carbonate glossary

7/22/2019 Carbonate Glossary

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This glossary was intiated by Dhakilallah Al Adwani in May 1999 andthen updated and extended by Hassan Salem Hassan in August, 2!"

A

A##essory minerals$minerals that only make up a small proportion of therock; typically, these do not enter into the rock classification

A#i#ular$needle-like crystal shape

Aerobi#$organisms that require oxygen

Aggregate$a particle composed of multiple crystals

Algal stromatolites$see stromatolites

Allo#hems$term introduced by Folk (196! for carbonateparticles that ha"eformed by chemical or biochemical precipitation# $he main groupsare fossilfragments, ooids,pellets, intraclasts#

Allo#hthonous$refers to carbonateparticles that formed outside the basinofdeposition (implies substantial transport!#

Amorphous$a substance that has no crystalline structure

Anhedral$a descripti"e term for crystal that does not sho% %ell-definedcrystallographic form#

Argilla#eous limestone$a limestonecontaining asubstantial claycomponent# &ee marl#

Aragonite$'n orthorhombic polymorph of a)*#

Authigeni#$describes a mineral that precipitated from aqueous solution intopore space, either primary or secondary, %ithin a rock

Auto#hthonous$ refers to carbonateparticles formed %ithin the basinofdeposition

+

%a&&lestone$a limestonerock that composed of sediments trapped by bafflingorganisms (introduced by mbry and lo"an, 19.1!
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%lue(green algae and)or blue(green algal mat$no% kno%n ascyanobacteria and cyanobacteriall mats

%otryoidal &abri#$ an aggregate of crystals, typically fine-grained and fibrous,shaped like a bunch of grapes

%oundstone$a limestonesho%ing e"idence that the grains being deposited%ere bound by organisms or that they are part of a frame%ork constructed byorganisms (introduced by 2unham 196/!

*

*al#arenite$limestonecomposed entirely of carbonategrains in si3e rangerange of sand; kno%n also as calcareous sandstone

*al#areous oo+e$"ery fine (micritic! calcareous skeletal sediments, typicallydominated by nannoplankton and deposited in a deep sea en"ironment

*al#ilutite$limestonerock composed predominantly ofmicrocrystalline calcite(lime mud!

*al#irudite$limestonerock composed predominantly of carbonategrainslarger than sand si3e

#al#ite$ a hexagonal polymorph of a)*#

*al#iti+ation$addition of calciteto a rock "olume through either cementationor replacement; most common usage refers to replacement of minerals suchas aragonite, dolomite, or anhydrite by calcite#

*al#ispheres$spherical bodies of calciteof silt-or sand si3e, most in the0eso3oic and eno3oic calcispheres ha"e been interpreted as dinoflagellatecyst and also algal spores

*ali#he #al#rete-$ calciti3ed sediment formed in soil#

*athodolumines#en#e$ emission of light from a solid induced by anaccelerated electron beam#

*ement$ an authigenic phase precipitated into primary pore space

*ementation$the process of precipitation of cement
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#halk$ a soft porous limestone, composed of calcareous micro-organisms %ithcalcareous shells such as coccoliths and foraminifera; a partially lithifiedcalcareous oo3e#

#hert$ rock composed of authigenic microcrystalline quart3; chertcan form by

the replacement of limestoneand by recrystalli3ation of opaline sediments#

*oated grains$ a descripti"e term for carbonategrains that possess a corticallayer around a central grain that ser"es as a nucleus, includes ooids, pisoids,oncoids, etc#

*ompa#tion$ grain rearrangement that brings grains closer together

*onnate water$ %ater trapped in the "oids of a rock during deposition therock; no% largely regarded as mythical#

#o.uina$ limestonecomposed entirely of skeletal grains; most commonlyapplied to calcarenites dominated by recogni3able mollusk fragments#

