vjgTqocpu ecrkvcnkbrvbargf qpthe Saracen inclination toward slave raiding in order to eqorgpucvg vjgkt Uctcegp cnnkgu vjcp kpOcncncuOacute ceeqwpvqhvjguwrrtguukqpqhvjgUcoctkvcpwrtkukpiqh740Vjgtgjg tgrqtvu vjcv vjg Dux Theodorus mustered his forces vqigvjgtykvjcnctigeqpvkpigpvuwrrnkgfdvjgETHrjnctejqh RcnguvkpgNtilde d yjkej jg crrctgpvn ogcpu vjg Lchpkf

Uctcegpucnnkgfykvj vjg kpfgrgpfgpvekvqhRjctcp kp vjgUkpckqhhgtgftgiwnctikhvuvqvjgktnqecnCtcdrjnctejcuygnn0

74 Pqx0Vjgqf04604OqoougpcpfOgt+c0665+ltDe Saracenorum vero foederatorum aliarumque gentium annonariis alimentis nullam penitus eos decerpendi aliquid vel auferendi licentiam habere concedimus IGLSX4723kpfkecvguvjcvUctcegpcnnkgukpUtkcenckogfangariae cnqpiukfgDbrvbarcpvkpgnkokvcpgk0

970Ru0Lquj0Uvn074Ytkijvrr066+ykvjNwvjgtChronik cit0p08+rr03334=ItgcvtgzTqogcpfRgtukc cit0p077+rr09=Vtqodngand Watt EjtqpkengqhRugwfqLqujwc ekv0p049+rr07970

980 Ru0 Lquj0 Uvn0 9 Ytkijv r097+lt

990Ru0Lquj0Uvn0Ytkijvrr045+0VjgyqtfKvtcpuncvgAringujcmjuCcedilis vjgktejkghu+0Kvfqgupqvtgxgcnvjgtgncvkxgrqukvkqpqhvjgugngcfgtu kp vjgkt eqorngz vtkdcn jkgtctejkgu dwv vjgowuv jcxg dggpinferior to the phylarchoi see cf Segal Arabs in Syriac ekv0 p03+r0326eh0rr050

90VjgTqocpqRgtukcprgcegqh784uvcvgfgzrnkekvnvjcvvjgUctcegpcnnkguqhdqvjgorktgucnuqjcfvqcdkfgdvjgvtgcvOgp0Rtqv0ht0803encwugu4cpf6Dnqemng+0GctnkgtjqygxgtfwtkpivjgAringUvtcvcFkurwvgCcedilqhe075vjgPc卸tkfOwpfjktjcfenckogfjgycugzgorvgfhtqorgcegcttcpigogpvudgvyggpvjgvyqrqygtuRtqeqr0Bell04030670


CdwMctddtqvjgtqhvjgoqtghcoqwu価ダtkvjkdpLcdcnc0Vjgugfghgcvgfcpfmknngf42222Ucoctkvcpukpdcvvngcpfvjgprwtuwgf vjg tgockpkpihwikvkxguqpOv0IctkbrvbarkocpfkpvjgVtcejqpkvkuNglc+0Ocncncuenqugujkupqvkegqpvjguwrrtguukqpqhvjgtgxqnvlt

And the Saracen phylarch of the Romans took as booty 20 000 boys and girls from among these Capturing them as prisoners he sold them in the territories of Persia and India79

VjkudtkghpqvkegfktgevncvvguvuvjgrcogpvqhUctcegpeqphgfgtcvgu hqt oknkvct ugtxkeg vjtqwij vjg rgtokuukxgvcmkpiqhecrvkxgu0LwuvcukpvgtguvkpikvgzrnckpujqyvjgugecrvkxgueqwnfdgeqpxgtvgfkpvqecrkvcnhqtkvuvcvguvjcvvjgLchpkfu vtcpurqtvgf vjgkt xkevkou vq Rgtukc cpf ETHKpfkcNtilde hqtucng cu uncxgu0D KpfkcOcncncu crrctgpvnogcpu価koct[gogp+ kp vjg uqwvjgtp Ctcdkcp rgpkpuwnc2 c mkpifqoyjqugitqykpirqygtogpvkqpgfcdqxgocfgkvcvjktfrqngkp vjgigqitcrjqhugfgpvctuvcvgu vjcvrwnngfctqwpf vjgedges of Saracen country30Vjgejcppgnuhqtvjgfkurqucnqhuncxguygtgvjwuocpcpfxctkgfdwvygtgmgrvqrgpdqvjdthe inherent mobility of the Saracens and by the broad reach of vjgktrqygthwneqphgfgtcvkqpu0Cdqxgcnnvjguvtcvgikenqecvkqpof the Saracens in the center of a triangle created by the Roman cpfRgtukcpGorktgukpvjgPqtvjcpfvjgmkpifqoqh価koctkp vjgUqwvj chhqtfgf vjgowprtgegfgpvgf qrrqtvwpkvkgu vqgpicigkpuncxgvtcfkpi0DgecwugvjgcnqpgeqpvtqnngfvtchYacuteevjtqwijvjgfgugtvfkxkfkpivjgugugfgpvctrqygtuvjgygtgwpkswgnrqukvkqpgfvqwrtqqvrgqrnghtqovjgktuqekgvcncpfngicnETHjqoguNtildecpfvtcpurqtv vjgovqETHhqtgkipNtildencpfuyjgtgvjgkt xgtfgtcekpcvkqp eqpxgtvgf vjgxkevkou htqorgtuqpuykvjngicncpfuqekcnuvcvwuvqoctmgvcdngejcvvgnu0YkvjvjgUcoctkvcpungicnrtkpekrngucnqpgyqwnfjcxgrtgxgpvgfgcufkurqucnqhvjgrtkuqpgtudcemkpvqTqocpoctmgvucuuncxgu4

90 Lqj0 Ocn0 3057 Vjwtp rr0596597+lt りヽ Ntilde 々Ntilde♯∽subやauml♯ぶbdquoacirc―ばややsubsubぼsub See Sartre Vtqkufivwfgu cit0p03+rr038392=UjcjparafDCUKE303 cit0p03+rr047cpfcdqxgcnnUctvtgDeux phylarchesekv0p03+rr0372376yjkejwuguctgegpvnfkueqxgtgfkpuetkrvkqpvqkfgpvkhvjgrjnctejkpswguvkqpcuCdwMctd0

20Cpekgpv igqitcrjgtu tgiwnctn kpvgtejcpig AringKpfkcCcedil ykvj[gogp cpfGvjkqrkceh0R0UejpgkfgtNOacuteiexclvjkqrkggvnOacuteKpfg0Kpvgthfitgpeggveqphwukqpuaux extreacutemiteacutes du monde antique (VIIIeukflengcxcpvL0EVIe siegravecle apregraves L0E0+EGHT557+Tqog42260PgxgtvjgnguuR0OcgtuqpA Confusion qh Kpfkcult Cukcp Kpfkc cpf Chtkecp Kpfkc kp vjg Dbrvbarcpvkpg Uqwtegu in LCQT 33535rr038396 Kf0Monks Martyrs Soldiers ekv0]p037_rr0583588cvrr0394395+jcuujqypvjcvOcncncukpxctkcdnwuguETHKpfkcNtildevqogcp価koct1[gogp0UjcjparafDCUKE303 cit0p03+rr057jqnfuhqtCmuo1GvjkqrkccpfctiwguvjcvvjgocuuvtcpuhgtqhvjkurqrwncegocgzrnckpvjgqtkikpqhvjgLgykujHgncujcuqhGvjkqrkc0Ewtkqwun価koctjcflwuvdggpvcmgpqxgtdvjgCmuokvgmkpiCdtcjckp747eqornkecvkpivjgswguvkqphwtvjgt0

30Pqvgvjg価koctkvguOacuteqyprtgfkngevkqphqtecrvkxgvcmkpicvC0LcoogSabaean and Hasaean Inscriptions from Saudi Arabia Rome 1966 pq03240

40Cutgdgnu vjgecrvkxgUcoctkvcpuygtgoqtg nkmgn vqjcxgdgeqogservi poenaeyjqygtgpqvcnkgpcdngvqrtkxcvgjqnfgtuuggH0OknnctEqpfgopcvkqp vq jctf ncdqwt kp vjg Tqocp Gorktg htqo vjgJulio-Claudians to Constantine in RDUT 74 36 rr0346369=

DwvvjgLchpkfUctcegpuOacutecdknkvcpfgzrgtkgpegvtchYacuteemkpikpjwocpudgvyggpvjgugfgpvctuvcvguyjqugrqtqwudqtfgtuvjgtgiwnctnvtcxgtugfcnnqygfvjgovqvcmgcfxcpvcigqhcukvwcvkqprtgugpvgfd vjgUcoctkvcptgxqnv vq vjgowvwcndgpgYacutevqhvjgLchpkfrjnctejvjgDbrvbarcpvkpgGorktg価koctand Persia

Settlement Expansion and the Problem of Saracen Raids

VjgUctcegpnkhguvngycuoctmgfnfkhhgtgpvhtqovjcvqh vjg ugvvngfwtdcpfygnngtu cpfcitkewnvwtcnrgcucpvuqhTqogOacuteu gcuvgtp rtqxkpegu0 Cdqxg cnn vjtqwijqwv NcvgAntiquity Saracen society was based on a culture of rcuvqtcnpqocfkuo0VjkuycuqpnvqdggzrgevgfhqtvjgUtkcpcpfCtcdkcpfgugtvuetgcvgcocuukxggnnkrvkecnftbrvbarqpguwttqwpfgfdctkpiqhuvgrrgncpfcpfctcdngyjkejqpnvtcpujwocpvrcuvqtnkcuvuctgecrcdngqhgzrnqkvkpihqtits extremely limited resources of water and fodder We vjwuYacutepfcpwpdtqmgpvtcfkvkqpqhvtcpujwocpvrcuvqtcnkuoattested in written sources for the region stretching from the early 1stoknngppkwoDEGwr vq vjg42th egpvwt0 Kv kuegtvckpngxkfgpvkpvjggctnTqocpkorgtkcnrgtkqfhtqogzvcpvUchckvkekpuetkrvkqpueqorqugfdvjgkpjcdkvcpvuqhvjgyguvgtpuvgrrgcpffgugtvyjqqdxkqwuneqpegkxgfqhvjgougnxgucuycpfgtkpircuvqtcnkuvu50Kpvjgucogrgtkqfthose phylarchsyjqyqtmgfkpcnnkcpegykvjvjgTqocpucnuq ugnh kfgpvkYacutegfykvjItggm vkvngu nkmg ETHeqoocpfgt qhthe nomadsrdquo6 Even after the growth of the larger confedgtcvkqpukpvjgncvgtgorktgcpfvjgktguvcdnkujogpvqhYacutetocnnkcpeguykvjDbrvbarcpvkwocpfRgtukcvjkuuwdugvqhCtcducrrgctuvqjcxgjgnfvqvjgktvtcpujwocpvycqhnkhg0Vjgeqpvkpwcvkqp qh rcuvqtcnkuo kp vjg rgtkqf ecp egtvckpnbe demonstrated archaeologically from the remains of pqocfkejgtfkpiecoru7 Furthermore in numerous extant

O0IwuvchuqpCondemnation vqvjgOkpgukpvjgNcvgtTqocpGorktg JVjT936rr06436550Servi poenae were however becoming rtqdngocvkecntgcfkpvjkurgtkqfcpfygtguqqpvqdgrjcugfqwvdJustinian Pqx0440UejqgnncpfMtqnn+Octej3757+0

50 Hqt rcuvqtcnkuo kp vjg Uchckvke kpuetkrvkqpu qh vjg 価cytダp uggH0X0YkppgvvcpfI0N0JctfkpiInscriptions from Fifty Safaitic Cairns PgctcpfOkffngGcuvUgtkgu+Vqtqpvq39rr04952=ItchTqogand the Saracens ekv0 p037+ rr058958= OceFqpcnf Pqocfu ekv0 p037+rr05335440Vjgkpuetkrvkqpucnuqtgxgcn vjcv vjgUchckvkenomads often boasted of raiding

60Ycffkpivqp IGLS 438 ec0 372+lt や nabla =eh04334lt]_々=G0Nkvvocppgvcn0 RwdnkecvkqpuqhvjgRtkpegvqp Wpkxgtukv Ctejcgqnqikecn Gzrgfkvkqpu vq Utkc 3 Greek and Latin InscriptionsNgkfgp326344pq0 KKKC974lt]_々♯]_ See also Waddington IGLS 2203

70HqtvjgctejcgqnqikecntgockpuqhUctcegpgpecorogpvukpvjgPgigxyjgtg gzrnqtcvkqp jcu dggp vjg oquv uuvgocvke ugg U0C0 TqugpC TqocpRgtkqf rcuvqtcn vgpv ecor kp vjg Pgigx Kutcgn in JFA 42 35 rr0663673= O0 Jckocp Citkewnvwtg cpf PqocfUvcvgTgncvkqpu kp vjg Pgigx Fgugtv kp vjg Dbrvbarcpvkpg cpf Gctn KuncokeRgtkqfu in DCUQT 49 37 rr0475 cv rr05355= L0Ocipguu


texts the sedentarist writers of Late Antiquity describe the Uctcegpucucpgvjpkeitqwrejctcevgtkbrvbargfdpqocfkuoqtvgpvfygnnkpi80 Kpfggfowej vjqwij kv tgockpu cocvvgtof debate a strong argument has been made that the word UctcegpkvugnhfgtkxguhtqocpCtcdketqqvogcpkpiETHrgqrngqhvjgGcuvNtildevjcvkuvjqugyjqycpfgthtqoUtkc+kpvqvjgeastern desert9

More questions have arisen however regarding the ugfgpvctkbrvbarcvkqpqhvjgngcfgtujkruvtcvcqhvjgncvgcpvkswgeqphgfgtcvkqpu0KpfggfK0Ujcjparafjcuctiwgfxqekhgtqwunthat both the major confederate leaders and their military tgvkpwgu ugvvngf kp rgtocpgpv wtdcp egpvgtu cntgcf dthe 4th century and that this situation became only more rtqpqwpegf d vjg 8vj yjgp jg enckou vjg ugvvngogpvqh Lダdkcycujqog vq vjg ETHIjcuuダpkfuNtilde cpf価tc vq vjgETHNcmjokfuNtilde This argument can only be made with some fkhYacuteewnv kp nkijv qh vjg hcev vjcv Lダdkc jcu pgxgt dggpnqecvgf eqpxkpekpin cpf yjkng 価tc Icirc lwuv yguv qh vjgokffng Gwrjtcvgu Icirc ycu engctn c rgtocpgpv ugvvngogpvkv crrgctu vq jcxg dggpoqtg qh c uvqrrkpi rnceg vjcp crgtocpgpv jqog vq vjg Pc卸tkf jkgtctej0 Kpfggf vjg

VjgCtejcgqnqiqhvjgGctnKuncokeUgvvngogpvkpRcnguvkpg Winnona NcmgKp+4225rr03533920

80 Gwu0 Eqoo0 Ku0 3089 yenkgingt r0322+lt やヽ oline ♯ ややsubゆ♯やaumlsub= Coo0 360605 nec eorum quisquam aliquando stivam adprehendit vel arborem colit aut arva subigendo quaeritat victum sed gttcpvugorgtrgturcvkcnqpigncvgswgfkuvgpvcukpgnctgukpgugfkdwuYacutezkuaut legibus= 4403704ltet Scenitas praetenditur Arabas quos Saracenos nunc appellamus=4508035ltScenitas Arabas quos Saracenos posteritas appellavit=Lgt0Gr034705EUGNNXK343+ltgentes vagae=Vita Malchi 41 solitudo per quam Saraceni incertis semper sedibus huc atque illuc vagantur= Kp Gu0 703504344 CCSL NZZKKK 387+= 704303539 CCSL NZZKKK4242+ltSaracenorum proprie gentem descripserit quia habitant in tentoriis qui quas nox compulerit sedes tenent quibus armenta sunt et pecora camelorumque greges qui non habent ostia nec vectes non enim versantur in urbibus sed in solitudine habitant=803603CCSLNZZKKK456457+=Vjgqfqtgv0In Jer0604RINZZZK958+ltaumlゝヽsubのゝ♯♯bdquoやゝばやsubnabla=Ru0PknwuPctt 34 acircややpoundやとやsubolineolineoacuteＱに々Uuml》subacirceumlsub=Ocnejwuht0 3 Dnqemng+lt とsub ♯ ♯ ふ ouml nabla ぱ〇=Rtqeqr0Bell040308lt〇ぱnablaやnablanabla や nabla り〇 oline =Cyr Scyth XkvcGwvjokk75 Uejyctvbrvbarr098+ltみnabla 000Ntildeぱ々olineゝり=Ogp0Rtqv0ht005Dnqemng+lt♯りnabla=Vjgqrjcp0c0o08243fgDqqtr039+ltヽolineolineauml♯=Pctt0CpcuvcukkUkpckvcg 4648 PcwVgzvitge ekv0 ]p072_rr09698+= uggcnuqH0OknnctVjgVjgqfqukcpGorktg62672+cpfvjgCtcdultUctcegpuqtKujocgnkvguA kpG0U0Itwgpfkt0+EwnvwtcnDqttqykpiucpfGvjpkeCrrtqrtkcvkqpukpAntiquityUvwvvictv4227rr049536cvrr0523520

90OceFqpcnfSwgnswgutfiTHORNgzkqpu ekv0 p039+ nkpmuatildeUctcegpETH vq vjgpqtvjCtcdketcfkecns2rq

0UjcjparafDCHQEekv0p046+rr0449623626=DCUKE303 ekv0p03+r07=DCUKE403ekv0p092+rr0337358362cpfpassim

0Qp価tcuggF0V0TkegHira in LqwtpcnqhvjgTqcnEgpvtcnCukcpUqekgv 3354rr0476480HqtvjgcdugpegqhctejcgqnqikecneqpYacutetocvkqpqhugfgpvctkbrvbarcvkqp coqpi vjg Lchpkfu uggM0Jqnwo tgxkgyqh K0UjcjparafDbrvbarcpvkwocpfvjgCtcdukpvjgUkzvjEgpvwt4rv04ltGeqpqokeUqekcnand Cultural History in DOET423202030Hqtctejcgqnqikecngxkfgpeg

vgzvwcnuqwteguocmgkvxgtengctvjcvvjgUctcegpngcfgtuallied with both Rome and Persia remained mobile and continued to migrate into the desert through the 6th century90 Furthermore as M Whittow has stressed even if the Saracen elite became ever more closely involved in the rqnkvkeuqhvjgugvvngfeqoowpkvkguqhvjggctnDbrvbarcpvkpgEast and the construction of their built monuments there is every indication that these leaders remained committed to a fundamentally tribal social structure which was based qp vjg eqpvtqn qh hgnnqy vtcpujwocpv rcuvqtcnkuvu91 Their tgncvkqpu ykvj ugfgpvctkuv rtqxkpekcnu d cnn ogcpu itgyuvtqpigt dwv vjg egpvgt qh vjgkt rqygt eqpvkpwgf vq dgbased among the nomads

Vjkuwpfgtuvcpfkpijgnrugzrnckpvjgpwogtqwucvvguvctions of built architecture constructed by or with funding htqo ukzvjegpvwt rjncteju ykvjqwv eqorgnnkpi wu vqcuuwog vjcv vjgugoctm vjg ukvgu qh rgtocpgpv ugvvngogpvfor the tribes nor even their leaders92 Such buildings were tcvjgt Yacutezgfoggvkpi rqkpvu vjcv dgpgYacutevvgf ugfgpvctkuvu kpcertain ways nomads in others and facilitated the creation of a modus vivendi dgvyggp dqvj itqwru0 Vjwuyjkng vjgsedentarists who lived alongside these structures ndash churches towers meeting halls ndash may have used them daily the pqocfuecorgfpgctvjgocpfgxgpqeewrkgfvjgocvikxgpvkogu fwtkpi vjgkt cppwcn okitcvkqpu rctvkewnctn vjg ftrgtkqfhtqoLwpgvjtqwijgctnQevqdgt+93 but then moved on This has certainly been said of the most grandiose of such oqpwogpvuvjguqecnngfpraetorium whose remains stand qwvukfgUgtikqrqnkuTw卸ダhc cpfyjkej jcu dggp cvvtkdwvgfvqvjgLchpkfrjnctejOwpfjktdcugfqpcetrvkecnndtkgh

tgictfkpi vjg ugfgpvctkbrvbarcvkqp qh vjg 価wltkf ngcfgtujkr ugg JqncpfArabiaekv0p03+rr07273=TqdkpCtcdgufgヅkoct cit0p045+r0390

20G0i0Lqj0Grj0JG506465EUEQUUNKX398399NX353354+=Lives 72 gf0 cpf vtcpu0 G0Y0 Dtqqmu Nkxgu qh vjg Gcuvgtp Uckpvu [RQZXKKZKZ_Rctku345347cvRQZKZ375376+=Life of Jacob Bardaeus RQZKZ455456+=Lqj0Ocn03038Vjwtpr0586+=Octv0Arethas 47 gfu0O0Fgvqtcmk cpf L0 DgcwecorLe martyre de Saint Areacutethas et de ses compagnons [BHG 388_Rctku4229rr0475476+=UkogqpqhDパvjCtšダoLetter vgzvrr0723724vtcpu0r063 K0IwkfkNc ngvvgtc fk Ukogqpg xgueqxq fkDパvjCtšダo uqrtc koctvktk qogtkvk TCN 49ugt0KKKpq0933rr0693737=eh0gpi0vtcpu0qhC0LghhgtgChristianity in South Arabia in VjgOqungoYqtnf 58368rr035438cvr0426+=XkvcCpcuvcukkRgtucgKK07D0HnwukpSaint Anastase le RgtuggvnOacutejkuvqktgfgncRcnguvkpgcwffidwvfwVIIe siegravecle 2 vols Paris 344rr0325327+=Pctt0CpcuvcukkUkpckvcgCrr0PcwVgzvitgeekv0]p072_r09+0TqdkpCtcdgufgヅkoct cit0p045+rr0373ujqwnfpqydgvcmgpcufgYacutepkvkxgqpvjkuswguvkqp0

