Carbon Compounds

•The structure of a biomolecule will help determine its properties and functions

•Organic compounds contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other elements

All organic molecules contain the element carbon. All living things are composed of water, and organic molecules.

Carbon is a special element, because it has four electrons in its valence level to share. It can form four covalent bonds because of this.

There are four main groups of biomolecules. They are:

• Carbohydrates• Lipids

• Proteins• Nucleic Acids

A biomolecule is any molecule that is produced by an organism

The simplest organic compounds contain molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen…also known as “hydrocarbons”.

The compound methane contains one carbon bonded to four hydrogens. In chemistry we use a molecular formula to show how many atoms of each element are present in a molecule.

A molecular formula does not show the structure of the molecule. Scientists often use structural formulas to show the number and arrangement of atoms in a compounds.

CH4

Fossil Fuels are hydrocarbons.

What are the four groups of organic molecules we need to know about?

Why isn’t water an organic molecule?

What element does methanol and ethanol contain, that other hydrocarbons don’t?

Carbohydrates are biomolecules that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in approximately a ratio of 1:2:1

Carbohydrates include sugars (monosaccharides, and disaccharides) starches (polysaccharides), and complex polysaccharides like cellulose and glycogen.

• The most abundant of the biomolecules

• a key source of energy

• found in most foods especially fruits,

vegetables, and grains

The building blocks, or monomers of carbohydrates are single sugars called monosaccharides

• Fats

They are nonpolar molecules that are not soluble in They are nonpolar molecules that are not soluble in water. Types of lipids include:water. Types of lipids include:

– Are lipids that can store a great deal of energy–Contains three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule backbone (don’t worry…I’ll show you this)

•Phospholipids•Steroids•Waxes•Other lipids include some light-absorbing compounds called pigments

Lipids are large biomolecules composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen, with small amounts of oxygen.

• Oils

1) Polarity- lipids are non-polar and so are insoluble in water, meaning they must be stored in cells in special ways.

2) High-energy store - they have a higher proportion of H atoms relative to O atoms and so yield more energy than the same mass of carbohydrate

3) Thermal insulation – fat conducts heat very slowly so having a layer under the skin keeps metabolic heat in.

4) Electrical insulation – the myelin sheath around axons prevents ion leakage, and increases signal speed.

5) Waterproofing – waxy cuticles are useful, for example, to prevent excess evaporation from the surface of a leaf.

6) Hormone production – steroid hormones. Estrogen requires lipids for its formation, as do other substances such as plant growth hormones.

1 gram of fat provides 9 kcal while 1 gram of carbohydrate or protein provides 4 kcal

Lipids…Lipids…Since lipids are indeed, not polymers, but macromolecules made of many different subunits…they do NOT contain monomers.And since each type of lipid contains a different set of building-blocks, what you need to know is that lipids are composed of subunits known as glycerol, and fatty acids.Since there are three fatty acids joined to this glycerol molecule, it is known as a triglyceride.

Place carbohydrates in order from smallest to largest in terms of molecular size.

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

How do lipids and carbohydrates vary in their structure?

What are three types of lipids?

Which lipids store the most energy?

• Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions

• Proteins do most of the work in cells, such as enzymes

• The monomers of proteins are called amino acids

Primary Structure…

• Enzymatic Proteins

• Structural Proteins

• Storage Proteins

• Transport Proteins

• Hormonal proteins

• Receptor proteins

• Contractile and motor proteins

• Defensive proteins

Enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of food polymers

Keratin

OvalbuminOvalbumin

Actin and Myocin

What are the monomers of proteins?

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Describe one job that proteins do.

The nucleic acids include the amazing DNA molecule.

It is the source of constancy and variation among species, and is the foundation for the unity and diversity of all life on Earth.

Nucleic Acids• Nucleic acids store

and transmit hereditary information

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance called a gene

Genes are made of DNA, a nucleic acid

Genes• Are the units of inheritance• Program the amino acid sequence of polypeptides• Are made of specific nucleotide sequences on DNA

Monomers of Nucleic Acids are called Nucleotides

The Roles of Nucleic Acids• There are two types of nucleic acids involved in

inheritance and protein synthesis– Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)– Ribonucleic acid (RNA) DNADNA

– Stores information for the synthesis of Stores information for the synthesis of specific proteinsspecific proteins

– Found in the nucleus of cellsFound in the nucleus of cells– Directs RNA synthesis (transcription)Directs RNA synthesis (transcription)

– Directs protein synthesis through RNADirects protein synthesis through RNA (translation)(translation)

RNARNA– Single stranded nucleic acid which Single stranded nucleic acid which

carries the code for protein synthesiscarries the code for protein synthesis– Found in nucleus, and outside of Found in nucleus, and outside of

nucleus in association with ribosomesnucleus in association with ribosomes

Another type of nucleic acid is ATP.

It is a source of energy for cells.

What are two functions of nucleic acids?

What are monomers of nucleic acids known as?