*yanoba#teria and *yanoba#terial Mat$%ere kno%n as 4blue-green algae5and 4blue-green algal5 mats, but are no% identified as large photosyntheticbacteria# ange from blue-green, yello%-green, bro%n, or e"en reddish-purple# 0any are motile# )ften produce slime sheaths# yanobacteria canproduce thick and extensi"e mats# &ome of the most extensi"e of these occurin the intertidal 3one of the coast of the hor al +a3am lagoon in the 7nited

'rab mirates#

D

Detrital$describes a mineral or other substance (organic matter for example!that exists (or existed! as a sedimentary particle, sub8ect to transport %ithinand across surficial en"ironments#

Diagenesis$ the sum of physical and chemical processes that affect asediment follo%ing deposition; the "ague and ill-defined boundariesbet%een

diagenesis and syn-sedimentary processes, bet%een diagenesis and%eathering, and bet%een diagenesis and metamorphism reflect thegradational character of these processes#

Dismi#rite$ microcrystalline limestone(micrite, mudstone! %ith birds-eyepores that are filled %ith sparry calcitecement (Folk, 199, 196/!
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Dissolution$ transfer of materials from crystals into aqueous solution#

dolomite$a carbonaterock composed mostly of the rhombohedralmineral dolomitea0g()*!/# dolomiterocks forms mostly as replacement ofcalcium carbonateminerals#

Dolostone$a rock composed chiefly of dolomite, they also call it dolomite#

Drusy #ement$ sparry calcitecement lining the pores %all of a limestone, ithas the characteristic of increasing in crystal si3e to%ard the pore center

Dunham #lassi&i#ation$ carbonaterock classification put forth by 2unham(196/!; %idely adopted in the international petroleum industry because itssimplicity and ease of application %ith handspecimens#

/

/&&e#ti0e porosity$ the interconnected "oid space in a rock that contributes tofluid flo% or permeability in a reser"oir rock#

/pigeneti#$ minerals formed after deposition, at lo% temperature andpressure changes or transformations affecting sedimentary rocks subsequentto compaction

/pi&aunal$ refers to benthic organisms that li"e attached to the sediment

surface or to other organisms on the sediment surface#

/piphyte$ an organism that li"es attached to a biologic substrate; may beeither pelagic or benthic

/.uant$ describes the shape of sparry calcitecement crystals that ha"e alength-to-%idth ratio of less than 1#1

/uhedra$ crystals that manifest their characteristic crystal faces

/xtra#lasts$ a detrital grains of composed lithified carbonatesedimentsderi"ed from outside the depositional basin

abri#$rock fabrics usually describe the relation bet%een grains in terms ofsi3e, shape, contacts and orientations
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enestral &abri#$ pores that are large compared to the si3e of expectedintergranular pores, forming an elongate or domal shape parallel %ith beddingplane; often associatated %ith cyanobacterial mats# $hese fabrics are kno%as laminar birdseyelimestones too# 0ay be cement-filled#

ibrous$ an elongated crystal %ith length-to-%idth ratio greater than 61

loatstone$ a mud-supported limestonerich %ith skeletal fragment in %hich1: or more of the grains are greater than / mm in diameter (introduced bymbry and lo"an, 19.1!

olk *lassi&i#ation$ )ne of the most %idely used limestoneclassifications, itis based on the matrix


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ra0itational #ement$ concentration of calcitic cement on the bottom side ofgrain# >t forms due to the gra"ity and usually indicate a "adose or abo"e the%ater table 3one# &yn# pendant or microstalactitic cements

gypsum$a highly insoluble e"aporite mineral composed of hydrous calcium

sulfate# >t is the first to precipitate from e"aporating sea%ater#

H

Hardground$ a region of the seafloor that is cemented in situ

High(magnesium #al#ite$ "ariety of (a)*! that has at least / to molepercent of the a in the crystal lattice substituted by 0g#

Hea0y minerals$ detrital minerals %ith specific gra"ity greater than /#?