91 M Whittow Tqogcpf vjgLchpkfultYtkvkpi vjgJkuvqtqhc8vje0Vtkdcn Fpcuv kp L0J0 Jworjtgfkt0+ Vjg Tqocp cpf DbrvbarcpvkpgPgctGcuv 2 UqogTgegpvCtejcgqnqikecnTgugctejLTCUwrrn053+RqtvuoqwvjTK+3rr0429446cvrr0434460

92 Fisher RqnkvkecnFgxgnqrogpvekv0p045+rr0542546050QpokitcvkqprcvvgtpucpkocncpfjwocpuggC0OwuknVjgOcppgtu

cpf Ewuvqou qh vjg Tycnc Dgfqwkpu Pgy [qtm 34 rr09=MCA MacDonald Vjg Ugcuqpu cpf Vtcpujwocpeg kp vjg UchckvkeInscriptions in LTCU 504 34 rr0333=I0 Hqyfgp OgraveFgugtv mkvguOacuteltethnography archaeology and artkpL0J0Jworjtgfkt0+VjgTqocpcpf Dbrvbarcpvkpg pgct Gcuv LTC UU 53+ 4 Rqtvuoqwvj TK+ 3rr0329358cvrr0343349=eh0YkppgvvcpfJctfkpiInscriptions ekv0 p05+rr04940


kpuetkrvkqphtqokvukpvgtkqt0G0M0HqyfgpjcuctiwgfvjcvvjgdwknfkpiycufgnkdgtcvgnrncegfqwvukfgvjgekvOacuteuycnnupqvlwuvvqoctmvjgqtkikpcnvqodukvgqhUv0Ugtikwudwvcnuqvqugtxgcucuwkvcdngnqewuhqtvjgguvcdnkujogpvqhcrcuvqtcnkuvecorcnqpicygnnfqewogpvgfokitcvkqptqwvg94 Mundhirrsquos building whether it was a military garrison or ndash more nkmgnIcirccejwtejkuvjwuuodqnkepqvqhvjgguvcdnkujogpvqhpqocfkeCtcdukprgtocpgpvugvvngogpvucnqpiukfgugfgpvctkuvu dwv tcvjgt qh vjg itqykpi rqygt qh pqocfkeCtcdleaders over the settled communities through which they and their tribesmen moved Throughout Late Antiquity the Saracens clung to their mobility which they cherished for cultural economic and strategic reasons7 Even in as far as their leaders became increasingly committed to the forms of rgtocpgpv ctejkvgevwtcn ugnhgzrtguukqp vjg gpeqwpvgtgfkp vjgkt enqugmpkv tgncvkqpu ykvj vjg Tqocp cpf Rgtukcpgorktguvjgktrqygtdcugtgockpgfcoqpivjgpqocfu96

UkownvcpgqwuykvjvjgitqyvjkprqygtqhvjgUctcegpuqp vjg uvgrrg vjg gcuvgtp Gorktg ykvpguugf c xgtkvcdngugvvngogpvdqqokpNcvgCpvkswkv0HtqowrrgtOguqrqvcokcvjtqwij vjg Utkcp 価cytダp vjg cpvkNgdcpqp vjg vtcpuLqtfcpcpfLcynダpcpfuqwvjkpvqvjgPgigxcpfgxgpvjgSinai there is abundant evidence for a net increase in the number and size of cities towns and villages and for a rise kpewnvkxcvgfcitkewnvwtgkpvjgyダfkuqpvjguvgrrg0Vjkutcujof new settlement has been well documented by archaeologists who have also noted that the remains of nomadic gpecorogpvuctghqwpfykvjtgiwnctkvkpvgturgtugfcoqpisites established by agriculturalists97 These same archaeolo

60G0M0HqyfgpDctdctkcpRnckpekv0p04+rr08232236336=Gcf0Cp Ctcd Dwknfkpi cv cnTwゼダhcUgtikqrqnku in OFCKF+ 12 2000 rr0525546=eh0I0DtcpfuFgtuqigpcppvgCwfkgpbrvbaruccnfgucnOwpfjktkpTguchc in OFCKF+323rr0433457=K0UjcjparafVjgIjcuucpkfUvtwevwtg Qwvukfg Ugtikqrqnku1Twuchclt Ejwtej qt RtcgvqtkwoA in L0F0Cnejgtogu fkt0+ CPCeJOCVC GQTVKMClt Uvwfkgu kp Jqpqt qhVjqocuH0OcvjgyuOckpbrvbar422rr045490

70 Eqorctg vjgoqfgtp Tycnc dgfqwkp yjq tgockpgf eqookvvgf vqpqocfkercuvqtcnkuovjtqwijvjg42thegpvwtfgurkvggzvtgogrtguuwtgvqyctf ugfgpvctkbrvbarcvkqp rtkoctkn dgecwug vjku jgnrgf vjgo ugewtgewnvwtcn cpf rqnkvkecn cwvqpqo Y0 Ncpecuvgt Vjg Tycnc DgfqwkpVqfcEcodtkfig33rr03423530

80VjguvqtqhCurgdgvwu1RgvgtcvEt0Uevj0XkvcGwvjokk37Uejyctvbrvbarrr04647+kpfkecvguvjcvgxgpyjgpvtkdguguvcdnkujgfcoqtgrgtocpgpvhqqvkpiqpvjguvgrrguqogeqpvkpwgfvqfygnnkpvgpvu0

90 Hqt Utkc uggI0VcvgNgu ecorcipgu fg nc Utkg fwPqtf fw IIe au VII

e siegravecle un exemple drsquoexpansion deacutemographique et eacuteconomique dans les ecorcipgusectncYacutepfgnOacuteCpvkswkvfiRctku34=E0HquuUtkckpVtcpukvkqpCF772972ltCpCtejcgqnqikecnCrrtqcej in FQR7339rr03480HqtvjgLcynダpcpfvtcpuLqtfcpuggF0H0ItchVqypcpfeqwpvtukfgkpTqocpCtcdkcfwtkpiNcvgCpvkswkvkpV0U0DwtpucpfL0Y0Gcfkgfkt0+WtdcpEgpvgtucpfTwtcnEqpvgzvukpNcvgCpvkswkvGcuvNcpukpiOk+4223rr0434620Hqt vjgPgigxuggJckocpAgriculture cit0 p07+=[0 Jktuejhgnf Hctou cpf Xknncigu kp Dbrvbarcpvkpg Rcnguvkpg FQR 7339rr05593cvrr07282=U0C0TqugpHistory does not repeat itself Eenkekv cpfrctvkewnctkuo kpPqocfUgfgpvct tgncvkqpu kp vjgPgigxkp vjgNqpiVgto kp L0 Ubrvbarwejocpfkt0+PqocfuVtkdgu cpf vjgUvcvgkp vjg Cpekgpv Pgct Gcuvlt EtquuFkuekrnkpct Rgturgevkxgu QtkgpvcnKpuvkvwvg Ugokpctu 7+ Ejkeciq 422 rr07980 Wrrgt Oguqrqvcokcjcu dggp nguu ygnn gzrnqtgf dwv ugvvngogpv gzrcpukqp cpf vjg tkug qhnew urban centers is well attested in the written sources See also L Di

ikuvu jcxg dggp tkijv vq uvtguu vjcv uwej gxkfgpeg ku rtqqhthat nomads and sedentarists generally intermingled successhwnncpfguvcdnkujgfkpvgtfgrgpfgpvtgncvkqpu0Kpfggfvjgnomads traded with sedentarists they served as escorts for vtcxgngtuvjtqwijvjgfgugtvrtqxkfgfrtqvgevkqphtqotkxcnpgkijdqtu cpf qhvgp ugv wr vgorqtct ugvvngogpvu coqpicitkewnvwtcnkuvufwtkpivjgftoqpvju0Vjgktgeqpqonkmgvjcvqhrcuvqtcnkuvukpqvjgtrgtkqfuycueqorngzcpftguvgfon a variety of bases many of which were tied to sedentarist communities Wealth derived not just from herds of ecognu ujggr cpfiqcvu dwv cnuq hgfgtcvg ugtxkeg hqt vjgRgtukcp cpf Tqocp Gorktgu vjg ucng qh rtqvgevkqp nqpicpfujqtvfkuvcpegvtcfgvjgrtqfwevkqpqhjcpfketchvucpfas we have seen the acquisition maintenance and sale of slaves99 Furthermore many Saracen nomads of antiquity nkmgcnnpqocfuowuvjcxghgnvcrwnnvqyctfugfgpvctkbrvbarcvkqprctvkewnctnvjqugvjcvygtggkvjgtjkijnuweeguuhwnqtvjqugvjcvhckngfgpvktgn0Cuctguwnvpqocfkehcoknkguitqwrucpfvtkdguqhvgpjcfugfgpvctkbrvbargfmkp nkxkpicoqpi vjgrtqxkpekcnuyjqugtxgfvqhwtvjgtegogpvtgncvkqpuykvjvjgGorktg0

One measure of the generally felicitous contact dgvyggp ugfgpvctkuvu cpfrcuvqtcnkuvu ecpdg hqwpf kp vjgocp fguetkrvkqpu qh kpvgtcevkqpu dgvyggp oqpmu cpfUctcegpu kp vjg jcikqitcrjkecn nkvgtcvwtg0 Vjg pgyycxgqhcuegvkekuovjcvurtgcfcetquuvjgGcuvdgikppkpikpvjg4thegpvwtrwujgfvjkurgewnkctdtcpfqhugvvngtkpvqrctvuqhvjguvgrrgvjcvjcfhqtogtndggptgngicvgfvqvjgpqocfu0Dejqqukpivqkpjcdkv vjkuoctikpcnncpfoqpmuqrgpgfvjgougnxgu vq gpeqwpvgtu ykvj Ctcd rcuvqtcnkuvu yjkejqhvgprtqxgfowvwcnndgpgYacuteekcn0VjgrcuucigkpEtknqhUevjqrqnku tgrqtvkpi vjgNcmjokfOwpfjktOacuteu cvvcemu qpRcnguvkpgkp72swqvgfcdqxgp076+iqguqpvqkpfkecvgvjcvnqecnUctcegprjnctejukpRcnguvkpgjgnrgfvqrtqvgevmonasteries from more extensive ravaging100 The Saracens were after all not one tribe but many and those tribes

Segni GrkitcrjkeGxkfgpeghqtdwknfkpikpRcncguvkpccpfCtcdkc6vj9vje0+kpL0J0Jworjtgfkt0+VjgTqocpcpfDbrvbarcpvkpgPgctGcuvLTCUU53+4RqtvuoqwvjTK+3rr0329358qpvjgitqyvjqhxknncigukprctvkewnctdgikppkpikpvjgYacutehvjegpvwtkpRcncguvkpccpfCtcdkc0UggcnuqMillar VjgqfqukcpGorktg cit0p08+0

0Vjkujcudggpocfgcdwpfcpvnengct kpoqfgtpuvwfkguqhdqvjvgzvuand archaeology M Rowton Gpenqugfpqocfkuo in LGUJQ 17 1974 rr0352=OcgtuqpSaracens cit0p037+=JqncpfArabia cit0p03+rr08324=JckocpAgricultureekv0p07+rr0676=TgvuhellipArabsekv0 p03+rr0334338=TqugpHistory cit0p09+=O0UctvtgLes nomades dans lrsquoempire romain in C Moatti gvcn0fkt0+Le monde de lrsquoitineacuterance gp Ofifkvgttcpfig fg nOacuteCpvkswkvfi sect nOacutefirqswg oqfgtpg0 Rtqefifwtgu fgeqpvtraquonggvfOacutekfgpvkYacuteecvkqpDqtfgcwz422rr07330

0UjcjparafDCUKE404 cit0p092+rr05730Eqorctgvjgxctkgvqhuqwteguqhygcnvjgzrnqkvgfd vjgTycncdgfqwkpNcpecuvgtTycncDgfqwkp cit0 p07+ rr093380Qpgjcpfketchv kpyjkej ncvg cpvkswgUctcegpuctgmpqypvqjcxgurgekcnkbrvbargfkuvjgrtqfwevkqpqhngcvjgtuggCpqp0De rebus bellicis3804gf0Ktgncpf+ltvitulinis pellibus Arabica arte mollitis ndash est enim apud eos praecipua confectionis cura propter aquam de puteis follibus hauriendam=eh0Cpvqp0Rnce0Itin058EUGNZZZKZ35+0

100 Cyr Scyth Vita Johannis Hesychastae35Uejyctvbrvbarr0433+ltnabla♯olineゝり♯subゝりばoline


vjcv ujctgf rctvkewnct tgikqpu ykvj ugfgpvct rtqxkpekcnuqhvgprncgfcetwekcntqngkprqnkekpicpfrtqvgevkpivjgktpgkijdqtu0HqtvjkutgcuqpcuEtkneqpYacutetouvjgoqpmuqhthe lavras near Jericho carefully cultivated close relations ykvj vjgkt nqecn rjncteju kp pq uocnn rctv vq dgpgYacutevhtqo vjgcfxcpvcigu vjgugeqpvcevueqwnfrtqxkfg101 And vjg Uctcegpu vjgougnxgu dgpgYacutevvgf cuygnn gzrgtkgpekpijgcnkpicvvjgjcpfuqhjqnogpogfkcvkqphqtkpvgtcpfkpvtcvtkdcneqpTHORNkevuvjgdtqmgtkpiqhtgncvkqpuykvjkorgtkcnqhYacuteekcnucpfqrrqtvwpkvkguhqtugvvngogpvcpfeqpxgtukqp102 Pqyjgtgjcu vjkuowvwcnncfxcpvcigqwu uodkqukudggpfguetkdgf oqtg gxqecvkxgn vjcp kp G0M0 HqyfgpOacuteu VjgDctdctkcp Rnckp yjkej gzrnckpu kp ecrknnct fgvckn vjgygduqhkpvgtfgrgpfgpegvjcvpqocfuvtcfgturtqxkpekcnucpf korgtkcnqhYacuteekcnuyqxg kpvqceqorngzownvkewnvwtcnhcdtkeyjkejvqqmkvueqnqtcdqxgcnnhtqovjgujctgfewnvof St Sergius103

Yjkng ocp kpfggf nkmgn oquv qh vjg gpeqwpvgtudgvyggp ugfgpvctkuvu cpf rcuvqtcnkuvu ygtg rgcegcdngothers were surely not Above we have catalogued pwogtqwu gzcorngu qh ecrvkxg vcmkpi oquv qh yjkejjcrrgpgfcetquu korgtkcndqwpfctkgucpfvtkdcnfkxkukqpu0Pgxgtvjgnguuygjcxgvjwuhctnctignqokvvgfvjghtgswgpvcvvguvcvkqpu qh Uctcegp cvvcemu vjcv fq pqv urgekYacuteecnnogpvkqpeqppgevkqpuykvjnctigtrqnkvkecngxgpvu0GxgpuqvjgvcngqhOcnejwuykvjyjkejvjkuuvwfdgicpocmgukvclear that such small scale raids were also a regular feature qh vjg gcuvgtp ncpfuecrg0Xkqngpv gpeqwpvgtu pggfpqv kpqvjgt yqtfu jcxg dggp tqqvgf kp nctigt rqnkvkecn hgwfunor conducted on a grandiose scale nor even by Saracen eqphgfgtcvguykvjqrgpnfgenctgf nqcnv vqcpqrrqukpigorktg0 Kpfggf ocp uocnngt uecng tckfu ygtg engctneqpfwevgfdvtkdguencpuqtrtkoctmkpitqwruqwvukfgthe reach of the larger confederations104 and most no doubt ygpv wptgrqtvgf kp qwt uqwtegu0 Vjku ku yj vguvkoqpkchtqooqpcuvkeeqoowpkvkguctguqkorqtvcpvhqtvjgqhhgtrtgekqwukpukijvukpvqvjgitqwpfngxgngzrgtkgpegqhvjqugyjqfygnvqpvjguvgrrg0Kvkuvjwuuvtkmkpijqyqhvgpvjg

ゝ♯りと0HqtukoknctrqnkekpiuggRtqeqr0Bell0303032=eh0UjcjparafDCUKE404 ekv0p092+rr080

101 XkvcGwvjokk32Uejyctvbrvbarrr0343+=45Uejyctvbrvbarrr05758+=4 Uejyctvbrvbar r067+= 56 Uejyctvbrvbar r074+= 7375 Uejyctvbrvbar rr09798+=Vita Sabae35Uejyctvbrvbarr08+=3Uejyctvbrvbarr038+0

3240Ugg hqtgzcorngOqugu vjgcuegvkecvTwYacutep0JG3308 Oqoougp+=Uqe0 60580533 Jcpugp+= Uqbrvbar0 80507 ykvj P0 Ngpumk Failure of GorktgltXcngpucpfvjgTqocpUvcvgkpvjgHqwtvjEgpvwtCFDgtmgng4224rr04254320UggcnuqvjgrjnctejyenqeqowuyjqycuitcpvgfcewtghtqokphgtvknkvdnqecnoqpmucpfvjgpeqpxgtvgfUqbrvbar080503638with Sartre Vtqkufivwfguekv0p03+rr0366368=UjcjparafDCHQEekv0 p046+rr0330CpfvjgxctkqwugzcornguqhjgcnkpicpfogfkcvkqprtqxkfgfvqrcuvqtcnkuvCtcdxkukvqtudUkogqpUvnkvguvjgGnfgtVjgqf0JT4803538gf0R0EcpkxgvcpfC0NgtqOqnkpijgpVjfiqfqtgvfgEtltHistoire des moins de Syrie4xqnu0]UE456479_Rctku39939+0

103 Fowden DctdctkcpRnckpekv0p04+gur0rr036339503260QpvjgeqorngzfkxkukqpuqhCtcduqekgvuggJqncpfArabia cit p03+rr0335339=eh0OwuknManners cit0p05+rr06682=NcpecuvgtTycncDgfqwkp cit0p07+rr04657hqtoqfgtpfkxkukqpu0

tgrqtv xkqngpeg cpf jqyowej qh vjku ku ytcrrgf wr kpecrvkxgvcmkpi327

From the 4th century in addition to his Life of Malchus LgtqogtgrqtvucUctcegpcvvcemqpCpvqpOacuteueqoowpkvkpvjgVjgdckfkp578kpcpqvkeghtqojkuChronicle that is too brief vq vtgcv vjg swguvkqp qh ecrvkxgu1060 Ukoknctn vjg uqecnngfTgncvkqCooqpkk narrates at some length a Saracen raid on the monastic settlement at Mt Sinai in the 370s107 Although it vqqtgrqtvupqvjkpiqhecrvkxgvcmkpicpfcnvjqwijvjgcvvcemycurtqdcdnrctvqhcnctigtwrtkukpikpkvkcvgfdvjgUctcegpswggpOダykc kp 59915932 the Tgncvkq eqpYacutetou vjcv vjgncvgcpvkswgrwujkpvqvjgfgugtvhquvgtgfpqvlwuveqpvcevudwvcnuqencujgu0Htqo vjggctn7th century we learn of similar cvvcemuhtqoLqjpEcuukcpqpcitqwrqhoqpcuvkeunkxkpicvVjgmqc uqwvj qh Dgvjngjgo yjq ygtg mknngf d ETHUctcegpbanditsrdquo but whose bodies were then venerated with near xkqngpvfgxqvkqpETHdqvjdvjgrtkguvuqhvjcvtgikqpcpfdvjggpvktgCtcdrgqrngNtilde1090EcuukcpOacuteurjtcukpiuwooctkbrvbargupgcvnthe distinction he draws between sedentarists and nomads both natives of Palestine but one termed Arabes and the other Uctcegpk0 Around the same time Jerome whose monastery ycu kpDgvjngjgoytkvgu kpigpgtcn hcujkqpqhUctcegpucuconsummate thieves and raiders

Instead of ldquothiefrdquo and ldquocrowrdquo ldquoArabrdquo is written in the Hebrew which can also mean ldquoArabsrdquo which people is given over to thievery and even up to today makes raids on the borders of Palestine and besieges the roads for those going down from Jerusalem to Jericho110

3270HqtcpgctnkgtuwooctuggJ0L0OciqwnkcuVjgNkxguqhvjgUckpvuin the Sixth and Seventh Centuries as Sources for the Internal and GzvgtpcnGpgokguqhvjgDbrvbarcpvkpgGorktg in ＱゝＰ♯♯63235rr0435380

106 Jer Chron0u0c0578Jgno+ltSaraceni in monasterium beati Antonii kptwgpvgu Uctocvco kpvgtYacuteekwpv= eh0Xkvc Rcwnk 3406 UE 7203924+lt[Antonius]ad monasterium quod postea a Saracenis occupatum est tgitgfkgdcvwt0

107 Tgncvkq Cooqpkk 490 Hqt vjg Itggm vgzv ugg F0I0 Vucogu cpfM0I0 Mcvucpgu 々〆〇 Vjguucnqpkmk 3 ykvjEnglish translation at Caner History ekv0 p037+ rr0363930 Hqt vjgChristian Palestinian Aramaic text and translation see AS Lewis VjgHqtv Octvtu qh vjg Ukpck Fgugtv cpf vjg Uvqt qh Gwnqikwu JqtcgUgokvkecg+Ecodtkfig3340Qp vjgpcttcvkxgcucjkuvqtkecnuqwtegsee P Mayerson CpKpuetkrvkqpkpvjgOqpcuvgtqhUv0EcvjgtkpgcpfvjgOctvtVtcfkvkqpkpUkpck in FQR 30 398rr059759Kf0Monks Martyrs Soldiers ekv0]p037_rr034355=Kf0VjgCooqpkwuPcttcvkxgltBeduoin and Blemmye Attacks in SinaikpI0Tgpfudwtigvcn0fkt0+VjgDkdngYqtnflt Guucu kp Jqpqt qh Etwu J0 Iqtfqp Pgy[qtm 32rr035536 Kf0Monks Martyrs Soldiers ekv0 ]p0 37_ rr0355385=Ujcjparaf DCHQE ekv0 p046+ rr04953= Ecpgt History cit0 p037+rr0363360

320Qpyjkej uggTwh0JG 3308= Uqe0 6058= Uqbrvbar0 805ykvjNgpumkHcknwtgqhGorktgekv0p0324+rr0426420

109 Cass Conf080303EUGNZKKK375+ltsunt a discurrentibus Sarracenorum ncvtwpewnkukpvgtgorvk0swqtwoeqtrqtcnkegvuektgowuvcocrqpvkYacuteekdkuregionis illius quam ab universa plebe Arabum tanta veneratione praerepta et inter reliquias martyrum conditus ut innumeri populi e duobus oppidis concurrentes gravissimum sibi certamen indixerunt

110 In Hier0 8062 EUGN NZZKX 62+lt Rtq ETHncvtqpgNtilde gv ETHeqtpkegNtilde kpjgdtcg ETHctcdgNtilde uetkrvwo guv swqf rqvguv gv ETHctcdcuNtilde ukipkYacuteectgswcg igpu ncvtqekpkku fgfkvc wuswg jqfkg kpewtucv vgtokpquRcnguvkpcget descendentibus de Hierusalem Hierichum obsidet vias cf0Kp


Vjg ncvgYacutehvjegpvwtNkhgqhVjgqipkwu tgrqtvu vjcvcUctcegpIcircqtrgtjcrulwuvcfgoqpkexkukqpkpvjgiwkugqhqpgIcircejcugfkvupcogucmghtqojkuecxgcvuyqtfrqkpv111 VjgGirvkcp eqoowpkvkgu qh Umgvku cpfPkvtkcygtg ugvwrqpkp629162656cpf666dOcbrvbarkmpqocfuyjqygtgDgtdgtutcvjgtvjcpUctcegpudwvyjqugcvvcemuwpfgtnkpgvjgvgpukqpetgcvgfdvjggzrcpukqpqhoqpcuvkeugvvngogpvkpvq vjg vgttkvqt qh rcuvqtcnkuv rgqrngu112 From the late Yacutehvj qt gctn 8th century Theodore of Petra describes a pkijvvkogtckfqpcoqpcuvgtpgctDquvtcfwtkpiyjkejvjgUctcegpuecttkgfqhhvjgoclqtkvqhvjgoqpmu113 From the 6thegpvwtEtknqhUevjqrqnkucpfjkuhgnnqyRcnguvkpkcpJohn Moschus recount numerous smaller scale raids on oqpmu d Uctcegp cpf Dgtdgt pqocfu vjcv kpxqnxgfrknncikpiowtfgtcpfecrvkxgvcmkpicpfvjgLife of Jacob Bardaeus fguetkdgu jqy kvu pcogucmg jgnrgf vjg Lchpkfrjnctej価ダtkvj kdpLcdcnc vq tkfjkurgqrngqh knnpguuqpvjgeqpfkvkqpvjcv価ダtkvjhtggcoqpmqhUkpckjgnfecrvkxgin the tent of one of his followers1140Kpvjgokf8th century FcpkgnqhUmgvkuycugpuncxgfvjtggvkogudpgkijdqtkpiETHdctdctkcpuNtilde rtqdcdn Dgtdgtu dwv guecrgf gcej vkogthe last after having murdered his master337 Finally from the mid to late 7th century the Pcttcvkqpgu of Anastasius of Sinai tgeqtfownvkrngkpuvcpeguqhUctcegpcvvcemucvvjgJqnOqwpvckpcuUctcegpukpvgttwrvgfvtcfgtqwvgujgnfEjtkuvkcpecrvkxgucuuncxgucpfncwpejgfcvngcuvvyqtckfuqpvjgeqoowpkvvjcvmknngfocpoqpmu116

Gu0 7043 CCSL NZZKKK 42+0 Ugg cnuq LgtqogOacuteu fguetkrvkqp qhJknctkqpOacuteu jcdkvcvkqp pgct Icbrvbarc yjkej ycu uwdlgev vq Uctcegp tckfuVita Hilarionis40SCFXKKK43+ltnimis cruenta latrociniis loca=503SCFXKKK442+ltregio latrociniis infamis erat

3330RcwnwuJgnncfkewuXkvcVjgqipkkgf0L0XcpfgpIjgpActa Sancti Vjgiqpkk in AnBoll 3233rr09335cvrr09+0

3340QpUegvkucpfPkvtkcuggJ0I0GxgnpYjkvgVjgOqpcuvgtkguqhvjgYcurrenfkOgravepPcvtp 2 VjgJkuvqtqhvjgOqpcuvgtkguqhUegvkuPgy[qtm354rr0372389ykvjuqwtegu0

113 Theodore Petraeus Xkvc Vjgqfqukk r05 Wugpgt+lt ♯ や々々ヽばりヽ oline りのば〇 ♯♯＜

114 Cyr Scyth XkvcGwvjokk68Uejyctvbrvbarrr0898+ltecrvwtgqhoqpmudUctcegpukpvjgvkogqhCpcuvcukwu=Vita Sabae 36Uejyctvbrvbarr09+ltUcdcukuoktcewnqwunfghgpfgfhtqoUctcegpecrvwtg=Vita Abramii3Uejyctvbrvbarr0466+ltUctcegpucvvcemcoqpcuvgtpgctGoguc=Lqj0Oquej0Rtcv0 21 RINZZZXKK48+ltcUctcegpowtfgtucjgtokvqpvjgTgfUgcujqtg=56RINZZZXKK46+ltvjgecrvwtgdUctcegpucpftcpuqoqhcuncxgqhCngzcpfgtqhCpvkqej=334RINZZZXKK498+ltvjgecrvwtgqhUmgvkqvgoqpmudOcbrvbarcegucpfvjgkttcpuqo+=374RINZZZXKK5239+ltecrvwtgcpfucngqhOctegnnquqhUmgvku=377RINZZZXKK5246+ltUctcegpuykvjc ecrvkxg ctg eqphtqpvgf doqpmu=Life of Jacob Bardaeus [RQ ZKZ455456_ltUkpckvgoqpmjgnfecrvkxgkpvjgecorqhvjgLchpkfu0UggcnuqPs Anton Plac Itin0562EUGNZZZKZ3738+qp vjgfcpigtqhSaracen raids in the Sinai more generally

3370 Vita Daniel Scetiotae tge0 cv N0 Enwipgv Vie et reacutecits de lrsquoabbeacute Daniel le Sceacutetiote in TQE 7 322 rr03795 cv rr09395=eh0D0FcjnocpSaint Daniel of SketisWrrucnc4229r03360

116 Pctt0CpcuvcukkUkpckvcg485257crr0PcwVgzvitgeekv0]p072_rr0879798239+0QpvjgxctkqwuyqtmucvvtkdwvgfvqETHCpcuvcukwuNtildeugg L0 Jcnfqp Vjg Yqtmu qh Cpcuvcukwu qh Ukpck in Av Cameron and N0K0Eqptcffkt0+VjgDbrvbarcpvkpgcpfGctnKuncokePgctGcuv 1 London

The same scenario can be reconstructed in even greater detail from events that came just on the heels of the Muslim eqpswguvuykvjvjgRgtukcpucemqhLgtwucngokp8360Vjkufkucuvgt tgrtgugpvgf c vqvcn eqnncrug qhDbrvbarcpvkpg eqpvtqnkpvjgtgikqpvjcvyknnjcxgdtqwijvvtkdwvgrcogpvuvqvjgUctcegpuvqcjcnvgxgpcukvykrgfqwvvjgkorgtkcnhqteguwho normally acted as a counterbalance to these tribes in the region Furthermore following Mauricersquos elimination of the Jafnid line and the dissolution of their confederation kp 74 vjg gcuvgtp Gorktg eqwnf pq nqpigt nqqm vq vjgegpvtcnkbrvbargf Uctcegp ngcfgtujkr qp yjkej kv jcf hqtogtntgnkgfhqteqpvtqnqhpgkijdqtkpiCtcditqwru0Vjgtguwnvcpvrqygtxcewwoujqygflwuvjqyvgpwqwutgncvkqpudgvyggprtqxkpekcnu cpf pqocfu eqwnf dg cu Uctcegpu htqo pgctcpfhctvqqmcfxcpvcigqhvjgukvwcvkqpvqgzgewvgtcbrvbarbrvbarkcu0The Nkhg qh Igqtig qh Ejqbrvbarkdc tgrqtvu vjcv vjku rgtkqfucy htgswgpv tckfu cpf gpuncxgogpvu qhoqpmu htqo jkueqoowpkv kp vjgYダfk gnSknv pgct Lgtkejq117 From the ucog rgtkqf yg jcxg cp gxgp oqtg fgvckngf ggykvpguutgrqtv kp c ngvvgt ytkvvgp ec0 842 dCpvkqejwu htqo vjgNcxtcqhUcdcukpvjgYダfkMkftqp0KpkvjgfguetkdgujqycdcpfqhUctcegpujcfugvqpjkuoqpcuvgtqpgyggmdghqtgLgtwucngohgnnkpOc8360OquvqhvjgoqpmuTHORNgfkpvqvjgdesert but the Saracens seized those who remained and rtqeggfgfvqvqtvwtgcpfgxgpvwcnnmknnhqtvhqwtqhvjgokp cp ghhqtv vq gzvtcev kphqtocvkqp cdqwv rquukdng jkffgptreasures330HkpcnncugxgpvjegpvwtgrkvqogqhvjgLife of John the Almsgivertgrqtvujqykvujgtqvjgctejdkujqrqh Cngzcpftkc dgecog kpxqnxgf kp tcpuqokpi ecrvkxgufrom the Persians and the ldquoMadieniansrdquo a reference to the dcpOc河cffhtqovjgegpvtcnCtcdkcprgpkpuwnc119 As we jcxg uggp vjgOc河cff jcf dggp wpfgt vjg fqokpkqp vjguqwvjCtcdkcpmkpifqoqh価koctkpvjgncvg7th and early 6th egpvwtkgu cpf cnvjqwij vjg 価koctkvgu jcf gpfwtgfoclqtwrjgcxcnukpvjgycmgqhvjgCmuokvgvcmgqxgtqhvjgktmkpifqokp747uqogcnnkcpegocygnnjcxggpfwtgfinto the 7th egpvwt cu ygnn0 Kh uq nkmg vjg Ucoctkvcpuecrvwtgfd vjg LchpkfCdMctkd kp 74ocpqh vjqugRcnguvkpkcpuugkbrvbargfkp836ocjcxggpfgfwrcuuncxguqh

34rr0329369=EcpgtHistory cit0p037+rr03943950Kcoitcvghwnvq[cppkuRcrcfqikcppcmkuhqtjkucfxkegqpvjgyqtmuqhCpcuvcukwu0

117 Xkvc Igqtikk Ejqbrvbargdkvcg 9053056 gf0 E0 Jqwbrvbarg Sancti Georgii EjqbrvbargdkvcgEqphguqtkugvOqpcejkXkvcCwevqtgCpvqpkqGkwuFkuekrwnq in AnBoll93rr07366cpf558592cvrr034353356+0

330Cpvkqej0Oqp0Gr0cfGwuv0RINZZZKZ36433649+=eh0L0RcvtkejUcdcu Ngcfgt qh RcnguvkpkcpOqpcuvkekuolt C Eqorctcvkxg Uvwf kpGcuvgtpOqpcuvkekuoHqwtvjvqUgxgpvjEgpvwtkguYcujkpivqpFE+37rr05485490

119 XkvcLqcppkuGnggoqupctkkgf0G0NcrrcyenkbrvbarkecuWpgfirkvqogfgncXkgfguv0Lgcp nOacuteCworaquopkgtrctLgcpgvUqrjtqpkwu in AnBoll392 rr0487498 cv r04980 Hqt vjgOc河cff cpf vjgkt eqppgevkqpuykvj価koctuggUjcjparafDCUKE303 cit0p03+rr0382388=TqdkpTqcwog Jwltkfg ekv0 p048+= Kf0 Ctcdgu fg ヅkoct cit0 p045+rr039239=JqncpfArabia cit0 p03+ rr0672=HkujgtRqnkvkecnDevelopment ekv0p045+rr0538530yenygvvngtOcピcffekv0]p039_+kuoqtgumgrvkecnvjcvETHOc河cffNtildetgrtgugpvgfcvtkdgqteqphgfgtcvkqpcuqrrqugfvqcigpgtcnfgukipcvkqphqtpqocfkeCtcdu0


vjg価koctkvgu0LqjpvjgCnouikxgtkvowuvdgtgogodgtgfeqwnfchhqtfvqtguewgqpnvygpvrtkuqpgtudwvqpgecpcuuwog vjcv vjg Oc河cffOacuteu nqpi lqwtpg vq Rcnguvkpg ecpqpnjcxgdggprtqYacutevcdngkhkvpgvvgfocpoqtg0

VjgpgyhcujkqphqtjcdkvcvkqpkpvjgfgugtvvjwujgnrgfvqhqtigeqpvcevdwvcnuqvqurctmeqpTHORNkevuykvjrcuvqtcnkuvuwho had formerly been left to control this territory more or less on their own1200 Kvycu vjguguqtvuqhgpeqwpvgtu vjcvrtqxqmgfvjgvtgpejcpvqdugtxgtCookcpwuvqrtqpqwpegvjcv vjg Tqocpu fkf pqv rctvkewnctn ycpv vjgkt Uctcegpneighbors as either friends or enemies because of their vgpfgpevquyqqrfqypnkmgtcrcekqwumkvgucpfupcvejwrcprtgqhyjkejvjgecwijvukijv1210Kpfggfyjkngeqgzkuvgpegcpfeqqrgtcvkqpygtgrtqdcdnoqtgvjgtwngvjcpvjggzegrvkqpvgpukqpuygtgcnycurtgugpvcpfvjgrqvgpvkcnhqtxkqngpegnwtmgfkpvjgdcemitqwpfqhgxgtgpeqwpvgt0The Piacenza Pilgrim who traveled to Sinai through the cnVkjfgugtvkpvjgncvg8th century offers an excellent case qhlwuvjqyvjkucodkxcngpegrncgfkvugnhqwv0JgcpfhgnnqyrknitkouejqugvqugvqhhhtqoGnqwucJcnwbrvbarc+yjgpvjgmpgy vjg rcicp Uctcegpu qh vjg tgikqpygtg egngdtcvkpivjgkt vyqoqpvj tgnkikqwu jqnkfc hqnnqykpi vjg xgtpcngswkpqz+ hqt kp vjku rgtkqf vjg Uctcegpu tghtckpgf htqotckfkpi0Cnqpi vjgkt yc vjg rknitkou vtcfgf dtgcf ykvjthe wives and familiae ndash sometimes translated slaves ndash qhUctcegpu kp gzejcpig hqt ngcvjgtdciuYacutenngfykvj eqnfurtkpiycvgt1220Dwvyjgpvjgrknitkoutgvwtpgfpqtvjchvgtthe close of the Saracen holiday they consciously avoided vjg fgugtv tqwvg kp hcxqt qh vjg hqtvkYacutegf eqcuvcn tqcfu qpgkvjgt ukfg qh vjg rgpkpuwnc hqt hgct vjcv qvjgtykug vjgokijvdgugvwrqp0TckfkpicpfecrvkxgvcmkpiygtgvjwuceqpuvcpvvjtgcvhtqovjgUctcegpugxgpkhvjgktcvvcemuygtgas desultory as they were alarming They tended to fall at egtvckpvkogucpfkpegtvckprnceguIcircrctvkewnctnkprnceguqrgpgfhqtvtcxgncpfjcdkvcvkqpdpgyycxguqhEjtkuvkcp

3420KucceNkokvuqhGorktg cit0p037+rr0435430121 Amm 1441 Saraceni tamen nec amici nobis umquam nec hostes

optandi ultro citroque discursantes quidquid inveniri poterat momento temporis parvi vastabant milvorum rapacium similes0HqtvjguvgtgqvrgqhUctcegpfwrnkekvuggcnuqGzrqukvkqvqvkwuowpfk42Tqwifi+ltSunt ukoknguRgtuku korkk cergtkwtk gv urqpukqpgupqp ewuvqfkgpvgupgswgbelli neque alterius negotii=Vjgqrj0Uko0503909=Ogp0Rtqv0 ht003Dnqemng+=Rtqeqr0Dgnn0303906960

122 Anton Plac Itin 36 (CSEL XXXIX 183) Familia autem Saracenorum uel uxores eorum uenientes de heremo ad uiam sedentes in lamentatione et sareca missa ante se petiebant panem a transeuntibus et ueniebant uiri ipsarum adducebant utres cum aqua frigida de interiore parte heremi et dabant et accipiebant sibi panes et adducebant resticulas cum radices quorum odor suauitatis super omnia aromata nihil licentes quia anathema habebant et dies festos suos celebrabant cf 39 (CSEL XXXIX 185) The annual religious truce is conYacutermed at Nonnosus (FHG IV 179-180 = Phot Bib cod 3) れsub ねば auml 々ととoline々の〇やnablaと cf Procop Bell 21618 On familiae as lsquoslavesrsquo see J Wilkinson Jerusalem Pilgrims before the Crusades Warminster 1977 p 87 ldquoSome of the servants and wives of the Saracensrdquo Caner History cit (n 15) p 256 ldquoA group of female slaves belonging to the Saracens (or else they were their wives)rdquo

cuegvkeu cpf rknitkou kp Ncvg Cpvkswkv0 Yjkng rgceghwngpeqwpvgtueqwnfdgjqrgfhqtecwvkqpycucnycukpqtfgtas was an awareness of the societal tendencies and migravkqpcnrcvvgtpuqhcrgqrngcnqpiukfgyjqovjgugfgpvctkuvulived but with whom they did not always get along

HqtvkYacuteecvkqpCickpuvUctcegpCvvcem

Kv ku nkvvng yqpfgt vjcv vjg ugvvngf kpjcdkvcpvu qh vjgterritory along the edge of the fertile crescent made every ghhqtv vq fcorgp vjg korcev qh Uctcegp tckfkpi qp vjgktnkxgudeqpuvtwevkpi hqtvkYacuteecvkqpuyjgvjgtqp vjgktqypqtykvjvjguwrrqtvqhvjgkorgtkcncfokpkuvtcvkqp0Hqtcnnvjgktumknncviwgtknnctckfu vjgUctcegpuygtgpqvqtkqwunrqqtcvcvvcemkpihqtvu1230Kvvjwuocfgugpugvqdwknfycnnuvqygtu cpf tgfqwdvu vq rtqvgev eqoowpkvkgu cpf pcvwtcntguqwtegu htqo vjgkt kpewtukqpu0Vjg hqtvkYacuteecvkqp uuvgoudwknvvjtqwijqwvvjggcuvgtpGorktgjcxgigpgtcvgfjgcvgffgdcvg0 Yjkng uqog hqnnqykpi gurgekcnn U0V0 RctmgtdgnkgxgvjcvvjgugygtgguvcdnkujgfYacutetuvcpfhqtgoquvdvjgkorgtkcniqxgtpogpvkpcuuvgocvkehcujkqpkpqtfgtvqugcnqhhrtqxkpekcnvgttkvqthtqokpewtukqpudqwvukfgtuqvjgtuhqnnqykpicdqxgcnnD0Kucceuggvjgughqtvucujcxkpidggprncegfowejnguuuuvgocvkecnncnqpitqcfycutcvjgtvjcpfghgpukxgrgtkogvgtucpfcujcxkpidggpfgukipgfvqgzgtveqpvtqnqxgtwptwnrtqxkpekcnu124 This is not the venue to tgqrgp vjg fgdcvg dwv kv kuyqtvj kpxguvkicvkpi kp dtkghgzrnkekv cvvguvcvkqpu qh vjg iqcnu qh vjgug hqtvkYacuteecvkqpu kplate ancient sources These indicate overwhelmingly that cvngcuvfwtkpivjgncvgcpvkswgrgtkqfvjgghhqtvcpfoqpgthat went into the creation of these structures was aimed at ewtdkpicvvcemudqwvukfgtuIcircpqocfucpfRgtukcpu347

Vjggctnkguvmpqypgrkitcrjkecvvguvcvkqpvqchqtvtguudwknvykvjvjggzrtguurwtrqugqhkpjkdkvkpipqocfkecvvcemufcvgucntgcf vq vjg Ugxgtcp rgtkqf e0 422EG+ cpf tgeqtfu vjgconstruction of a praesidiumpgctCngrrqcvMjcpcnSwuct+ETHhqtrwdnkeugewtkvcpfcickpuvvjgvgttqtqhvjgvgpvfygnnkpi

3450Rtqeqr0Aed04006Jcwt+ltとolinesubば auml♯ に acirc やNtilde= cf Bell 21912

3460EqpvtcuvU0V0RctmgtTqocpucpfUctcegpultCJkuvqtqhvjgCtcdkcpFrontierYkpqpcNcmgKp+38=Kf0TqocpHtqpvkgtekv0p037+ykvjD0KucceBandits in Judaea and Arabia in JUER36rr0393425=Kf0NkokvuqhGorktg ekv0p037+cpfItchTqogcpfvjgUctcegpu ekv0 p037+=Kf0VjgOgraveXkcOknkvctkuOacutekpCtcdkc in FQR7339rr049343=cf Di Segni GrkitcrjkeGxkfgpegekv0p09+rr03723770Hqtcokffngground see Mayerson Saracens cit0p037+=OknnctTqocpPgctGcuvekv0 p047+rr0323=C0NgykpVjgPgyHtqpvkgtuqhNcvgCpvkswkvkpvjgPgctGcuvkpQ0JgmuvgtcpfV0Mckbrvbargtfkt0+HtqpvkgtukpvjgTqocpYqtnfRtqeggfkpiuqhvjgPkpvjYqtmujqrqhvjgKpvgtpcvkqpcnPgvyqtmKorcevqhGorktgFwtjco383Crtkn422+Ngkfgp4233rr04564850

3470KpyjcvhqnnqyuhqtvkYacuteecvkqpukpQutjqgpgcpfWrrgtOguqrqvcokcyjkejygtgrtkoctknkpvgpfgfvqrtqvgevcickpuvRgtukcpcuucwnvuyknnpqvdgfkuewuugf0Pqgcu nkpgecpdgftcypdgvyggp hqtvu ckogfcvthese two enemies for surely no such line was drawn in Antiquity