3

i#hno&a#ies$ concept de"eloped by 'dolph &eilacher (196.! at $ubingen7ni"ersity as a paleontological tool to analy3e assemblages of tracefossilsand determine ancient depositional settings and facies of sedimentaryrocks#

3#hno&ossil$ an expression of the alteration of the depositional fabric of insedimentary rocks by li"ing organisms#

3#hno&auna$ li"ing organisms that change the depositional fabric of insedimentary rocks by burro%ing them or constructing edifices %ithin thesediment#

3mpregnation medium$a relati"ely lo% "iscosity material, typically a coloredplastic, that is in8ected into the pore spaces of a rock before thin sectioningand then hardened by a curing process; such treatment makes the rock morestable during cutting and grinding, renders the porosity more "isible intransmitted light microscopy, and enables the petrographer to reliably

distinguish the natural porosity (colored! from artificially-induced porositycreated during the thin sectioning process (filled %ith the clear medium usedto bond the sample to the glass substrate!#

3n#lusion$ gas- or fluid-filled holes or crystals encased %ithin a larger crystalof different mineralogy
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6ime mud$ microcrystalline calciteusually less than micron millimeter,found as matrix in limestone, see micrite

6ithi&i#ation$ the processe that turns soft sediments into hard sedimentaryrocks# >mportant influences in lithification are compaction and cementation#

6itho#lasts$ a re%orked carbonatefragment usually deri"ed from pre-existedrocks %ith si3e greater than / mm#

6ithographi#$ refers to extremely fine-grained and texturallyuniform micriteormudstone; historically, limestones of this type %ere used tocreate lithographic plates for printing#

M

Matrix$mechanically deposited fine particles (mud! that occupy spacebet%een larger grains

Marl$ a soft carbonaterock composed of an admixture of fine-grained calciteand clay# &ee argillaceous limestone

Menis#us #ement$ refers to calcitecement that precipitated at or near thegrain contacts in "adose 3one# $he cur"erlinear fabric captured by the crystalsreflects the cur"erlinear meniscus formed by %ater trapped in the "adose3one#

Mesogeneti#$ocuuring during the time inter"al in %hich rocks or sedimentsare buried at depth belo% the ma8or influence of processes directly operatingfrom or closely related to the surface

mi#rite$a term coined by +ob Folk to describe microcrystalline calciteusuallyless than micron millimeter, found as matrix in many limestones, see limemud

mi#riteen0elope$a dark thin layer of micritefound around an allochem,

usually associated %ith the micritefilling of borings produced bymicroendolithic organisms# ' term coined by obin +athurst in 1966#

Mi#ro#rystalline$describes a texture of a rock consisting of "ery fine grainsi3e, can not bee seen by naked eye#

Mi#ropore$ a pore space in carbonaterocks in micron millimeter si3e
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Mi#rospar$ it is recrystalli3ed micrite%ith si3e range from to /: micronmillimeter (Folk, 196!

Mi#rostalat#titi# #ement$ see gra"ity cement

Mold$ a pore formed by selecti"e remo"al of a former indi"idual grain# 0ostmolds incarbonaterocks are created by dissolution of calcareous skeletal

Moldi# porosity$a term used to describe a type of porosity %hich resulteddue to selecti"e remo"al of a former indi"idual grain

Mud$ refers to the particle si3e of sediment belo% ten microns in diameter#

mudstone$ a limestonecomposed mainly of micrite(lime mud! %ith less than1: grains (introduced by 2unham 196/!

Mud(supported$refers to the fabric of a limestone(mudstoneor %ackestone!in %hich the grains are floating in a micritic matrix# =rains make up a lesser"olume of the rock than does the mud (introduced by 2unham 196/!