Arabsrdquo1260Ukoknctncpkpuetkrvkqpqh556hqwpfcvOchtcskpthe Transjordan records the construction of a cistern by the RtqvgevqtXkpegpvkwukpqtfgtvqnkokvvjgkorcevqhcodwujguby Saracens on neighboring farmers as they collected water127 CtgegpvnrwdnkujgfkpuetkrvkqpqhRgvtctgeqtfuvjgxkevqtqhcegtvckpJqtkqpyjqdqcuvgfqhfghgpfkpi vjgekvcpfvjgdtqcfgttgikqpqhRcnguvkpcUcnwvctkucickpuvETHdctdctkcpurgcmkpigpgokguNtildecpfeqpuvtwevkpichqtvhqthwvwtgrtqvgevkqp0VjgkpuetkrvkqpkpJqogtkexgtugoquvnkmgnfcvguvqvjgncvg7th or early 6th egpvwt cpf vjgdctdctkcpurgcmkpi gpgokguit mentions must surely be Saracens340 Oquv kpuetkrvkqputgeqtfkpivjgeqpuvtwevkqpqhhqtvuucpqvjkpiqhvjgurgekYacuteeenemies at whom they were aimed whether internal or external1290 Hgy vjqwij vjgug gzcorngu ctg vjgkt vguvkoqpkpfkecvgu vjcv yjgp hqtvdwknfgtu qh vjg tgikqp ejqug vqkfgpvkhvjgktkpvgpfgfqrrqpgpvuvjgugygtgUctcegppqocfu0

We also have a number of textual sources that attribute vjgetgcvkqpqhfghgpukxgyqtmuurgekYacuteecnnvqvjgfguktgvqrtqvgev cickpuv Uctcegpu0 Htqo vjg 6th century Ammianus cvvguvu vjg dwknfkpi qh oqwpfu aggeres+ pgct Ejctejcfraslrsaquovgrg+cnqpivjgVkitkuvqrtgxgpvUctcegpkpewtukqpukpvqTqocpvgttkvqt=kpcoqtgigpgtcnkbrvbarkpircuucigjgfguetkdguvjg rtqxkpeg qhCtcdkc cu ETHtgrngvg ykvj uvtqpi hqtvu cpfcastles which the vigilant concern of earlier generations has gtgevgfkpuwkvcdngcpffghgpukdngrcuuguhqtvjgrwtrqugqhtgrgnnkpi cvvcemu d vjg pgkijdqtkpidctdctkcpuNtilde k0g0Ctcdnomads1300Ctqwpf vjg ucog vkogGigtkc tgrqtvgf vjcv vjgkorgtkcn iqxgtpogpv jcf eqpuvtwevgf vjg hqtv cv Enuocqp vjg Iwnh qh Uwgbrvbar ETHhqt fghgpug cpf qtfgt cickpuv vjg

126 CIL KKK 34lt Korgtcvqtkdwu+ Ecguctkdwu 1 Nwekq Ugrvkoq + gvRkq Rgtvkpcek 1 ugorgt Cwiwuvq 1 Nkxkwu Ecnrjwtpkwu+ rtqxkpekcg+Eqgnquwtkc+ rtcgvqt+ 1 jqe rtgukfkwo eqpuvtwzkv 1 kp ugewtkvcvgorwdnkeco1gv1uecgpkvctwoCtcdwovgttqtgo

127 AEacutep 360358lt Ewo rgtxkfkuugv Xkpegpvkwu Rtqvgevqt cigpu dcukgrnwtkoqugzcitctkgpukdwufwocswcuukdkkpwuqvtcpuhgtgtgpv+kpukfcvquc Uctcegpqu+ rgtkuug tgegrvcewnwo cswctwo gz hwpfcogpvku hgekvQrvcvqgvRcwnkpqxxeeeqpuu0E0yenwemgtocpCwt0Xcngtkcpwu451527+gvHn0Ugxgtkpwu555+eqoocpfcpvugpCtcdkggvnchqtvgtguugfOacuteCbrvbartcs in CpVctf436rr05jcuujqypvjcvXkpegpvkwuycuyqtmkpiqpcnctigtuuvgocvkehqtvuuvgowpfgtkorgtkcncwurkegueh0F0MgppgfVjgTqocpCtokpLqtfcp 2ndgf0Nqpfqp4226rr0828393940HqtcpqnfgtxkgyuggKucceNkokvuqhGorktgekv0p037+rr03973980

340T0OgtmgndcejcpfL0UvcwdgtSteinepigramme aus dem Griechischen Quvgp 6xqnu0Owpkej422444193123lthさかてにな000くgとくgとてlのちてにな0Hqtcpcnuku uggC0 Ngykp 河Cot Kdp ピCfOcxkc vjg Rjncteju cpf vjgNcvgTqocpCtoltRgcegcpfyct kp vjgPgctGcuv in A Lewin and R0Rgnnitkpkfkt0+VjgNcvgTqocpCtokpvjgPgctGcuvhtqoFkqengvkcpto the Arab Conquest DCT KU 339+ Qzhqtf 4229 rr0465484 cvrr04724770 Hqt vjg wug qh dctdctqk 1 dctdctqg to designate Arab rcuvqtcnkuvuuggG0M0HqyfgpDctdctkcpRnckpekv0p04+r0870

129 FR Trombley Yct cpf uqekgv kp twtcn Utkc e0 724835 CFltQdugtxcvkqpu qp vjg grkitcrj in BMGS 43 39 rr037642ctiwguvjcvvjggrkitcrjkecnncvvguvgfeqpuvtwevkqpqhpwogtqwuuocnnforts and towers in Syria during the sixth century was intended to rtqvgevcickpuvPc卸tkftckfgtuctgcuqpcdngeqplgevwtgdwvjgkuwpcdngvqrkprqkpvurgekYacuteecvvguvcvkqpuvqvjkukpvjggrkitcrj0

3520Coo0 47080 c0 585+lt riparum aggeribus humana manu instructis ne Saraceni deinceps Assyriam persultarent0Coo0 360035ltcastrisque oppleta validis et castellis quae ad repellendos gentium vicinarum excursus sollicitudo pervigil veterum per opportunos saltus erexit et cautos

incursion of Saracensrdquo and half a century later the author of the NkhgqhCngzcpfgtCmqkoパvqudescribes how between the Roman and Persian territories ldquothere are fortresses built every ten to twenty milestones from each other for defense against the barbariansrdquo a word he later uses to describe nomadic Arabs1310EtknqhUevjqrqnkuvgnnuwuvjcvchvgtvjguwrrtguukqpqhvjgUcoctkvcptgxqnvkp74vjgctejkocpftkvgUcdcuygpv kp rgtuqp vq xkukv Lwuvkpkcp cpf tgswguv c uwoof a thousand solidi with which to construct and garrison a hqtv cickpuvUctcegpcvvcemu132 Ps Zachariah attributes the construction of the massive fort of Dara to the desire ldquoto iwctf vjgDパvj 河Ctcdjダパ htqo vjg hqtcuqh vjgRgtukcpucpfUctcegpuザcダパ+Ntilde1330JgcnuqenckouvjcveqpuvtwevkqpqpvjghqtvcvVjcppwtkuVgnVwpgkpkt+ycudgiwpvqrtqxkfgthe region with shelter from marauding bands of Saracens ザcダパ+cpqvkegvjcvkueqpYacutetogfdRtqeqrkwuyjqjqnfuvjcvvjkuucoghqtvycufgukipgfvqrtgxgpvgpgoUctcegpuhtqoetquukpivjgEjcdwtTkxgtcpfytgcmkpijcxqeqpvjgugvvngf rqrwncvkqpu qp vjg qvjgt ukfg1340 Kpfggf RtqeqrkwuqhhgtupwogtqwuvguvkoqpkcvqvjgeqpuvtwevkqpqhhqtvkYacuteecvkqpuykvj vjggzrtguurwtrqugqh kpjkdkvkpiUctcegp tckfu0Vjg ycnnu qh UgtikqrqnkuTw卸ダhc ygtg hqtvkYacutegf vq rtgxgpvSaracens from overrunning it357 Justinian rebuilt Palmyra vq rtgxgpv Uctcegpu htqo etquukpi vjg fgugtv kpvq Tqocpterritory to conduct raids1360HkpcnnjgvgnnuLwuvkpkcprckf

131 Petr Diac Y6 (CCSL CLXXV 101) which is derived from lost material in the Peregrinatio Egeriae pro defensione et disciplina pro incursione Saracenorum Vita Alexandri Akoimパtes 33 (ed E de Stroop La Vie drsquoAlexandre lrsquoAceacutemegravete PO 6 Paris 1911 pp 645-704 at 683)

132 Cyr Scyth Vita Sabae 94 Uejyctvbrvbar r0397+lt oline ゝ ♯♯やゝゝeumlnablanablaÅ♯やと々nablaばやや oline ♯ oline やたikとすふkさkてな = eh0Rcvtkej Sabas ekv0 p033+ rr0538530 Et0 Uevj0Vita Sabae5Uejyctvbrvbarr03+kpfkecvguvjcvvjgoqpgikxgphqtvjkueqpuvtwevkqpycugxgpvwcnnvwtpgfqxgtvqvjgrcvtkctejqhLgtwucngocpffkuvtkdwvgfvqvjgrqqt0KucceNkokvuqhGorktg cit0p037+r04ugguvjkucucukipvjcvvjgUctcegpvjtgcvycupqvugtkqwudwvvjgrcuucigkvugnhdgnkguthis reading

3550Ru0yencej0Tjgv0908JcoknvqpcpfDtqqmuSyriac Chronicle ekv0]p077_r057ItgcvtgzRjgpkzcpfJqtpChronicle ekv0]p077_rr046946+0

3560Ru0yencej0Tjgv004JcoknvqpcpfDtqqmuUtkceEjtqpkengcit0]p077_r04ItgcvtgzRjgpkzcpfJqtpChronicleekv0]p077_rr053953+=Rtqeqr0Aed040803738ltざ♯oline々≧ゝやsub sub 々ふゝややりヽNtildeヽとゝacircsubとecirc 々poundcent とsubと〇timesとolineや∽0とolinenablaやnablaぼ々〇や Å Å やnabla oline とと oline ♯ やoline ♯ぶ nabla やＱ auml♯ For a critical tgcuuguuogpvqhRtqeqrkwuFgcgfkYacuteekkuuggvjgtqwpfvcdngrwdnkujgfkpCpVctf4222rr09320

3570Rtqeqr0Aed040056ltÅoacute〇や〇とぺべややauml々やsub

3580Rtqeqr0Cgf0403303234lt〇ぼ々olineりやsubCcedilや々ヽeuml♯やoline♯♯やolineと0QpRtqeqrkwuOacutetgrqtveqpegtpkpiTw卸ダhc uggV0WndgtvRtqeqrkwuFgCgfkYacuteekku0 Gkpkigfrasldgtngiwpigp brvbarw


vqeqpuvtwevvjghqtvkYacuteecvkqpycnnuctqwpfvjgoqpcuvgtcvOv0UkpckkpqtfgtvqrtqvgevkvhtqoUctcegptckfkpi137

Vjgug vgzvwcn cpf grkitcrjke uqwtegu nctign tgrqtvqphqtvudwknvvqrtqvgevpqpoknkvctugvvngogpvuqhvgpqpnqecn kpkvkcvkxg vjqwij htgswgpvnykvj korgtkcn hwpfu qtvjgckfqh korgtkcnrgtuqppgn0Vjg vgnnwupqvjkpicdqwvthe vast majority of forts in the region that cluster along tqcfycuoquvhcoqwucoqpivjgovjqugqpvjguqecnngfStrata Diocletiana stretching along the desert edge from UwtcqpvjgGwrjtcvguuqwvjyctfvqCbrvbartcsyjgtgkvlqkpgfvjg hqtvkYacutegfXkcPqxcVtclcpc fqyp vqCknc qp vjgIwnhof Aqaba Such forts are a major feature of the standing tgockpu qhTqocp qeewrcvkqp kp vjg ctgc cpfocp ctgcvvguvgfgrkitcrjkecnnikxkpiwuuqogkfgcqhvjgktfcvkpilargely to the late 3rd and 4th centuries Without entering oqtg fggrn kpvq vjg xgzgf swguvkqp qh vjg pcvwtg cpfrwtrqug qh vjku uuvgo yg yqwnf cum vjqug yjq ctiwgagainst these being designed to control the movements of Uctcegppqocfuvqeqpvgpfykvjvjkuecvcnqiwgqhgzrnkekvvguvkoqpkc kp hcxqt qh vjku jrqvjguku35 Meanwhile regardless of conclusions about the larger system we can uc dgqpf fqwdv vjcv Tqog cpf kvu gcuvgtp rtqxkpekcnuregularly built at least some indeed many forts with the gzrtguukpvgpvkqpqhrtqvgevkpiugvvngfrqrwncvkqpuhtqovjgcvvcemuqhgzvgtpcngpgokgugurgekcnnvjgUctcegpucpfkppqtvjgtpOguqrqvcokcvjgRgtukcpu0

The Uses of Captives and Slaves among the Saracens

UctcegpcvvcemuygtgvjwucxgttgcnvjtgcvvqvjgugvvngfrqrwncegqhvjggcuvgtprtqxkpeguqhvjgTqocpGorktg0Vjgthreat was of course much more acute from those Saracens

Buch II Syrien in CpVctf4222rr0359369cvrr0364367yjkejfqgupqvjqygxgtfkuewuuRtqeqrkwuOgraveogpvkqpqhUctcegpu0

137 Procop Aed 589 やヽ nabla pound 々やNtilde〇icirctimes♯とゝやりのやUuml「ぶややolineや P Mayerson (Procopius or Eutychius on the Construction of the Monastery at Mount Sinai Which is the More Reliable Source in BASOR 230 1978 pp 33-38 = Id Monks Martyrs Soldiersekv0]p037_ pp 134-139) prefers the tenth-century account of the Melkite patriarch of Alexandria Eutychius (originally in Arabic Latin trans at PG CXI 1071-1072) to Procopius Regardless both accounts indicate that the walls were constructed to protect against nomadic Arab raiders From the Relatio Amonii 3 and 5 we learn that a fortiYacuteed tower (1Ccedil) existed near Mt Sinai already in the fourth century P Grossmann Early Monks at Mount Moses and Justinianrsquos Monastery in Pegaso Rivista annuale di cultura mediterranea 1 2001 pp 177-201 at pp 179-184 publishes evidence for the archaeological remains of this earlier structure

350IcvkgtTqockpuekv0p063+kucdngvqujqyvjcvCoo0360909rtqxguc Uctcegp cvvcem qp vjg hqtv Vjgnugg cvvguvgf cvPqv0 Fki0 or 3213 gf0 E0P0 Hcngktq La Pqvkvkc Fkipkvcvwolt Pwgxc gfkekbdquop etDaggervkec eqogpvctkqjkuvbdquotkeq]PwgxcTqoc47_Ocftkf4227r0479+gxkfgpegat the very least that the Saracens regarded this system as a threat

who were allied with the Persians than from those who lived pgctcpftgiwnctnhqwijvykvjTqog0Pgxgtvjgnguuvjguglatter also raided their Roman neighbors at times on a large uecngcpfykvjvjggzrtguurgtokuukqpqhvjgktrjnctejucuykvjPw河oダpOacuteutckfukp74cdqxgp089+0Cvqvjgtvkoguuwej tckfu d pgkijdqtkpi Uctcegpu crrctgpvn qeewttgfqp cowej uocnngt uecngyjgp uwdqtfkpcvg vtkdcn itqwrueither refused to recognize the authority of their phylarchs qtukornkipqtgfvjgktqtfgtuvqtghtckphtqocvvcemu0CpgzcorngqhvjgncvvgtecpdghqwpfkpvjgPcttcvkqpguof Ps PknwuqhCpetcc7th century text that tells the tale of a father cpfuqpyjqvtcxgngfvqOv0Ukpckkprwtuwkvqhcpcuegvkelifestyle but instead met with disaster when Saracen raiders cvvcemgf vjgoqpcuvke jcdkvcvkqpu cv vjg hqqv qh vjgJqnOqwpvckpcpfmknngfocpoqpmu1390VjghcvjgtycuurctgfgpvktgndwvjkuuqpVjgqfqwnquycuvcmgpkpvqecrvkxkvykvj vjg kpvgpvkqp vjcv jg dg ucetkYacuteegf vq vjg OqtpkpiUvctIcirc vjgCtcdiqffguucn河Wbrvbarbrvbarダ140 To his good fortune vjgUctcegpuungrvrcuvfcypIcircvjgjqwtqhucetkYacuteegIcirccpffgekfgfkpuvgcfvqvcmgjkopqtvjkpvqRcnguvkpcVgtvkccpfvjgtgcvvgorvvqugnnjkovqvjgrtqxkpekcnu0KpvjgvqypqhUqdcvc Ujkxvc+ vjg ygtg cv Yacutetuv wpcdng vq Yacutepf cpqpgwilling to offer more than two solidi for the youth but yjgpvjgvjtgcvgpgfvqmknnjkokpeqnfdnqqfkphtqpvqhrqvgpvkcndwgtujgycurwtejcugfcpfgxgpvwcnnuqnfqpvq vjgdkujqrqhGnqwuccekvyjqug vgorngqhcn河Wbrvbarbrvbarダocfg kv c pcvwtcn rnceg hqt ewnvwtcn kpvgtejcpig dgvyggpnomadic and settled Arabs141 There the boyrsquos father found jkoyqtmkpiwpfgtcparamoneeqpvtcevhqtvjgdkujqr0

The Pcttcvkqpgu jcxg nqpi dggp cempqyngfigf vq dgjgcxkn kodwgfykvj rnqv gngogpvu cpf gxgp vrg uegpguhtqo vjg Itggm pqxgn0 Cu uwej vjg vgzv ku pqv vq dgvtwuvgfcucpceewtcvgceeqwpvqhcnkxgfgzrgtkgpeghtqoLate Antiquity1420Pgxgtvjgnguu kvuoquv tgegpv vtcpuncvqtF0Ecpgtjcuujqypvjcv vjguvqt kuYacutenngfykvjceewtcvgfgvcknu cdqwv vjg igqitcrj cpf geengukcuvkecn jkuvqt qh

350Ru0PknwuPctt060350UggvjggzegnngpvGpinkujvtcpuncvkqpcvEcpgtHistory cit0p037+rr0953620

3620Ru0PknwuPctt060677045=eh05040Qpcn河WbrvbarbrvbarダuggY0TqdgtvuqpSmith MkpujkrcpfOcttkcigkpGctnCtcdkc rev ed London 1903 rr0522524= V0 Hcjf Ng Rcpvjfiqp fg nrsquoArabie centrale agrave la veille de lrsquoHeacutegire Rctku 38 rr038534= L0 Rcvtkej Vjg Hqtocvkqp qhPcdcvgcpCtvltRtqjkdkvkqpqhcItcxgpKocigCoqpivjgPcdcvgcpu Lgtwucngo32rr0828478322325cpfdgnqyp0363720

3630Ru0PknwuPctt0803905330Lgt0Vita Hilarionis38037SCFXKKK47847+ cvvguvu vq GnqwucOacuteu vgorng qh cn河Wbrvbarbrvbarダ cpf kvu cvvtcevkqp vqUctcegppqocfu=eh0Grkrjcp0Rcp073044033JqnnEqnncvbrvbarOctmuejkgucpfTcvvocpp+0QpGnqwucOacuteutqngcucoggvkpirqkpvdgvyggppqocfuand sedentarists see P Mayerson Vjg Ekv qh Gnwuc kp vjg NkvgtctSources of the Fourth-Sixth Centuries in KGL5535rr0469475Kf0Monks Martyrs Soldiersekv0]p037_rr0394250

3640 M0 Jgwuuk Wpvgtuwejwpigp brvbarw Pknwu fgo Cumgvgp Ngkrbrvbarki 339=R Devresse Le christianisme dans la peacutenisule sinaiumltique des origines agrave lrsquoarriveacutee des Musulmans in TDk6362rr0427445=L0JgppkpigtIst fgt uqigpcppvg PknwuDgtkejv gkpg Dtcwejdctg tgnkikqpuiguejkejvnkejgQuelle in Anthropos72377rr0336=O0NkpmFkgOgraveGtbrvbarldquojnwpiOacutefguRugwfqPgknqu0GkpurldquovcpvkmgtOldquotvtgttqocpOwpkej4227rr0460


RcnguvkpgcpfvjgUkpckcpfvjcvkvucwvjqtnkmgnecoghtqoGnqwuccpfjcfgzvgpukxgmpqyngfigqhvjgtgikqpcpfkvurgqrngu ugvvngf cpf pqocfke1430 Kv ecp vjwu dg wugf cu ctgcuqpcdngtgTHORNgevkqpkhpqvcrtgekugtgetgcvkqpqhUctcegpecrvkxkvkpvjgtgikqp1440Vjkuocmgukvcnnvjgoqtgkpvgtesting that the author describes how the raid he recounts created tension within the Saracen community The uwtxkxkpi xkevkouygtg cdng vq THORNgg vq vjg ekv qh RjctcpYダfk Hgktcp+ cpf vjgtg vq uwooqp ckf htqo c Uctcegpphylarch whom he calls Ammanes and who was allied with the city by a treaty Ammanes was incensed by the cvvcem cpf rtqokugf vq jcpf qxgt vjg rgtrgvtcvqtu cpftgvwtp cp uwtxkxkpi ecrvkxgu cpfdqqv hqt ETHjg fkf pqvycpvvqfkuuqnxgvjgvgtouqhvjgrgcegukpegjgejgtkujgfthe treaty he had with [the Pharanites] on account of the tgnkghヾgとgたにしかgltrtguwocdnvtkdwvgrcogpvkpmkpfqtecuj+jgtgegkxgfhtqovjgoNtilde3670VjkukornkgupqvqpnvjcvpqocfkeUctcegpu ugtxgfcuowej vqrtqvgev cu vq cvvcemugfgpvctrtqxkpekcnucuygnncupqprtqxkpekcnCtcdunkmgvjgRjctcpkvgu+dwvcnuq vjcvUctcegp tckfkpicpfecrvkxgvcmkpi ygtg d pq ogcpu cnycu fktgevgf htqo vjg vqrdown and could even occur in direct contravention of the mandates of a local phylarch146

Kv ku kpvgtguvkpi vjcvVjgqfqwnqu cpf c hgnnqy ecrvkxgqwvjygtgqtkikpcnnkpvgpfgfcuucetkYacuteekcnxkevkou0Vjkuitwguqog hcvg jcu ikxgp rcwug vqoqfgtp eqoogpvcvqtuwpyknnkpi vqdgnkgxg vjcvuwejcpcvtqekveqwnftgrtgugpvanything more than a literary fantasy1470[gvjwocpucetkYacuteegcoqpivjgUctcegpukutgrqtvgfswkvghtgswgpvnkpItggmcpf Utkce jkuvqtkecn uqwtegu rctvkewnctn kp vjg eqpvgzvqhecrvkxgudgkpiqhhgtgfvqvjgiqffguucn河Wbrvbarbrvbarダ36 Most

143 DF Caner UkpckRknitkocigcpfCuegvkeTqocpegltRugwfqPknwuOacutePcttcvkqpgu kp Eqpvgzv kp N0 Gnnku cpf H0N0 Mkfpgtfkt0+ VtcxgnEqoowpkecvkqpcpfIgqitcrjkpNcvgCpvkswkvltUcetgfcpfRtqhcpg Cnfgtujqv4226rr0357369=Kf0Historyekv0p037+rr073859550 Eh0T0 UqnbrvbardcejgtOhellippejg Rknigt wpf Uctcbrvbargpgplt Uvwfkgp brvbarwoHtmacrjejtkuvgpvwo cwh fgt umacrfnkejgp Ukpckjcndkpugn xqp fgpCphldquopigpdkubrvbarwoDgikppkuncokuejgtJgttuejchv Cnvgpdgtig3rr04384730

144 See already Mayerson Inscriptionekv0p0329+=Kf0Ammoniusekv0p0329+0

3670Ru0PknwuPctt0 80 3334 39 cv 33lt olineaumlげ〇ばや々々auml〇りと♯olineゝやauml♯ translation from Caner Historyekv0p037+r03430QpCoocpguOacuterquukdngCtcdkepcoguggUjcjparafBAFICekv0p047+r03590

3680Cpgzcevrctcnngnecpdghqwpfkp vjg kpekfgpvogpvkqpgfcdqxgcvp0336 yjgtg 価ダtkvj kdp Lcdcnc ycu wpcyctg vjcv qpg qh jku hgnnqyvtkdguogpycujqnfkpiecrvkxgcoqpmhtqoUkpckdwvwrqpngctpkpiqhkvgzgewvgfvjgecrvqtcpfhtggfvjgoqpmLife of Jacob Bardaeus RQZKZ455456+0EqorctgcnuqvjgkpekfgpvfguetkdgfcvRu0Lquj0Uvn0Ytkijvrr045+ykvjfkuewuukqpcdqxgcvp0990

3690Gur0JgppkpigtUqigppcpvgPknwuDgtkejvekv0p0364+rr03233350360Rtqeqr0Bell0 40403536= Lqj0Oquej0Rtcv0 377 RINZZZXKK5246+=Ru0yencej0Tjgv007 JcoknvqpcpfDtqqmuSyriac Chronicle ekv0]p077_r0428ItgcvtgzRjgpkzcpfJqtpChronicle ekv0]p077_r04+= Okejcgn Utwu 038 Mktcbrvbar Kdtcjko cpf Dtqem Vgzvu ekv0]p077_rr0492493EjcdqvChronique cit0]p077_4rr03939+0HqtfgdcvgcdqwvvjgxgtcekvqhvjkuvguvkoqpuggJqncpfArabia ekv0 p03+ r0385= Itgcvtgz cpf Nkgw Tqocp Gcuvgtp Htqpvkgt ekv0 p06+r08=EcpgtHistory cit0p037+rr0676780

vgnnkpicoqpivjgugvguvkoqpkcctgvjgjqoknkguqhKucceqhCpvkqej fkuewuugf cdqxgyjkej tgrqtv vjcvocpqh vjgecrvkxguvcmgpcvDパvj価wtkp696ygtgucetkYacutegfvqcn河WbrvbarbrvbarダqtcujgecnnuvjgfgkvMcymcdvダUvctIqf+149 Such local cpfeqpvgorqtct vguvkoqpIcircrtgcejgfdghqtgceqpitggation that had just witnessed the events described ndash is pqvgcukntghwvgfdoqfgtpnkvgtctjkuvqtkcpugurgekcnnikxgpvjcvKuccekuwpnkmgnvqjcxgjcfceeguuvqvjgItggmaccounts these claim formed the literary basis for such tgrqtvu0IkxgpkvuhtgswgpekpocprtgoqfgtpewnvwtgujwocpucetkYacuteegujqwnfpqvuggocuujqemkpicuuqogjcxguwrrqugfcpfujqwnfdpqogcpudggzenwfgfcuchgcvwtgqh ecrvkxkv vq Uctcegpu cv ngcuv vq vjqug vjcv tgockpgfrcicp0Hqtocpxkevkoujqygxgtcpfgurgekcnnvjgqnfcpf kpYacuteto egtgoqpkcn ycu fkurgpugf ykvj0 Xkevkou qhcn河WbrvbarbrvbarダhtgswgpvncuuqekcvgfykvjCrjtqfkvgcrrctgpvnneeded to be young and beautiful so those less favored dpcvwtgvqugtxgcuxkevkouqtuncxguygtgnkmgnvqjcxgsuffered summary execution This was the fate of the Sinai monastics mentioned early in the Pcttcvkqpgu and such random murder is also described in the TgncvkqCooqpkk cpfcrcuucightqoRtqeqrkwuqprtkuqpgtuqhOwpfjktvjgPc卸tkflt ETHoquv jg mknngf ykvjqwv eqpukfgtcvkqp yjkng jgicxgwrvjgqvjgtuhqtitgcvuwouqhoqpg3720rdquo

This last notice reminds us that when Theodoulosrsquo role cuxkevkohgnnvjtqwijjgycuuqnfqtrgtjcrutcpuqogfdcemkpvqvjgGorktgcpqvjgteqooqphcvgqhUctcegpecrvkxgu0KpVjgqfqwnquOacute kpuvcpeg tcpuqo kuoqtg nkmgn vjcp ucng0Vjg rtkeg qh vyq uqnkfk qhhgtgf d vjg ekvkbrvbargpu qh Uqdcvchqt jkoycuqpn cdqwv qpg vgpvj vjg cxgtcigrtkeg qh cpadult slave in Late Antiquity3730VjkuyqwnfuggovqtgTHORNgevvjghcev vjcvrqvgpvkcndwgtuygtgejctqhvjgrtqdcdknkvthat Theodoulous was a freeborn citizen and thus entitled to return to free status by right of postliminium once he tggpvgtgf korgtkcn lwtkufkevkqp3740 Vjg Dkujqr qh Gnqwucwho eventually acquired control over him would thus have

360KucceqhCpvkqejJqo033034352567568=340632682DkemgnnIsaaciekv0]p06_rr0466469+=eh0MnwimkuvDie beiden Homilien ekv0 p04+0

3720Ru0PknwuPctt06035=eh0707=TgncvkqCooqpkk57ykvjOcgtuqpInscription ekv0 p0329+= Rtqeqr0 Bell 11741 oline oline とと auml♯ 〇ヽとauml Å 〇ヽねと A ukoknct vcuvg hqtdnqqfngvvkpi ku cvvguvgf kprtgKuncokeCtcdkerqgvtArberry UgxgpQfguekv0p092+rr0344274284474480

3730 Qp uncxg rtkegu ugg J0L0 Ftgzjcig cpf M0 TwhYacutepi Antike Sklavenpreise in P Mauritsch gv cn0fkt0+ Cpvkmg Ngdgpuygnvgp0Mqpuvcpbrvbarndash Wandel ndashYktmwpiuocejv0Hguvuejtkhv hmacrtKpiqoctYgkngtbrvbarwo920IgdwtvuvciYkgudcfgp422rr0543573=M0JctrgtSlave Rtkegu kp NcvgCpvkswkv cpf kp vjg Xgt Nqpi Vgto+ Historia 74232rr0428450UggcnuqE0OqttkuqpOqppckggvrtkzsectDbrvbarcpegdu Ve au VIIe siegravecle in Jqoogu gv tkejguugu fcpu nOacuteGorktg dbrvbarcpvkp 1 IVe-VIIe siegravecleRctku3rr0462482rr0475476yjkejkpenwfguransoms most of which are also higher than two solidi

3740Qppostliminium see MV Sanna TkegtejgkpvgocfktgfgorvkqcdjquvkdwuEcinkctk3=Gcf0Pwqxgtkegtejgkpvgocfkrquvnkokpkwo e tgfgorvkqcdjquvkdwuEcinkctk42230


thought of his investment in Theodoulos as a ransom rather vjcpcrwtejcug0Tcpuqokpiecrvkxgu htqodctdctkcpuycucpcevkxkvtgiwnctngpicigfkpdEjtkuvkcpdkujqruhtqothe 3rd century onward3750Pgxgtvjgnguu d vjg 7th century ransomers were entitled to the return of their investment kp ecuj qt Yacutexggctu ncdqt kp swcukugtxkvwfg htqo vjgktdgpgYacuteekct3760 Yjkng uqog dkujqru rkqwun guejgygf vjgqrrqtvwpkv vq tgecrkvcnkbrvbarg vjgkt qwvncu qvjgtu eqpurkewously did not377cucrrgctuvqdgvjgecugykvjvjgdkujqrqhGnqwuc0VjkuyqwnfgzrnckpvjgcwvjqtOacuteuwugqhvjgngicnyqtfrctcoqpパ to describe Theodoulosrsquo situation for this was the yqtfcrrtqrtkcvgvqjkuswcukugtxkngrqukvkqpcvGnqwuc378

Jgtg cickpyg jcxg c pwodgt qh gzrnkekv vguvkoqpkcvjcv Uctcegpu cnuq tgiwnctn gzejcpigf vjgkt ecrvkxguhqt tcpuqou dgikppkpi cntgcfykvj vjg Yacutetuv uwduvcpvkxgtghgtgpeg vq vjgo kp Itggm GwugdkwuOacute swqvcvkqp htqoFkqpukwu qh Cngzcpftkc JG 8064056 ekvgf cv p053+0Kp vjg ncvgt rgtkqf vjg gxkfgpeg hqt tcpuqou cu kpfggfcnn gxkfgpeg dgeqogu oqtg cdwpfcpv0 Kp 746 Owpfjktvjg Pc卸tkf ycu cdng vq eqoocpfggt c nctig tcpuqo hqtthe release of the Roman generals Timostratus and John yjqo jg jcf ecrvwtgf ugxgtcn gctu rtgxkqwun379 Then kp752 chvgt tckfkpi kp vjg vgttkvqtqhCpvkqejOwpfjktwas met by an embassy organized through the Roman

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3770G0i0VguvcogpvwoDgtvjtcopk8gf0O0YgkfgocppFcuVguvcogpvfguDkuejqhuDgtvjtcopxqpNgOcpuxqo490Oldquotbrvbar8380WpvgtuwejwpigpbrvbarwDgukvbrvbarwpfIguejkejvggkpgtHtldquopmkujgpHcoknkgko80wpf90Lcjtjwpfgtv Ockpbrvbar38rr06869=VguvcogpvwoTgokikk54Monumenta Germaniae JkuvqtkecUetkrvqtguTgtwoOgtqykpikectwoKKK55+0

3780Qprctcoqpパ see AE Samuel VjgTqngqhRctcoqpgEncwugukpAncient Documents in LLR37387rr04435330VjgcwvjqtengctntgrqtvuvjcvVjgqfqwnquycuuqnfdvjgUctcegpuvqcpkpkvkcndwgtcpfvjgptguqnfvq vjgdkujqrqhGnqwucltRu0PknwuPctt0 711 acircecirc ややとsubやnablaや0NcvgtjqygxgtjgocmgukvengctvjcvvjgdkujqrfkfpqvtgictfVjgqfqwnqucucuncxgRu0PknwuPctt 717 iexclヽゝ♯aumlや000ヽＱaumlややとＱにゝ eumlpound eumlヽ nabla 々ヽとsub ゝ Rctcoqpパ is the uvcpfctf ngicn tkfgt cvvcejgf vqocpwokuukqp eqpvtcevu kp vjgItggmGcuvcpftgswktgfhtggfuncxguvqETHtgockpNtildeykvjvjgktrcvtqphqtcYacutezgfrgtkqfwuwcnnwpvknvjgncvvgtOacuteufgcvjeh0T0yengnpkemCdtcoqxkvbrvbarPqvYjqnnHtgg0VjgEqpegrvqhOcpwokuukqpcpfvjgUvcvwuqhOcpwokvvgfSlaves in the Ancient Greek WorldNgkfgp4227rr0444460EcpgtHistory cit0p037+r0356p0445vjwucuuwoguRu0PknwutghgtuvqcocpwokuukqpdwvvjkuyqwnfkornvjcvvjgdkujqrjgnfVjgqfqwnqucucuncxgyjkejycugzrnkekvnhqtdkffgpdncy0CuUcowgnekv0 reveals rctcoqpパcan also be used of a long term labor contract

3790Rtqeqr0Bell0303906567=Gxci06034=Ru0yencej0Tjgv005JcoknvqpcpfDtqqmuSyriac Chronicleekv0]p077_r037ItgcvtgzRjgpkzcpfJqtpChronicle ekv0]p077_rr04548+=PqppquwuFHGKX39Photius Bib0eqf05+=Octv0Ctgvjcu47=UkogqpqhDパvjCtšダoLetter IwkfkLa lettera ekv0]p02_rr0723724eh0LghhgtgChristianityekv0 ]p02_r0426+0UggcnuqRNTG4Kqcppgu92=Vkoquvtcvwu=eh0ItgcvtgzTqogcpfRgtukc cit0p077+r0353444520

rjnctej Vckbrvbarcpgu yjkej eqpxggf c ocuukxg tcpuqovjcvycuqhhgtgfhqtOwpfjktOacuteurtkuqpgtu37 And after the UctcegptckfukpvjgycmgqhvjgRgtukcpucemqhLgtwucngokp836cuygjcxguggp vjggrkvqogqh vjgLife of John the AlmsgiverogpvkqpuvjgtcpuqoqhEjtkuvkcpoqpmucpfpwpuhtqoctqwpfLgtwucngocvcrtkegqh82uqnkfkrgtjgcfnearly three times the average value of an adult slave37 Jkijuvcvwuecrvkxguygtgqheqwtugoqtgxcnwcdngcpfvjwuoqtgnkmgnvqdgmgrvcnkxgcpfocfgvjguwdlgevqhpgiqvkcvkqpudwvvjgeqnngevkxgtcpuqodtqmgtgfhqtvjgtgukfgpvuhtqo vjgCpvkqejパpパ ocmgu kv engct vjcv Uctcegp tckfgtuygtgcnuqyknnkpivquggmtcpuqouqpnguugzcnvgfxkevkou0

Khjqygxgtuqogecrvkxguogvcpgctnfgcvjqtygtgtcpuqogfocp qvjgtuygtgoquv egtvckpn mgrv qt uqnfas slaves The former was true in the case of Malchus ykvjyjqo vjku uvwf dgicp0Ocnejwuycu ecrvwtgf cpfvtcpurqtvgf crrctgpvn vq vjg Ejcdwtパpパ cpf vjgtgocfgvq vgpf vjgTHORNqemuqhjkuocugtcuc uncxg hqt uqoggctudghqtgghhgevkpijkuTHORNkijv0Jgycucuygjcxguggpqpgof a number of slaves held by his master nor is his case unique A similar tale is told by the Sinaite author of a ugtkgu qh okf9th century Pcttcvkqpgu associated with vjgCpcuvcukwu qh Ukpck0Qpg qh vjgug fguetkdgu dtkgTHORN cEjtkuvkcppcogfIgqtikquCftccoyjqycugpuncxgfvqcUctcegpcpfugtxgfjkocucecognjgtfgt0IkxgpjkujdtkfItggmUgokvkepcogIgqtikquycurgtjcrucnuqcecrvkxgrtqxkpekcncpfnkmgOcnejwujgjcfitqypygctqhjkueqpfkvkqpcpftgrqtvgfjcxkpidgiigfhqttgngcughtqocpcigf cuegvkeyjq crrgctgf vq jko kp c xkukqp160 So too Vjqocu qh Octiダ THORN0 82+ tgrqtvu cp gzrgtkgpeg ggtknsimilar to Jeromersquos in a tale datable to c 740 Thomas tgncvgujqyvjgdkujqrqhJcfjcvvダJcfkvjc+ogvcpqvjgtsuch victim while journeying near the Jabal Sinjar This ocpjcfdggpcrtkguv kpFcocuewudwvycugpuncxgfdpqocfketckfgtuyjqvtcpurqtvgfjkogcuvyctfcpfocfgjkougtxgcucjgtfgthqtuqoghqtvgctu0QxgtvjkurgtkqfjgdgecogkpvgitcvgfkpvqvjgktencpIcirccuqhvgpjcrrgpuykvjecrvkxgukpugiogpvgfuqekgvkguIcirccpfpqnqpigtykujgfvqTHORNggqtdg tcpuqogf0161 While it must be granted that the

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HqtOcnejwucpfjkuhgocngeqorcpkqpcpfnkmgnvjgFcocuegpgrtkguvcuygnnvjgktgpuncxgogpvcvvkoguogcpvenduring a masterrsquos seething rage and death threats while in ugtxkvwfgcpftkumkpifgcfnrwtuwkvkhqpgcvvgorvgfguecrg0Hqtocpyqogpgpuncxgogpvcnuqogcpvtcrgyjkejkhvjgygtg nwem eqwnf vjgp xgtig kpvq eqpewdkpcig cpfgxgpykhgjqqf0 Uctcegp ecrvkxg dtkfgu ctg hqt gzcorngcvvguvgf kpGrjkrjcpkwu cuygnn cuVjgqfqtgNgevqtyjqenckou vjcv vjg Uctcegp swggpOダykc ycu qtkikpcnn cTqocp rtqxkpekcn iktn vcmgp ecrvkxg cpf octtkgf vq vjgrjnctejqhvjgVcpmjkfu1620VjgecrvwtgqhdtkfgukucnuqykfgntgrqtvgfkprtgKuncokeCtcdkeuqwtegugxgpvqvjggzvgpv vjcv kp jku uvknn wpuwtrcuugf uvwfqhKinship and OcttkcigkpGctnCtcdkc W Robertson Smith could claim ETHKpuvcpegu qhocttkcig d ecrvwtgokijv dg ceewowncvgfvq cp kpfgYacutepkvg gzvgpv htqo jkuvqt cpf vtcfkvkqp0Cv vjgvkogqhOqjcoogfvjgrtcevkegycuwpkxgtucn1630NtildeKpfggfdtkfgcdfwevkqpkuykfgntgrqtvgfcoqpiocprtgoqfgtpugiogpvgfuqekgvkgucpfpggfpqvuwtrtkugwukpvjgecugqhthe Saracens164

Kv kutgxgcnkpivqngctpvjcv vjgxgtrtcevkegqhrcuvqralism to which the Saracens were attached can be eqttgncvgfcpvjtqrqnqikecnnykvjcvgpfgpevqyctfuncxgjqnfkpi0VjgkorqtvcpegqhuncxgtvqrcuvqtcnkuvujcudggpswcpvkYacutegfkpcuvwfqh38rtgoqfgtpewnvwtgudQtncpfqPatterson who has shown that

Pastoralism is the only dominant subsistence mode that has a direct and positive relationship with slavery fully 69 percent of all predominantly pastoral societies are slaveholding compared with only 35 percent of predo-minant Yacuteshing groups and 41 percent of agriculturalists165

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For others slavery among the Saracens led to sale We have already seen numerous attestations of the sale of slaves by Saracens in the historical sources166 These tended to involve the transfer of citizens outside the bounds of vjgTqocp cu kpfggfRgtukcpcpf価koctkvg+Gorktgu+but it is safe to assume that many others were also sold dcem kpvq vjguggorktgucu uncxgu tgictfnguuqh vjg ngicnissues involved1670OqtgqxgtgxgpkhygctgtkijvvquwurgevvjcvVjgqfqwnquOacute tgucngycu eqornkecvgf d jku htggdqtpcitizen status this was by no means true of children born kpecrvkxkv hqtyjkngecrvkxguekvkbrvbargpueqwnfpqvdgjgnfngicnncuuncxgukpukfgvjgGorktgvjgktejknftgpdqtpkpecrvkxkvoquvegtvckpneqwnf38 One wonders then what yqwnfjcxgjcrrgpgfjcfOcnejwucpfjkuhgnnqyhgocngecrvkxgejqugpvqocvgcpfrtqfwegqhhurtkpicuvjgygtgordered to by their master Even Theodoulos after being urctgf vjg hcvg qh ucetkYacuteeg ycu gpeqwtcigf vq eqwrngykvjhgocngecrvkxguqhvjgUctcegpudwvfgenkpgf1690Nkmgnkxguvqem vjgp uncxgu ygtg crrctgpvn dtgf cpf vjgktuwtrnwurtqfwevkqpqhqhhurtkpigzejcpigfkpvjgoctmgvuqhugvvngfvgttkvqtkguTqocpRgtukcp価koctkvggve0

Kpfggf vjgcpekgpvyqtnfOacuteujwpigt hqt uncxgugpuwtgfvjcvuncxgtqhhgtgfcoclqtrqkpvqheqpvcevdgvyggp vjgpqocfkecpfugfgpvctewnvwtgu0Kpvjkuugpugygeqoghwnncircle with earlier arguments for while Saracen raiding cpf ecrvkxg vcmkpi uwtgn etgcvgf tkhvu dgvyggp pqocfuand sedentarists the slaves it generated must have afforded octmgvqrrqtvwpkvkguvjcvjgnrgfjgcnvjgugfkxkukqpu0VjkuycurctvkewnctnvtwgkhvjguncxgudgkpiuqnfygtgvjgejknftgpqhecrvkxgucpfygtgvjwuvjgougnxguhwnnceewnvwtcvgfkpSaracen ways or better yet if they had been seized and

166 EjtqpkeqpokuegnncpgwocfCF946EUEQUUKKK352+=Coo047003eh04603032=Lqj0Ocn03057Vjwtprr0596597+=Vjgqrjcp0c0o074fgDqqtr055+0

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380UcppcPwqxgtkegtejgekv0p0374+rr03333780380Ru0PknwuPctt0710


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GxkfgpeghqtJwocpVtchYacuteemkpi in the Saracen East

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3930VjwuV0PhellipnfgmgIguejkejvg fgt Rgtugt wpfCtcdgt brvbarwt yengkv fgtSassanidenNgkfgp39r0399p05= eh0VwdcejFkgCphldquopig ekv0p0392+cvr03290

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We also have suggestive evidence from a much earlier uqwtegvtcpuokvvgfkpdqvjUtkcecpfItggm0VjgHistory qhvjgItgcvFggfuqhDkujqrRcwnqhSgpサqucpfvjgrtkguvLqjpqhGfguucvgnnucvcngenqugntgncvgfvqvjgHcokpuvqtyjkejoctgrtgugpvvjgYacutehvjegpvwtdcukuhqtYcjdibn Munabbihrsquos account1740 The tale is set in the time of TcddwncOacuteu dkujqrtke kp Gfguuc 633657EG+ cpf tgrqtvuvjcvkvurtqvciqpkuvRcwnjcfdggpcrrqkpvgfdkujqrqhvjgrqtvekvqh ETHSgp屋quNtildergtjcruEgpvwoEgnncg+kpKvcndwvejqugvqcdcpfqpjkurquvkpqtfgtvqrtcevkegvjgcuegvkenkhgkpcpqpokvkpUtkc0Pqvmpqykpicvtcfgjggctpgfjkufckndtgcfcucncdqtgtcedil8+cpfuqqpceswktgfcfkuekrngkpvjgrtkguvLqjpyjqlqkpgfjkokptgvtgcvkpikpvqvjgfgugtvcpfeqoowpkpiykvjcitqwrqhvygnxgcuegvkeukpcecxgcedil42+0RcwncpfLqjphqtowncvgfcrncpvqxkukvOv0Ukpckcpffgurkvgyctpkpiuhtqovjgvygnxgvjcvvjgyqwnfdgugv wrqp d Uctcegpu ザcダパ+ gp tqwvg godctmgf qpvjgktlqwtpgcedil44+0CurtqrjgukgfvjgvyqygtgecrvwtgfdpqocfkeCtcdupgctOv0Ukpckcpfvcmgpcuecrvkxguvq価koctcedil45+0CnvjqwijkpvgpfgfcuxkevkouqhucetkYacuteegvjg guecrgf vjku hcvg yjgp Rcwn ocpcigf vq ewtg vjgfcwijvgtqhjkuocuvgtcpf vjgpewtugc ucetgfrcno vtggyqtujkrrgf d vjg nqecnu cedil 4647+0 Vjku eqpxkpegf vjg価koctkvgmkpiocnmダ+cpfjkurgqrngvqdgdcrvkugfcpfvqhtggRcwncpfLqjpcedil484+yjqvjgpxkukvgfOv0Ukpckand eventually returned to Syria There is clearly a genetic tgncvkqpujkr dgvyggp vjku vcng cpf vjg uvqt qhHcokpcpf俺ダnk佳0OqtgqxgtVjgJkuvqt qh Rcwn cpf Lqjp also ujctgu rnqv gngogpvu ykvj Ru0 Pknwu Pcttcvkqpgu vjgcdqtvkxgjwocpucetkYacuteeg+cuygnncuvjgUtkcevcngqhvjg Man of God THORNkijv htqo Kvcn vq TcddwncOacuteu Gfguuc+397 Kpxguvkicvkpi vjg pcvwtg qh vjku kpvgtvgzvwcn tgncvkqpujkrkudgqpfvjgueqrgqh vjkuctvkeng0 KvuwhYacuteegujgtg vqecnnattention to this account as yet another source in the rich hqpv qh ocvgtkcnu cdqwv Uctcegp ecrvkxkv kp vjg rgtkqf0Regardless of the accuracy of truth claims made in any qh vjgug vcngu cnn tgTHORNgev c eqooqp vjgog vjcv engctnrgtogcvgf vjg kocikpct qh ncvg cpvkswg gcuvgtpgtu0 Vjg

3940KdpKu佳ダsUtcvTcunCnnダj358365IwknncwogLifeekv0[n 171] rr07+0

173 See CF Robinson Islamic Historiography Cambridge 2003 rr047520

3960J0CtpguqpG0HkcpqE0N0OctswkuM0T0Uokvjfkt0+VjgJkuvqtqhvjgItgcvFggfuqhDkujqrRcwnqhSgpサqucpfRtkguvLqjpqhGfguuc RkuecvcycPL+42320

3970Ibid0rr033=VwdcejFkgCphldquopig ekv0p0392+0


gzrgtkgpeg qh ecrvkxkv vq pqocfkeCtcduowuv vjgtghqtgjcxgtgrtgugpvgfcpqeewttgpegtgoctmcdnhcoknkcthtqothe world in which these writers lived

Ygcnuqjcxgcorngfqewogpvctgxkfgpegvjcvcrrgctuvq eqpYacuteto vjku ucog rcvvgtp0 Fwtkpi vjg jkij TqocpGorktguncxgvtcfkpiykvjvjgCtcdujcfcnycudggphceknkvcvgf d vjg qcuku ekvkgu qp vjg fgugtv htkpig qh korgtkcncontrol1760KvycukphcevmpqypvqdgcpkorqtvcpvigpgtcvqtqhygcnvjhqtRcnotcuvtgvejkpidcemcvngcuvcuhctcuvjg2nd egpvwt EG0 Vjg xgt Yacutetuv rtqxkukqpu qh RcnotcOacuteuhcoqwuvczncykpuetkdgfkpItggmcpfRcnotgpgCtcockekp 359 eqpegtp vctkhhu qp vjg vtchYacutee kp uncxgult uncxgukorqtvgfkpvqRcnotcygtgvczgfcv44fgpctkkcrrctgpvncewuvqoufwv=khvjgugkorqtvgfuncxguygtguqnfkpvjgekvvjkuycuvczgfcv34fgpctkkrgtjgcf=deqpvtcuvvjgucngqh c ETHxgvgtcpNtilde uncxg andrapod]a ouetran[a_1河noyサt[n_+rtguwocdn qpg cntgcf ugtxkpi kp Rcnotcycu vctkhhgfcvqpn32fgpctkk=khcogtejcpvdqwijvuncxgukpRcnotccpfvjgpgzrqtvgfvjgo vjgugygtg vctkhhgfcpcffkvkqpcn34fgpctkkrgtjgcf177 Slave trading was thus considered a uqwtegqhrtqYacutevhqtRcnotchqtvjgekvOacuteuvczncyrtqvgevgffqoguvkeuncxgjqnfkpicpfuncxgvtcfkpiykvjnqygtvctkhhuyjkng gzrnqkvkpi vjg vtcpukv vtchYacutee kp uncxgu vq igpgtcvguwrrngogpvcn tgxgpwg0 Kv ycu vjwu wukpi kvu kpvgtogfkcvgigqitcrjkecn cpf ewnvwtcn rqukvkqp vqocmgoqpgyjkngfacilitating relations between neighboring nomads and vjg ugfgpvctkbrvbargf tgikqpu qh vjgOgfkvgttcpgcp uwrrnkpivjg hqtogtykvj c uvcdngoctmgvrnceg cpf vjg ncvvgt ykvjslaves Palmyrarsquos ongoing involvement in the slave trade kp NcvgCpvkswkv ku cvvguvgf d c tguetkrv qh Fkqengvkcphtqo450Vjkuqtfgtu vjcvcTqocpekvkbrvbargpecrvwtgfcpfsold as a slave by the Palmyrenes be restored to citizen status390VjkuecugcrrctgpvnjcfkvutqqvukpvjgrgtkqfqhPalmyrene regency in the East in the 260s and 270s at the enqugqhyjkejvjgqcukuekvhgnnchqwnqhkorgtkcncwvjqtkvkgu rtqxqmkpiTqogOacuteu xkqngpv uwrrtguukqpqh kvu twngtu0Tgictfnguu kv rtqxgu vjcv vjcv Rcnotc ycu rwvvkpi kvu

176 On trade through these caravan cities see J Teixidor NcRcnotflpgqtkgpvcng lt htqpvkfltg oknkvcktg qw brvbarqpg fqwcpkfltg A in Frontiegraveres fOacutegorktg Cevgufg ncVcdng tqpfg kpvgtpcvkqpcngfgPgoqwtu34+ OfioqktgufwOwufigfgRtfijkuvqktgfOacuteKngfgHtcpeg 7+Rctku 34rr07325=H0OknnctEctcxcpEkvkgultVjgTqocpPgctGcuvcpfNqpiFkuvcpegVtcfgdNcpf in M Austin gvcn0fkt0+OqfwuQrgtcpfkltGuucu kp Jqpqwt qh Igqhhtg Tkemocp DKEU Uwrrn0 93+ Qzhqtf3rr033359Kf0TqogvjgItggmYqtnfcpfvjgGcuv30VjgItggmYqtnfvjgLgyucpfvjgGcuvEjcrgnJknnPE+rr04974=Kf0TqocpPgctGcuvekv0p047+rr065670

3990 Hqt vjg Itggm uggQIKU 629 = CIS KK 50535 KIT KKK 3278rcpgnKKKc030HqtvjgCtcockeuggF0T0JknngtucpfG0EwuukpkRcnotgpgCtcockeVgzvuDcnvkoqtg38pq0470UggcnuqL0H0OcvvjgyuVjgVcz Ncy qh Rcnotclt Gxkfgpeg hqt geqpqoke jkuvqt kp c Ekv qh vjgTqocpGcuv in LTU9636rr037932=I0HqzU0P0E0NkgwcpfP0Tkemnghufkt0+HtqoRcnotcvqyencvqpltGrkitcrjcpfKeqpqitcrj UknmTqcfUvwfkgu32+Vwtpjqwv4227rr058760VjgCtcockevgzvkuless lacunose and renders the scheme laid out here without the need for Matthews ekv0uwrrngogpvqhaumlcvKKK070

390CJ903606Lcp03245+0

gzrgtkgpegcvuncxgvtcfkpivqyqtmtkijvwrvqvjgvyknkijvqhkvurgtkqfqhfqokpkqpqxgtvjggcuvgtpfgugtv0

Ygecpecvejcpqvjgtinkorugqhjqy vjg uncxg vtcfghwpevkqpgf kp vjg Pgct Gcuv htqo c pwodgt qh eqpvtcevurtgugtxgf qp rcrtwu cpf rctejogpv0 Cfqewogpv htqoFwtcGwtqrqufcvgf465EGtgeqtfuvjgucngqhcvygpvgkijvgctqnfyqocppcogfCocvjUkpETHOckfugtxcpvqhvjgOqqpIqf UkpNtilde+ hqt 922 fgpctkk dNwekwuCwtgnkwuVktquqpqhDctDgnšcogpqhEcttjcgJcttcp+vqOctekcAurelia daughter of Šamenbaraz granddaughter of Abgar htqoGfguuc0 Kp vjku fqewogpv qwt Yacutetuv gzvcpv gxkfgpegqh Utkce vjg ugnngt uvcvgu gzrnkekvn vjcvCocvjUkpycucdqwijvuncxgcoサダbrvbarダdダpc+cpfvjcvujgjcfqtkikpcnndggpcecrvkxgšダdダ+0YgfqpqvmpqyvjgektewouvcpeguqhjgtecrvkxkvdwvgpuncxgogpvvqpqocfkeCtcdutgockpuctgcnrquukdknkv179 At the very least the document attests vqcvtchYacuteekpecrvkxgukpvjkutgikqpvjtqwijyjkejuncxgucould be moved through a series of transactions that carried vjgo gxgt hctvjgt htqo vjg igqitcrjkecn vgorqtcn cpfsocial circumstances of their birth and thus effectively deracinated them

Ygcnuqjcxgcuvtkmkpiugtkguqhvgzvurwdnkujgfkp3htqo vjgxknncigqhDパvjRjqwtckcpgctFwtcGwtqrquqpvjgokffngGwrjtcvgu0Qh vjgugxgpvggpfqewogpvuhqwpfthere four were slave sale contracts two dated to 249 being eqrkgu qh c tgegkrv hqt c ukping dqtp uncxg qkmqigpパu+vjg qvjgt vyq fcvgf 473 cpf 474 hqt dqwijv uncxg iktnuctiwtpgvck+320 Vjg Yacutetuv qh vjgug pcogf Koogfcdqwwas thirteen at the time of sale and was from the territory ctqwpfPkukdkurgtkztcPgukdgk+IcircrtgekugnnkmgOcnejwuPkukdgpkcignnkeqnqpwu X0Ocnej0503+0JgtugnngtpcogfCducnocu uqpqhCdkftfcequycu htqoc xknncig kp vjgEjcdwtパpパyjgtgOcnejwucrrgctu vqjcxgdggpmgrvcua slave Absalmas had acquired the girl just nine months gctnkgthtqocegtvckpUgrvkokwuUcvwtpknwu kpPkukdkucpfycu pqy tgugnnkpi jgt hqt 922 fgpctkk cv Dパvj Rjqwtckcvq Ucouckqu uqp qh Vgkcu cnuq qh vjg Ejcdwtパpパ0 VjgugeqpfiktnQwctfcpckcRgtukcpltXctfダpダ+ycuhtqovjgCtogpkcp Octejgt vgttkvqt qh Cpbrvbarkvgpg Cplkv1Wtvcg+cnqpivjgGwrjtcvgucpfycudgkpiuqnfdCwncgkcuuqpqh Cdfknckqu yjq cnuq ecog htqo Ejcdwtパpパ hqt lwuv722fgpctkk0Jgtcigkupqvrtgugtxgfkpvjgfqewogpvdwvvjg nqygt rtkeg rtqdcdn kpfkecvgu vjcv ujgycu qwpigtvjcpKoogfcdqw0CuykvjvjggctnkgtvtcpucevkqpCwgngkcujcfcnuqdqwijvvjgiktngctnkgthtqoctgukfgpvqhPkukdkua certain Aurelia Victorina the wife of a Roman legionary

179 R0Fwtc40UggcntgcfCILZK359ILS323stegpvwtEG+vjggrkvcrjqhE0KwnkwuOifqpkwuchtggdqtpRctvjkcpyjqycuecrvwtgfand sold into Roman territory before being manumitted and dying at Yacutehv0Cickpyg fq pqv mpqy vjg ektewouvcpegu qh jku ecrvkxkv dwvpqocfkeCtcduqhhgtctgcuqpcdngrquukdknkv0

320R0Gwrjt08ykvjF0HgkuugnL0IcueqwcpfL0VgkzkfqtDocuments fOacutectejkxgtqockpukpfifkvufwoqgpGwrjtcvgKKlt ngucevgufgxgpvgcejcvR0Gwrjt08sect32+ in JSav39rr0579cvrr0850


cpfycupqytgugnnkpijgthwtvjgtcYacutegnfkpDパvjRjqwtckcvqCdkucwvcu uqp qhCdkfkctfqu qh Rjqwtパpパ0Ykvj vjgugiktnu yg ctg wpcdng vq mpqy hqt egtvckp yjgvjgt vjgygtgqtkikpcnnecrvkxgu ngvcnqpgyjgvjgt vjgjcfdggpvcmgp d pqocfkeCtcdu0 Pgxgtvjgnguu vjgkt fgukipcvkqpas arguronetai cuqrrqugf vq vjgqkmqigpパu of the earlier documents indicates at a minimum that they were not born into slavery330OqtgqxgtvjgktjqogncpfuqpvjghtkpiguqhvjgTqocpGorktgyjgtgvjgugqxgtncrrgfykvjUctcegpvgttkvqt+vjgktugnngtOacuteuUgokvkepcogucpfvjgktqwpiciguegtvckpnngcxgvjkurquukdknkvqrgp0Yjcvygecpmpqyhqtegtvckp ku vjcv vjgugrwtejcugu hwtvjgteqpYacutetoc vtchYacutee kpslaves in the region and these two documents would seem vq kpfkecvg c fkuvkpev rcvvgtp0Dqvj uncxgu rcuugf vjtqwijvjg htqpvkgt ekv qhPkukdku34 c mg vtcfkpi rqkpv qp vjgborder between Persia and Rome and both were then sold vjtqwijokffngogpuqwvjyctfcnqpivjgGwrjtcvgu35

Yg cnuq mpqy htqo c rckt qh Girvkcp rcrtk htqoQztjpejwuvjcvuwejjwocpvtchYacuteemkpihtqovjgpqtvjgtpuvgrrg urtgcf dgqpf vjg Hgtvkng Etguegpv0 Vjg Yacutetuv cdknkpiwcnfqewogpvkpNcvkpcpfItggmgzgewvgfcvRgnwukwoqp vjg htqpvkgt dgvyggpGirv cpfRcnguvkpg fcvgu vq 489and attests the sale of a slave girl ldquoby race an Arabrdquo by cecvcrjtcevpcogfDctukoguDcuuwuykvj vjgjgnrqhjkufriend and fellow cavalryman Rufus Abedsai to Aurelius Crqnnqpkwu0KpvgtguvkpinDctukoguycucntgcfvjguncxgOacuteuvjktf qypgt c hcev dtwvcnn cvvguvgf dqvj d cp gzrnkekvuvcvgogpvkpvjgrcrtwucpfcnuqkornkekvndvjghcevvjcvvjgiktnjcfvjtggpcogultPkmgUcrtkmkq+pETHTqvvgtNtilde+cpfits Arabic equivalent Metethen360YjcvrtgekugnvjguncxgOacuteuETHCtcdNtildeqtkikpogcpvkuwpengctltycuujgecrvwtgfhtqocpCtcdvtkdgAuqnfdhgnnqyCtcduAvjgejknfqhecrvkxgujgnfdCtcduAYgukornecppqvucdwvjgt tqqvu kpCtcdkeurgcmkpivgttkvqtctgcnndwvcuuwtgfdvjkuethnikon her Arabic name and the Semitic names of her sellers The

330Qkmqigpパujqogdtgf+fqgupqvogcpvjcvvjguncxgycudqtpkpvjghouse of the current owner but rather that the slave had been born into slavery See JA Straus LrsquoAchat et la vente des esclaves dans lrsquoEacutegypte romaine Ctejkx hmacrt Rcrtwuhqtuejwpi Dgkjghvg 36+ Owpkej 1Ngkrbrvbarki4226rr045745=eh0HgkuugnIcueqwVgkzkfqtDocuments ekv0p032+r0490

340Pqvg vjcv vjgTqocpqRgtukcprgceg qh 783 tgswktgfUctcegp cpfqvjgt dctdctkcp ogtejcpvu vq wug Pkukdku kp Rgtukcp jcpfu ukpeg585+cpfpgctdFctccukzvjegpvwtDbrvbarcpvkpghqwpfcvkqp+cuvjgktgzenwukxggpvtgrqvuhqtvtcfkpidgvyggpvjggorktguOgp0Rtqv0ht0803encwug7Dnqemng+0

350KvujqwnfdgpqvgfvjcvPkukdkucpfkvutgikqpqhDパvj河Ctcdjダパygtgkpcuvcvgqhrqnkvkecncpfoknkvctvwtoqknkprtgekugnvjgrgtkqfqhvjgugucngu0cn憶cdctVcビtmjK48DquyqtvjHistoryekv0]p0393_r04+tgrqtvu vjcv kp vjg gngxgpvjgct qh jku tgkip 4731474EG+crwt Kdgukgigf cpf ecrvwtgf Pkukdku htqo vjg Tqocpult eh0 Fqfigqp cpfLieu Tqocpekv0p059+r0582p03qpvjgetgfkdknkvqhvjgpqvkeg0VjgugiktnuocvjgpjcxgdggpnkswkfcvgfdvjgktPkukdgpgqypgtukpcpvkekrcvkqpqhvjgcvvcem0

360R0Qz0ZNK473ChLA ZNXKK3637gur0n045ltヾふ＿ On the name okv河屋屋p ETHtqvvgpNtilde+ ugg F0 Fgn Eqtpq cpfO0XcpfqpkTgxkgy qhI0O0Dtqypg gv cn0fkt0+VjgQztjpejwuRcrtk 41 in Gnomon6398rr045645cvr04590

ugeqpffqewogpv htqo487 tgikuvgtu vjg ucng qh c uncxgpcogfRtqeqrvqprwtejcugf kpDquvtc DwutcgujUjco+kp Utkc dghqtg gpfkpi wr kp Qztjpejwu0 Qpeg cickpRtqeqrvqp ycu vjg uwdlgev qh vjtgg rtgxkqwu ucngueqpYacutetokpicdpqyhcoknkctrcvvgtpqhwukpiucngvtcpucevkqpuvqoqxguncxgugxgthctvjgthtqovjguvgrrg37 A third rcrtwuhtqoJgtoqwrqnkuOcipcfcvgfe0522tgeqtfuvjg ucng qh c vygpvgctqnf uncxg iktn ecnngf Mcnパogtcby a vendor whose name is no longer extant but who qtkikpcnndqwijv vjgiktn kp vjgCtcdkcprqtvekvqhCknccpfgxgpvwcnnuqnfjgtvqCtvgokfqtquOgncukpGirv38 These were all sale contracts which did not need to ndash nor was it necessarily wise to ndash state the original circumuvcpegu qh gpuncxgogpv hqt vjg jwocpu dgkpi vtchYacuteemgf0Pgxgtvjgnguuvjgrcvvgtpqhownvkrngucngukpcnnvjtggcpfthe general movement of the slaves away from the fringes qhUctcegpeqwpvtvqoctmgvukpGirvdqvjuggovqrqkpvvq cpgv uwtrnwu kp uncxgu cnqpi vjgfgugtv htqpvkgtyjkejmay well have been generated by Arab nomads

Last but not least among ancient documents from the late 6th century we have a more revealing document which cevwcnn qrgpu c vkp ykpfqy kpvq vjg qrgtcvkqpu qh cvtcfgtyjqyqtmgfdgvyggpvjgyqtnfqhvjgUctcegpucpfvjg ugfgpvctkuvu0Crcrtwu htqoPguucpc kp vjg uqwvjgtpPgigx tgeqtfu vjg dwukpguu vtcpucevkqpu qh c egtvckpyenwpcp yjq ocpcigf c vtcfkpi eqorcp vjcv fgcnv kpnkxguvqem cpf uncxgu0 Kv tgeqtfu vjg rwtejcug qh c hgocngslave for three solidi and a male slave for six together with Yacutexgecognuqpgfqpmgqpgoctgcpfuwpftqvjgtvtcfggoods390Kvcnuqtgeqtfuvjgrcogpvqhrtqvgevkqpoqpgqh3 12 solidivqcETHUctcegpNtildehqtuchgrcuucigvqOv0UkpckvjgtgrcogpvqhcfgdvvqcUctcegppcogf河C牡kcpfvjgvjghvqh c ecogn uvqngpdUctcegpuqh vjgdcpcnWfckf3

370R0Qz0ZNKK52760Vjggfkvqtuctiwgvjcvvjguncxgycujqogdtgfbut this is based on a reconstruction of the text which is lacunose at the rqkpvvjcvfkuewuuguvjguncxgOacuteuqtkikp0

380SBX229gur0n06ltと々と々rsquo]_]ば_nablaCcedil]_や♯ぶ0QpvjgkfgpvkYacuteecvkqpqhvjgrqtvcuCkncDgtgpkmguggL0UvtcwuTgoctswguuwtswgnswgueqpvtcvude vente drsquoesclave conserveacute sur papyrus in yenRG32636rr0449229 at 229

390 R0 Pguu0 nn0 4243lt ﾙ]_ヽﾙnabla ]+_ﾙ 000 ﾙ nabla + See also P Mayerson VjgWord Saracenjgとgせiちふな+ kpvjgRcrtk in yenRG93rr04549Kf0Monks Martyrs Soldiersekv0]p037_rr0544548hqtvjkucpfqvjgtrcrtktgeqtfkpivtcfkpidgvyggpUctcegpucpfrtqxkpekcnu0See also Caner Historyekv0p037+rr0488492hqtcvtcpuncvkqpykvjcommentary

30R0Pguu0nn04445ltがば々のpoundndash++=n057lt]と_ﾙ]_と々nablaoacuteりgtぱぱﾙndash+ VjgrctvkekrngjにせてlgちkおjgちkすcrrctgpvnogcpuETHgzvqtvkpiNtildekornkpivjcv vjku ycu uqog uqtv qh rtqvgevkqpoqpg hqt rcuucig vjtqwij vjgSaracenrsquos revier cf Mayerson VjgYqtfUctcegp ekv0p039+rr046470Vjkuhqtoqhrcogpvwugfvqdwqwvqhvjggeqpqoqhtckfkpimjwyc+ tgockpgf eqooqp coqpi dgfqwkp ygnn kpvq vjg vygpvkgvjcentury Lancaster TycncDgfqwkp cit0p07+rr0343347=eh0YjkvvqyTqogcpfvjgLchpkfu ekv0p03+rr0434440


Vjg vgtou qh vjg rcrtwuocmg kv engct vjcvyenwpcp cpfjku rctvpgtu fkf pqv eqpukfgt vjgougnxgu Uctcegpu hqt khthey had they would not have used this ethnikon of others Pgxgtvjgnguu kv ku cdwpfcpvn engct vjcv vjgjcf tgiwnctfgcnkpiuykvjUctcegpucpfcuygyqwnfgzrgevhtqoyjcvjcurtgegfgfvjgugygtgcvvkoguxkqngpvcpfpgicvkxgcpfcvqvjgturqukvkxgcpfswkvgrtqYacutevcdng0VjgrcrtwufqgupqvtgrqtvvjgpcoguqhvjgktuwrrnkgtuhqtnkxguvqemcpfuncxgudwvkvyqwnfpqvdghcthgvejgfvqcuuwogvjcvvjgvqqygtgUctcegpu0Kpfggfikxgpvjcvvjgcxgtcigrtkeghqtcuncxgkpvjkurgtkqfycucuygjcxguggpowejenqugtvq42uqnkfkvjgnqyrtkegurckfhqtvjguguncxguoqtgenqugntgugodngvjgewvtcvgqhhgtgfhqtvjgecrvkxgVjgqfqwnqukpRu0PknwuOacutePcttcvkqpgu0Vjkuoc tgTHORNgevcfkueqwpv hqt vjg hcev vjcvvjgugygtgrqvgpvkcnecrvkxgucpf vjwuc tkum kpxguvogpvhqtyenwpcp0CnvgtpcvkxgnkvoctgTHORNgevcoctmgvukvwcvkqpkpyjkejUctcegpujcfc uwtrnwuqh uncxgucpfygtg vjwuforced to sell at a discount ndash or both3

At the close of this section it is worth quoting a fascipcvkpifqewogpvvjcvdgvtcuowejcdqwvvjgtgncvkqpujkrdgvyggp kpvgtgvjpke xkqngpeg cpf jwocp vtchYacuteemkpi qpthe Saracen frontier and how this charged situation simultaneously brought sedentarists and nomads together and rwujgf vjgocrctv0VjgEqfgzVjgqfqukcpwurtgugtxgu cncy70804+fcvgfOctej4562yjqugjgcfkpikuokuukpidwv yjkej ycu engctn rctv qh nqpigt eqpuvkvwvkqp kuuwgfdVjgqfqukwu KK vqCpvjgokwuRtcgvqtkcpRtghgevqh vjgEast1900VjkuygmpqydgecwugqhcugeqpfncyEVj906052+issued on the same day about related matters whose heading rtqxguCpvjgokwuvqjcxgdggpvjgcfftguugg0Vjgqrgpkpiwords of EVj70804ctgpqnqpigtgzvcpvdwvkhygceegrvMommsenrsquos conjectural reconstruction the law can be translated

[We commanded some time ago that whatever captives a soldier is found to have] acquired from plunder recaptured from the barbarians or a provincial of ours from conYacutescated spoils he may take these back home on the condition that whatever persons are known to have been free or slaves whom the enemy either carried off or will drive from their abodes in future if such people have been able to be rescued in the meanwhile after the enemy was repulsed they are by no means to be held under the pretext that they are pitiful plunder but the power of a judge should assign free people back to their original birth condition and slaves to their masters as per the intercession of our recent law191

30 Qt kv oc ukorn tgTHORNgev vjg cigrtkeg ewtxg hqt cpekgpv uncxgutguwnvkpihtqojkijoqtvcnkvcoqpiejknftgplteh0JctrgtUncxgRtkegu ekv0 p0373+0 Yg ecppqv jqygxgt cuuwog vjcv vjg vgtou ＿and 仝 necessarily mean that the slaves were children for both diminutives were used regularly for slaves of all ages

190 RNTG 2 Anthemius 1191 [Iussimus dudum ut quos captivos reperietur miles recepta b]

arbarorum praeda et ereptis manubiis noster provincialis promeruisse domum suam reportaret ita ut quoscumque libertate conspicuos aut servos vel iam traxit vel deinceps a suis sedibus hostis depulerit si interea eo depulso defendi potuerint minime sub detestandae praedae

Vjg ugevkqp qh vjku ncy rtgugtxgf cu EVj 7430 cnnqyu wu vq rkprqkpv vjg urgekYacutee igqitcrjkecn nqewu qhconcern for it mentions the overreaching of limitanean uqnfkgtu kp Rcnguvkpc K KK cpf KKK uvcvkqpgf cv vjg hqtvuqh Xgtucokpwo Jqtxcv Dggt Ujgoc+ cpf OqgpqgpwoPktko1MjktdgvOc河kp+0DqvjctgkfgpvkYacutegfkpvjgPqvkvkcDignitatum cuhtqpvkgtqwvrquvuwpfgtvjgeqoocpfqhvjgFwzRcnguvkpcg1920Vjgqpgycuvjwuqpncdqwv42mocpfvjg qvjgt cdqwv 52 mo htqo Gnqwuc yjgtg VjgqfqwnquycujgnfkpvjgchvgtocvjqhjkuecrvkxkvcpfnkmgGnqwucdqvj ygtg nqecvgf cnqpi vjg tqcf octmkpi vjg uqwvjgtpboundary of Palestine with Saracen country The law is thus cpqwvuvcpfkpirkgegqhgxkfgpeghqtvjgdtwvcngeqpqokeuqhecrvkxkvkpvjgtgikqp0VjkukpxqnxgfceqpuvcpvujwhTHORNgqh ecrvkxgu cu Uctcegpu ecrvwtgf rtqxkpekcn kpjcdkvcpvuIcirc htggcpf uncxgIcircyjqygtg vjgpcv vkogu tgecrvwtgfdRoman limitanean soldiers along with Saracen tribesmen fwtkpi cvvcemu d Tqocp dqtfgt vtqqru qp vjg pqocfu0Kpvgtuvkpin vjg gorgtqt hgnv eqorgnngf vq qtfgt vjgugnkokvcpgcpuqnfkgtuvqnkdgtcvghtggdqtpkorgtkcnekvkbrvbargpucpfvqtgrcvtkcvguncxguvqvjgktqtkikpcnocuvgtuhqtvjguqnfkgtuygtg crrctgpvn cvvgorvkpi vq rtqYacutev htqo vjg ecrvkxguOacuteokuhqtvwpghqtvjgktqypYacutepcpekcnickp0DvjgrtqxkukqpuqhvjkuncyvjguguqnfkgtucpfvjgktrtqxkpekcnewuvqogtujcfvqeqpvgpvvjgougnxguykvjdgkpiitcpvgfugewtgqypgtujkrqpnqhvjqugtgockpkpiETHdctdctkcpNtildeecrvkxguyjqjcfdggpugkbrvbargfyjgvjgtvjgugygtgUctcegpvtkdguogpecrvkxguqhother nationalities held by the Saracens or the native slaves of Saracen tribesmen193

Conclusion

The nomadic Arabs who dwelt in the Sinai the UtqCtcdkcpfgugtvcpfcnqpivjguvgrrgvgttkvqtdqtfgtkpithe inner curve of the Fertile Crescent have a history in the region stretching from the early 1stoknngppkwoDEGwrvqvjgrtgugpv0Vjkukpenwfgucrtqwfngiceqhvjgtckftダbrvbaryc+wuwcnncickpuvtkxcnpqocfkeitqwrudwvcvvkogucnuq cickpuv vjg ugvvngf rgqrngu vjtqwijyjqug vgttkvqtkgu

occasione teneantur sed iudiciarius vigor liberos quidem patriis naturalibus servos autem dominis pro recenti legis intercessione eqpukipgv0Fcv0zmcn0crtkn0JqpqtkqxkkkgvVjgqfqukqkkkcc0eqpuu The earlier law refered to at the end of the text must be EVj70904-32032047= CJ 306033-072042Eqpuv0Ukto038qhFge03262ceqpuvkvwvkqpkpvgpfgfvqrtgxgpvukoknctrtqdngoukpKnntkewokprtgekugnvjgrgtkqfyjgpvjgIqvjuygtgtcxcikpivjkuvgttkvqt0

192 PF Qe0 5603 44ltOgpqejkcg Dktucoc= eh0T0Vcndgtvfkt0+VjgDcttkpivqp Cvncu qh vjg Itggm cpf Tqocp Yqtnf Princeton 2000 ocr092G5cpfH50

350VjgecrvkxkvqhUctcegpudTqocpuqnfkgtukutgrqtvgfykvjuqoghtgswgpeEjqtke0Icbrvbar0Qt0604245 Qr06+=Gxci0JG804=Igqti0Pisid Gzr0Rgtu0KK43956=Lqj0Ocn03038Vjwtpr0474+=Vjgqrjcp0c0o0728243fgDqqtrr036339+0


they moved194 The scale and frequency of Arab raids against sedentarists in the early centuries of the Roman qeewrcvkqpqhUtqRcnguvkpguggouvqjcxgdggpmgrvvqcokpkowo0VjkuycunkmgnfwgvqoknkvctrtguuwtggzgtvgfdvjgTqocpcpfRctvjkcpGorktgucpfoqtgkorqtvcpvnvq vjg uvtcvgike cpf ewnvwtcn jgigoqpqh rqygthwn qcukuekvkgunkmgRgvtcRcnotccpfJcvtc0Ykvjvjgeqnncrugqhvjgug ncvvgt cpf vjg tkug qh coqtg rqygthwn cpfoknkvcpvUcucpkcp uvcvg kp Rgtukc pgy qrrqtvwpkvkgu ctqug hqt vjgpqocfuyjqgzrnqkvgfvjgrqygtxcewwokpvjgfgugtvcpfvjgjgkijvgpgfoknkvcthqqvkpiqhkvupgkijdqtkpigorktguvq vjgkt qyp cfxcpvcig0 Dgikppkpi kp vjg ncvg vjktf cpfearly 4thegpvwtkguEGnctigtcpfoqtgrqygthwneqphgfgtcvkqpuqhCtcdpqocfudgicpvqecvejvjgcvvgpvkqpqhItggmcpf Ncvkp ytkvgtu yjq ecnngf vjgug rgqrngu igpgtkecnnSaracenoii cpfqhCtcockeurgcmgtuyjq vgtogf vjgoザcダパ0Dvjggctn6th century these confederations had kpukpwcvgfvjgougnxgukpvqvjgTqocpcpfRgtukcprqnkvkecnurjgtg vjtqwij vjg kpvgtogfkce qh rqygthwn ejkghvckpuphylarchoi+yjqtgegkxgftgeqipkvkqpcuygnncuuwdukfkgukp gzejcpig hqt rqnkekpi vjgkt qyp rgqrngu cpf ugtxkpivjgktpgkijdqtkpigorktgkpoknkvctgzrgfkvkqpu0Htqovjgdgikppkpiqhvjkurtqeguuvjgecrvwtgcpf1qtgpuncxgogpvqh ugfgpvctkuvu ycu cp kuuwg vjcv crrgctu vq jcxg ngf vqtensions At times these arose between the Saracens and vjgkt korgtkcncnnkguIcircyjgpUctcegpuecrvwtgfekvkbrvbargpuqhvjgktpgkijdqtkpigorktgIcirccpfcvqvjgtudgvyggpvjgvyqgorktgu Icirc yjgp vjg ecrvwtgf ekvkbrvbargpu qh vjg qrrqukpigorktg0

Rcuvqtcnuqekgvkguctgrctvkewnctnygnnuwkvgfvquncxgholding both because of the labor involved in tending herds and because regular contact with exogenous societies ndash the best source of slaves ndash is necessitated by their migrations HqtvjgUctcegpujqygxgtkvycupqvogtgnvjgktrcuvqtcnoqfg qh uwdukuvgpeg dwv cnuq vjgkt igqrqnkvkecn rqukvkqpvjcv gpeqwtcigf vjg rwtuwkv qh ecrvkxgu cpf uncxgu0 Vjgjkijn oknkvctkbrvbargf tkxcn yqtnf gorktgu qh Tqog cpfPersia on the western and eastern edges of their territory cpfdvjgncvg7th egpvwtvjgitqykpirqygtqh価koctvqvjguqwvjjgnrgfvtcpuhqtoyjcvokijvjcxgtgockpgfcrelatively low level nuisance for sedentarists into a grand uecng rtqdngo0 Pgxgtvjgnguu vjg UctcegpuOacute vqrqitcrjkeeqnnqecvkqpkpcdqtfgtncpfcpfvjgdgpgYacutevvjkuqhhgtgfhqtvjgktrtcevkegqhecrvkxgvcmkpiycupqvuqngnfgngvgtkqwuvqvjgktugfgpvctkbrvbargfpgkijdqtu0Vjgktigqitcrjkecnrncegogpvqhhgtgf vjgo c ejcpeg vq rwv vjgkt umknnu cu tckfgtu cpfYacuteijvgtu vq yqtm kp vjg ugtxkeg qh nctiguecng oknkvctqrgtcvkqpu cpf uocnngt uecng tckfu0 Kp vjgrtqeguu kv cnuqicxgvjgocejcpegvqrtqYacutevhtqovjgcuukuvcpegqh vjguggorktgu vjtqwij vjg tgegkrv qh tgeqipkvkqp cpf vcpikdngtgyctfu nkmg hqqf cnnqvogpvu cpf oqpg uwdukfkgu0 Vjg

194 On raiding and warfare in Rwala society see Musil Manners cit0p05+rr0726883=NcpecuvgtTycncDgfqwkp cit0p07+rr03623670

eqpvtqn cpf tcvkqpkpi qh cwvjqtkv cpfrtqYacutevu dUctcegpngcfgtukpvwtpuvtgpivjgpgfvjgrqygtqhvjgnctiguveqphgfgtcvkqpucpfhceknkvcvgfvjgktitqyvjcpfkpfgrgpfgpeghtqovjgkorgtkcnuvcvgu0Kvcnuqdtqwijvvjgugucogngcfgtucpfvjgktrgqrnggxgtoqtgvkijvnkpvqvjgewnvwtcncpftgnkikqwuqtdkvu qhTqog Rgtukc cpf価koct c tgcnkvyjkej ecpdgykvpguugfhqtgzcorng kpvjgykfgurtgcfcfqrvkqpqhChristianity by Arabs on both sides of the rivalry

CoqpivjgrtqYacutevegpvgtuchhqtfgfdvjgugtgncvkqpujkruycuvjgnwetcvkxgdwukpguukpecrvkxgucpfuncxgu0Vjgvcmkpiqh ecrvkxgu cpf vtcpurqtv qh uncxgu coqpi vjg Uctcegpuwas able to burgeon in this environment for two reason in rctvkewnct0HktuvvjgUctcegpuOacuteeqpvtqnqhvjguvgrrghtkpigctqwpfvjgvyqgorktgucpfcdqxgcnnvjgoctikpcnfgugtvkpdgvyggpcnnqygfvjgovqecrvwtgjwocpuhtqoqpggorktgcpf vtcpurqtv vjgo vq cpqvjgt ykvj tgoctmcdng hceknkv0Second the ferocity of the territorial and cultural rivalries dgvyggpvjgRgtukcpcpfTqocpGorktgukpfwegfdqvjvqgpeqwtcigvjgktUctcegpcnnkguvqtckfcpfvcmgecrvkxgukpvjg gpgogorktg cu cycqh gzgtvkpiqpiqkpioknkvctrtguuwtgcpfwpugvvnkpivjgvczdcugcpfuqekcnuvcdknkvqhthe rival state370Owej nkmg vjgGpinkuj rtkxcvggtu qh vjgugxgpvggpvjcpfgkijvggpvjegpvwtCvncpvkeqtvjgHtgpejcpfDctdcteqtucktuqh vjggctnoqfgtpOgfkvgttcpgcpvjg Uctcegpu ygtg rgtokvvgf d vjgkt korgtkcn cnnkgu vqeqpfwev c rtqz yct fgukipgf vq jctt cpf ygcmgp vjgqrrqukpiuvcvg0

Vjkugpxktqpogpvgpeqwtcigfcitqykpiurktcnqhuncxkpicpfecrvkxgvcmkpivjcvdgecogkpetgcukpinhtgpbrvbarkgfqxgtvkog0Dvjgncvg7th egpvwtvjgrtqdngoqhUctcegptckfkpiand slaving was becoming unmanageable The growth in fkhYacuteewnvkguuvgoogfcvngcuvkprctvhtqocrwujqwvqpvqvjguvgrrgdrtqxkpekcnugvvngtukorgnngfdqvjdcpgeqpqokeboom in the late antique East and by a growing fashion for desert dwelling and travel fostered by Christian ascetic rtcevkegcpfrknitkocig0Oqtgkorqtvcpvnjqygxgtdvjg6th century the Saracen confederations had grown in size cpfuvtgpivjvqvjgrqkpvvjcvvjgtkxcngfDbrvbarcpvkwocpfRgtukc cu tgikqpcnoknkvct rqygtu0Pgkvjgt gorktg eqwnfany longer sustain its military footing in the East without the aid of its Saracens At the same time the number of eqpTHORNkevudgvyggp vjguvcvgrqygtu kpetgcugf vqc hgxgtgfrkvejyjkej qpn gzcegtdcvgf vjg uecng cpf htgswgpeqhcvvcemu0 D egpvwtOacuteu gpf vjku ycu dgikppkpi vq jcxg cugtkqwukorcevqprqrwncvkqpdcugukpvjkuhqtogtndqqokpiregion1960VjgugrtqdngouygtgitgcvngzcegtdcvgfdvjgSasanian choice to conduct numerous forced removals of

370 Eqorctg vjg Crcejg Pcxclq Mkqyc cpf Eqoocpejg yjqkpjcdkvgfvjgfgugtvqpgkvjgtukfgqhvjgTkqItcpfgcpfgzrnqkvgfvjgktkpvgtogfkcvg rqukvkqp dgvyggp vjgOgzkecp cpfCogtkecp uvcvgu cpfvjgqrgpyctdgvyggpvjgvyqrqygtuvqrtqYacutevhtqotckfkpicpfecrvkxgvcmkpi kp vjg 342u362ult D0 FgncYct qh c Vjqwucpf FgugtvultKpfkcpTckfucpfvjgW0U0IcircOgzkecpYctPgyJcxgpEp+4220

196 See Foss Syriaekv0p09+=VtqodngWar and Societyekv0p034+0


Dbrvbarcpvkpg rtqxkpekcnu htqo vjgkt jqogncpfu cpf vtcpuhgtthem into Persian territory1970VjgYacuteuecncpfoknkvcteqpugquences of this evacuation of the Levant must have been ukipkYacuteecpv cpfowuv itgcvn jcxg eqpvtkdwvgf vq vjg gcugwith which the area was overrun with the onset of the Muslim conquests

The sedentary Arabs who drove the early stages of the Owunkoeqpswguvswkemncfqrvgfvjgktpqocfkepgkijdqtuinto the cause during the ridda wars that consolidated uwrrqtv hqt vjgkt pgy tgnkikqp kp vjgCtcdkcp rgpkpuwnc0Kp vjg rtqeguu vjg cfcrvgf vjg pqocfuOacute Yacuteijvkpi vcevkeuvq gzrnqkv vjg cfxcpvcigu vjgug qhhgtgf3 Among these ycu vjg umknn kp vjg vcmkpi qh ecrvkxgu0 VjgOwunkou qhcourse became one of the great slaveholding cultures of world history1990 Gxgp dghqtg vjg tkug qh vjg rtqrjgv vjgSwtcujqhOgeecegtvckpnvtchYacuteemgfkpuncxgu0Dwvkvjcubeen rightly argued that while slaves were indeed traded qwvqhOgeec vjgygtgpqv vjgekvOacuteurtkoctgeqpqokeinterest2000 KvocvjgpjcxgdggpvjtqwijpqocfkeCtcduvjcv vjg pgy eqpswgtqtu ecog vq fgxgnqr uwej uvtqpicvvcejogpv vq uncxg tckfkpi cpf vtcfkpi0 Kpfggf ocpOwunko uncxg jqnfkpi rtcevkegu crrgct vq tgTHORNgev vjghabitus yg jcxg uggp hqt vjg rtgKuncoke Uctcegpu0 NkmgvjgovjgOwunkoufkurncgfctgoctmcdngnkdgtcnkvcdqwvvjg kpvgitcvkqp qh ecrvkxgu kpvq vjgkt uqekgv0 Vjku ycuegtvckpnvtwgqhvjgqhhurtkpiqhvjgktecrvkxgeqpewdkpgubut also of their freedmen and of the slave soldiers they so

390UggO0I0OqtqpRqrwncvkqpVtcpuhgtudgvyggpUcucpkcpKtcpcpfvjgDbrvbarcpvkpgGorktg in EqpxgipqKpvgtpcbrvbarkqpcngncRgtukcgDkucpbrvbarkqTqoc363qvvqdtg4224+Tqog4226rr0383390Vjkurcvvgtpjcfalready begun in the 3rd egpvwtlt eh0U0P0E0 NkgwCaptives refugees and exiles A Study of cross-frontier civilian movements and contacts dgvyggp Tqog cpf Rgtukc htqo Xcngtkcp vq Lqxkcp in P Freeman F0 Mgppgffkt0+ Vjg Fghgpug qh vjg Tqocp cpf Dbrvbarcpvkpg GcuvDCTKU49+Qzhqtf38rr06977270

30H0O0FqppgtVjgGctnOwunkoEqpswguvuRtkpegvqp33rr042030 F0 Rkrgu Uncxg Uqnfkgtu cpf Kuncolt Vjg Igpguku qh c Oknkvct

System Pgy Jcxgp 33= L0T0 Yknnkufkt0+ Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa 4 xqnu0 Nqpfqp 37= O0 Iqtfqp Slavery in the Arab World Pgy [qtm 3= D0 Ngyku Tceg cpf Uncxgt kpvjg Okffng Gcuvlt Cp Jkuvqtkecn Kpswkt Pgy[qtm 1 Qzhqtf 32=E Savage DgtdgtucpfDncemultKdダスUncxgVtchYacuteekpGkijvjEgpvwtPqtvj Chtkec in Journal of African History 55 422 rr057358=[0 Tqvocp Dbrvbarcpvkpg Uncxgt cpf vjg Ogfkvgttcpgcp Yqtnf trans L0O0VqffEcodtkfig Oc+ 3 rr07930C iqqf uwtxg qh vjgrtqdngotgockpucfgukfgtcvwo0UggcnuqO0OeEqtokemQtkikpuqhvjgGwtqrgcpGeqpqoltEqoowpkecvkqpucpfEqoogtegCF52222 Ecodtkfig4223rr0955999 hqt cfguetkrvkqpqh vjgxqtvgz kp vjgOgfkvgttcpgcpuncxgoctmgvetgcvgfdvjgfgocpfhqtuncxguhtqovjgEcnkrjcvgkpvjgth to 10thegpvwtkgu0U0I0DtwegCpCddqvdgvyggpvyqcultures Maiolus of Cluny considers the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet in GOG374229rr0648662qhhgtuchcuekpcvkpigzcorngqhcitqwrqhOwunkotckfgtuyjqvqqmwrtgukfgpegkpvgpvjegpvwtRtqxgpegcpfuwdukuvgfhqtfgecfguqhhqhecrvkxgvcmkpi0

200 P Crone Ogeecp Vtcfg cpf vjg Tkug qh Kunco Rtkpegvqp 39rr0328329= eh0J0 Ncoogpu LrsquoArabie occidentale avant lrsquoheacutegire Dgktwv34rr033yjkejecvcnqiupcogfuncxgutgrqtvgf kp vjggctnnkxguqhvjgrtqrjgvocpqhvjgoItggmucpfGirvkcpu0

tgcfkngornqgf201 Moreover it is beyond question that vjg gctnOwunkou gpicigf kp nctig uecng ecrvkxg tckfkpicpf gpuncxgogpvu htqo vjg dgikppkpi0Vjg pkpvjegpvwtEjtkuvkcpejtqpkengtFkqpukwuqhVgnOc佳tパeqpegkxgfqhvjgkphcpeqhKuncocunkvvngoqtgvjcpcupqydcnnkpiugtkguqhuncxgtckfucuncpfgt vqdguwtgdwvqpg vjcv tgTHORNgevgfrqrwnctrgtegrvkqpu202

Ygcnuqjcxgiqqfeqpvgorqtctgxkfgpegvjcvrqkpvuin much the same direction While it is not within the ueqrg qh vjku rcrgt vq kpxguvkicvg vjku swguvkqp kp fgrvjc tgegpvn rwdnkujgf kpuetkrvkqp knnwuvtcvgu vjg ukvwcvkqpswkvg rqkpvgfn0 Kp vjg ycmg qh vjg Owunko vcmgqxgtqh Utkc ocp Dbrvbarcpvkpg rtqxkpekcnu etquugf qxgt vqErtwu kpqtfgt vq tgockp kpDbrvbarcpvkpg vgttkvqt0D86vjg pgyeqpswgtqtu jcf kpxcfgf vjg kuncpf cpf cItggmkpuetkrvkqp Yacutetuv rwdnkujgf kp 37 tgxgcnu vjg gzvgpv qhvjgktfgrtgfcvkqpu0KvtgrqtvuvjcvvjtqwijvjgejcuvkugogpvqhIqfocpygtgmknngfcpfuqog342222ngfcyccuecrvkxgucpfvjcvkpcpkpxcukqpvjghqnnqykpigctcpgxgpitgcvgtpwodgtygtgmknngfcpfuqog72222uwdlgevgfvqecrvkxkv0203 The Arabic and Syriac sources had already tgrqtvgfvjgkpxcukqpqhErtwudvjgWooccfecnkrjOw河ダykcjkdpCdUwhダpcpfgxgpeqpxggfkpigpgtcnvgtou vjcv ocp kpjcdkvcpvu ygtg ecrvwtgf204 With the discovery of this document we now have some gauge of vjguecngqh vjgcuucwnvyjkejycuqprtgekugn vjg ngxgnqhvjgitgcvjcwnuqhecrvkxguuqkphcoqwuhtqovjgokffngTqocp Tgrwdnke0 Pqt ku vjku vjg qpn gzcorng qh nctig

201 P Crone Uncxgu qp Jqtugult Vjg Gxqnwvkqp qh vjg Kuncoke Rqnkv Ecodtkfig 32= Rkrgu Slave Soldiers ekv0 p03+= C0 MgekcOcttkcigcpfUncxgtkpGctnKuncoEcodtkfigOc+42320Qpvjgwug qh uncxgu kp ncvg cpekgpv eqodcvoqtg igpgtcnn ugg P0 NgpumkUejkcxkctocvkghqtocbrvbarkqpgfkgugtekvkrtkxcvkpgnoqpfqvctfqcpvkeq kpI0R0Wtuqfkt0+Qtfkpgg uqxxgtukqpgpgnoqpfqitgeqgtqocpq Rkuc422rr03673970

202 Chron Cpqp0 cf 3456 6 EUEQ UU ZZZXK 44+= OkejcgnUtwu3304MktcbrvbarKdtcjkocpfDtqemVgzvu ekv0]p077_rr0627628Chabot Chronique cit0]p077_5rr0625626+0FkqpukwuOacuteejtqpkengkupqvrtgugtxgfdwvdqvjvjgEjtqp0Cpqp0cf3456 and Michael Syrus used it as a common source cf Palmer Seventh Centuryekv0p058+rr07326=T0JqncpfUggkpiKuncocuQvjgtuUcykvltCUwtxgcpfGxcnwcvkqp qh Ejtkuvkcp Lgykuj cpf yenqtqcuvtkcp Ytkvkpiu qp GctnIslamRtkpegvqp39rr0638630Ugghwtvjgtpqvkeguqhnctiguecngecrvkxg vcmkpi cvEjtqp0Cpqp cf 3456 332 c0 854lt ecrvwtg qh vjgxknncigqhcnLukcpgctCpvkqej+=337EUEQUUZZZXK4646+=Vjgqrjcp0c0o08346fgDqqtr0558+ltc0856ltCd河Wdcfcrtgxgpvunctiguecng ecrvkxg vcmkpi vq ykp vtkdwvg hqt 河Woct+= Ejtqp0 Cpqpcf 3456 343 EUEQUUZZZXK 478+lt c0 862lt gpuncxgogpv qh vjgekvkbrvbargpuqhCpvkqejcpfvjgCpvkqejパpパ+=346EUEQUUZZZXK47+ltc0 864lt ocuu gpuncxgogpvu kp Ecrrcfqekc+0Cpf ugg vjg kpvtkiwkpihtciogpvct pqvkeg eqorqugf kp 859 qp ecrvkxgu vcmgp kp IcnknggtgrqtvgfcvG0Y0DtqqmuChronica Minora KKEUEQUUKKK97+cpftranslated at Palmer Seventh Centuryekv0p058+r040

203 D Feissel Ejtqpkswgu fOgravefirkitcrjkg Dbrvbarcpvkpg 394226 Paris 4228pq0767UGIZZZX3693L0fguIcipkgtucpfV0V0VkpjUqnqk lt Fkz ecorcipgu fg hqwknngu 386396+ UckpvgHq 37rr0338347pqu0340KcoitcvghwnvqCtkgvvcRcrceqpuvcpvkpqwhqtjgtcfxkegqpvjkukpuetkrvkqp0

4260VjguqwteguctgeqnngevgfcvIcipkgtucpfVkpjSoloiekv0p0425+rr03423460


uecnggpuncxgogpvutgrqtvgf kpeqpvgorqtctuqwtegu hqtvjg Ctogpkcp ejtqpqitcrjgt Ugdgqu urgcmu qh ownvkrngkpuvcpeguqh nctig uecngecrvkxvcmkpipqtvjqh vjgVcwtwuOqwpvckpu kpenwfkpi 57 222 htqo vjgCtogpkcp ekv qhFxkpcnqpgkp8591854270DvjgvkogygcttkxgcvvjggctnCtcdjkuvqtkcpuuwejtgrqtvueqogkpTHORNqqfucpfgxgpurgcmqhrtcevkegunkmgvjgvcmkpiqhvtkdwvgfktgevnkpvjghqtoqh

4270 Ugdgqu 64]359_ 66]367_ vtcpu0 T0Y0 Vjqouqp cpf eqoo0L0 JqyctfLqjpuvqp Vjg Ctogpkcp Jkuvqt cvvtkdwvgf vq Ugdgqu ]VVJ53_4xqnu0Nkxgtrqqn33rr0324323320

ecrvkxgucrgewnkctkvvjcvkuuvtkmkpikpkvutgokpkuegpegqhvjgucogrtcevkegcoqpivjgrtgKuncokeUctcegpufkuewuugfabove206 The Muslim conquerors may then have continued jcdkvuqhecrvwtkpijcpfnkpicpffgcnkpikpuncxguvjcvjcfdggpewnvkxcvgfdvjgktUctcegprtgfgeguuqtuhqtegpvwtkgudghqtgvjgcttkxcnqhvjgrtqrjgv0

University of Colorado at Boulder

4280 Ugg gzcorngu kp Ucxcig Berbers ekv0 p03+ rr0578584=cf Lewis TcegcpfUncxgtekv0p03+r00


ecwijvLgtqogOacuteucvvgpvkqp hqtrtcevkekpicuegvkekuokp vjgeqorcpqhcpgnfgtnyqocpcpwpwuwcnrcktkpiqt uqvjqwijv Lgtqog0Yjgpcumgfjku uvqtOcnejwu tgrqtvgfvjcvjgjcfitqypwrqpchctopgctvjgekvqhPkukdkucpfjcffgekfgfvqTHORNggjkurctgpvuvqrwtuwgfkxkpgrgthgevkqpcv c oqpcuvke eqoowpkv kp vjg uvgrrg dgvyggp Kooc[gpk3gjkt+cpfDgtqgcCngrrq+20Jcxkpiurgpvcpwodgtof years there Malchus learned that his mother had been ykfqygfcpffgekfgfvqtgvwtpvqPkukdkuvqectghqtjgtcpfclaim the inheritance to which he was entitled30Mpqykpivjcv vjg tqwvg dgvyggp Dgtqgc cpf Gfguuc 2cpnotildewthc+ycurnciwgfdUctcegptckfgtujgcvvcejgfjkougnh vqcitqwrqhcdqwv ugxgpv hgnnqy vtcxgngtu vqrtqxkfguchgvin numbers for his journey40PgxgtvjgnguujkuyqtuvhgctuygtgtgcnkbrvbargfyjgpcitqwrqhUctcegpuuyqqrgffqypqpvjgtqcfcpfvqqmvjgvtcxgngtukpvqecrvkxkv0VjgfkxkfgfvjgkturqknucnnqvvkpiOcnejwucpfvjgyqocpyjqdgecogjkuhwvwtgeqorcpkqpvqvjgucogocuvgt0 Vjgtckfgtrcemgfvjgo qp vjg dcem qh c ecogn cpf rqtvgf vjgo hqt fcudghqtgetquukpicnctigtkxgtrgtjcruvjgEjcdwt7

Ujqtvn vjgtgchvgt vjg rctv tgcejgf vjg ecor qh vjgSaracenrsquos family where Malchus was forced to do obeisance vq vjgykhg cpf ejknftgp0 Kvycu pqv nqpi dghqtg jg hqwpfjkougnhftguukpicpfgcvkpinkmgcUctcegp6 The master established Malchus as a goatherd charged him with watching jkuTHORNqemucpfocfgjkokpjcdkvcecxgpgctjkurcuvwtcig0Dgecwug Ocnejwu ycu igpgtcnn qdgfkgpv jku ocuvgtgpvtwuvgfjkoykvjjkuhgocnghgnnqyecrvkxgkpvgpfkpivjcvMalchus should use her as a mate This situation fomented an existential crisis in Malchus both because of his own vow of ejcuvkvcpfdgecwugvjgyqocpjcfdggprtgxkqwunocttkgf0Dwvyjgpvjgocuvgtcpitknvjtgcvgpgfvjgktnkxgukhvjgfkfpqveqwrngvjgvyquncxgutguqnxgfvqeqrgykvjvjkufkngooc

and Islam 636rr0346cvrr03223260QpCtcdgvjpkekvqhyjkejvjgUctcegpuecpdgeqpukfgtgfcuocnngtdgecwughwpfcogpvcnnpqocfke+uwdugvuggT0JqncpfCtcdkccpfvjgCtcdultHtqovjgDtqpbrvbargCigvqthe Coming of Islam Nqpfqp1Pgy[qtm4223cvrr044469=Kf0Arab kings Arab tribes and the beginnings of Arab historical memory in late TqocpgrkitcrjkpJ0O0Eqvvqpgvcn0fkt0+From Hellenism to Islam Ewnvwtcn cpf Nkpiwkuvke Ejcpig kp vjg Tqocp Pgct Gcuv Cambridge 422rr0596622= J Retsouml VjgCtcdukpCpvkswkvltVjgktJkuvqthtqovjg Cuutkcpu vq vjg Woccfu Nqpfqp 1 Pgy [qtm 4225 passim=MCA MacDonald Arabs Arabias and Arabic before Late Antiquity in Vqrqk38422rr0 4995540Qp vjggvoqnqiqh vjgpcogUctcegpuggdgnqyp090QpvjgpqocfkepcvwtgqhUctcegpewnvwtguggdgnqycvp030

2 Jer Vita Malchi5036kpNgEngtecpfOqtcnguVtqkuxkgu ekv0p03+rr03320

3 Kdkf0 5070 Qp OcnejwuOacute kpjgtkvcpeg eh0Vita Malchi 43 Giq000haereditarius possessor= 807lt Swkf rtqfguv000 tgo hcoknkctgocontempsisse

4 Kdkf0 41 70Ibid6047030Qpvjgtkxgtgrandi amne transmisso+eh0040QpvjgnkmgnkjqqfkvycuvjgEjcdwtuggK0QrgnvDes Hieronymus Heiligenbiographien als SwgnngpfgtjkuvqtkuejgpVqrqitcrjkgfguhellipuvnkejgpOkvvgnoggttcwou in TSC9639rr0367399cvrr0373p039=V0F0DctpguGctnEjtkuvkcpJcikqitcrjcpfTqocpJkuvqtVmacrdkpigp4232r0397p090

6 Vita Malchi7034=eh0605ltCibus semicrudae carnes et lac camelorum potus erat

drtgvgpfkpivqnkxgeqplwicnnyjkngcduvckpkpihtqokpvgtcourse70Cu vkogrcuugfjqygxgtOcnejwuygctkgfqhjkueqpfkvkqpcpfeqpxkpegfjku hgocngeqorcpkqp vqcvvgorvTHORNkijvykvjjko0Vjgvyqmknngfcrcktqhiqcvurtgrctgfvjgogcvhqtrtqxkukqpucpfugygfvjgjkfgu kpvq ngcvjgtdciuvq ugtxg cuTHORNqvcvkqpfgxkegu0VjgTHORNgf cv pkijv eqxgtkpiten miles to the river over which they had entered Saracen vgttkvqt cpfetquugf kvykvj vjg kpTHORNcvgfdciu0Htqo vjgtgthey traveled three further nights before catching sight of vjgktocuvgtyjqjcfeqogkprwtuwkvqhvjgoqpecogndcemtogether with another of his slaves9 The two fugitives cvvgorvgfvqjkfgkpcecxgdwvvjgocuvgtcpfhgnnqyuncxghqnnqygfvjgktvtcemucpfgpvgtgfkvkpcpghhqtvvqtgecrvwtgvjgo0Kpuvgcfcnkqpguuyjqfygnvvjgtgmknngfvjgvyquncxgjwpvgtu dwv nghv Ocnejwu cpf jku eqorcpkqp wpjctogf0Cuvqpkujgf cv vjku uvtqmg qh nwem vjg hwikvkxgu vqqm vjgocuvgtOacuteuecognuvqigvjgtykvjjkurtqxkukqpucpfeqpvkpwgfvjgkt THORNkijv yguvyctf hqt cpqvjgt yggm dghqtg tgcejkpi cRoman military installation They were soon turned over to the Dux Mesopotamiae Ucdkpkcpwu cYacuteiwtg cvvguvgf cu cpeastern general in Ammianus Marcellinus10 After recounting their story and selling their camels Malchus and the woman ygtgrqtvgfdcemvqUtkcyjgtgvjgvqqmwrtgukfgpegpgctEjcnmkucpfuqogfgecfguncvgtogvLgtqog0

YjkngLgtqogOacuteuvcngjcuogvykvjumgrvkekuohtqouqoguejqnctuvjgtgctgocptgcuqpuhqtceegrvkpikvcucetgfkdngrendition ndash though by no means a verbatim recounting ndash of cpcevwcnnkxgfgzrgtkgpeg110Kvkucnuqvjgtghqtgcpkpetgfkdnxcnwcdng uqwteg hqt vjg gzrgtkgpeg qh uncxgt coqpi vjgUctcegpu0 Kv vgnnu wu qh vjg UctcegpuOacute rtqyguu cv tckfkpivtcxgngtuhqtdqqvcpfecrvkxguqpvjgtqcfucnqpivjgfgugtvhtkpig=qhvjguwffgppguuqhvjgktcvvcemuhtqodqvjecogncpfjqtugdcem=qhvjgugiogpvgfnkhguvnghqwpfkpvjgktuocnnencpitqwru= qh vjgkt uecpv enqvjkpi cpfoknm cpfogcvfkgv= qhvjgkttgcfkpguuvqtgictfecrvkxgucuuncxgucpfvjgkttgvgpvkqp

7 Kdkf07050400Kdkf0903050QpvjgwugqhuwejTHORNqvcvkqpfgxkegukpvjgtgikqphtqo

Assyrian times through the early 20th century see M Tardieu Les paysages reliques routes et haltes syriennes drsquoIsidore agrave Simplicius Nqwxckp1Rctku32rr093324359690

9 Vita Malchi 93 Quid terroris cum ante specum haud procul starent dominus et conservus0VjkuhgnnqyrwtuwgtOacuteuuncxguvcvwukueqpYacutetogfthree further times Kdkf007ltmittit servum=08lt introgresso famulo=0ltservi increpans socordiam

10 Kdkf0 102 Full references on Sabinianus at RNTG 1 Sabinianus 3 For the reading ldquoSabinianusrdquo rather than ldquoSabianusrdquo as some MSS see LeClerc and Morales Vtqkuxkgu ekv0p03+r0420

330HqtkpvgtrtgvcvkqpcucpqxgngvvguggO0HwjtocppDie OhellippejuiguejkejvgpfguJkgtqpowuIcircHqtogzrgtkogpvgkpgtbrvbarldquojngpfgtNkvgtcvwtg in Christia-pkuoggvhqtogunkvvfitcktgufgnOacuteCpvkswkvfivctfkxggpQeekfgpvGpvtgvkgpuJctfv45+XcpfIacutewxtg399rr063=Kf0Christen in der Wuumlste Drei JkgtqpowuNgigpfgpmacrdgtugvbrvbarvwpfgtnldquowvgtvyenmacrtkej1Owpkej350HqtcuvtqpifghgpugqhvjgNkhgOgraveucwvjgpvkekvuggQrgnvJkgtqpowuekv0p07+0S Weingarten VjgUckpvOacuteuUckpvultJcikqitcrjcpfIgqitcrjkpLgtqog Ngkfgp4227rr03933yjkejkpenwfgucffkvkqpcndkdnkqitcrjcffufurther arguments both for the authentic core of the narrative as well as the introduction of literary elements by Jerome












































































































































































































































































































390CJ903606Lcp03245+0



























Conclusion












































































































































































































































































































































390CJ903606Lcp03245+0



























Conclusion






















































Conclusion