7

7ektoni#$ that portion of the biota that are acti"e s%immers, as opposed tomerely pelagic

7eomorphism$ a broad term for all diagenetic transformationof a mineraland itself or a polymorph, including changes in si3e and shape %ithoutchanges in chemical composition#

7eomorphi# spar$the transformationof micriteinto spar in neomorphismprocesses

8

8n#oid$a grain coated by cyanobacteria (or blue-green algae!commonly %ith

a diameter greater than / mm, they are spherical to sub spherical formof microbial


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rimary porosity$ pore space bet%een detrital grains, existing at the time ofdeposition

rismati# #rystal$it is "ery common crystal habits, an elongated crystal %itha pencil-like shape

rotodolomite$ dolomite%ith crystalline calcium and magnesium disorder%ithin its structure

ro0enan#e$ the ultimate lithologic source of a detrital grain or grainassemblage; seldom ascribed to a particular rock type or formation,pro"enance is usually describedin more general lithologic terms such as4plutonic@, 4mixed sedimentary@, or 4mafic "olcanic@ or, equally "alid, in termsof tectonic setting such as 4arc@ or ; a commonly conflated %ith thepenultimate 4source@ of the sample the 4depositional en"ironment@---a

misconception that the student of sandstone petrology must steadfastly a"oid#

seudospar$ a recrystalli3ed calcite%ith si3e range bet%een 1:#: to :#:micron millimeters# =enerally, micriteis neomorphically replaced by microspar(#:-1: micron m!, or pseudospar, they both are characteri3ed by patches ofirregularly shaped crystals

:

;

;adiated$an aggregate of acicular crystals that radiate from a central point,for example, aragonitic ooids

;adiaxial(&ibrous #ement$ a rodlike crystals usually found as ca"ity fillingcement, radiating a%ay from the ca"ity %all#

;e#rystalli+e$a some%hat outdated term meaning, literally, 4to crystalli3eagain@# $ypically refers to a process in %hich an unstable precursor mineral isdissol"ed and the space is filled by a ne%ly formed phase of the same

mineralogy; a common example %ould be recrystalli3ation of 0g-calcitetolo%-0g calcite; %hen the ne%ly formed phase is also a different mineral theprocess is kno%n as Areplacement# Bistorically, this term came into use todescribe the ob"ious textural modifications that occurred in diagenesis, butbefore much %as understood about the mechanism by %hich this processtook place# $he notion that this process in"ol"es some sort of solid statereorgani3ation of the crystal lattice is generally falling into disfa"or, Areplaced
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Skeletal limestone$a limestonerich in fossil fragments# &ee alsobioclastic limestone

Sparry #al#ite$ translucent and equant calcitecrystals

Stromata#ti#s$a spar body common in Caleo3oicmuddy carbonatesediments, it is result of centripetal cementation in a ca"itysystem# >ts origin is still debatable

Stromatolites$a laminated, mound biosedimentary structure, precipitation asresult of the gro%th of cyanophytes#

Stylolite$ a grossly planar sutured structure that cuts through depositionalrock components, and also some diagenetic components# &tylolites arise fromsimultaneous compaction and dissolution and may de"elop

substantial accumulations of insoluble materials#

Subhedral$describes a crystal that manifests only partial de"elopment of itscharacteristic crystal faces

Super&i#ial ooid$ an ooid %ith a "ery thin cortical coating

Syndeposition$ processes that occurred during deposition# &eeCenecontemporaneous

Syntaxial #ement$ cement that adopts the crystal orientation of its nucleationsubstrate; an o"ergro%th# >n limestones such cements are common onechinoderm fragments#

T

Tabular$ a flat body has large area (crystal or skeletal grain! relati"e tothickness, generally thicker than platy#

Texture$ the texture of a rock is the si3e, shape and arrangement of theparticles (crystals, allochems, litoclasts##etc#!

Tu&a$ a terrestrial carbonaterock %ith spongy texture, formed around springs,lakes, or along streams# &ynonymous %ith tra"ertine#
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olk, ;" 6", 19F,&ome aspects of recrystalli3ation in ancient limestones, inD# # Cray, and # 0urray, eds#, 2olomoiti3ation and limestone2iagenesis$ulsa, ), &C0 &pecial Cublication o# 1*, p# 1E-E?#olk, ;" 6", 19!C,Cetrology of &edimentary ocks 'ustin, $exas, BemphillCublishing ompany, 1?/ priedman, " M", 19F, $erminology of rystalli3ation texture and fabrics insedimentary rocks Gournal of &eimentary Cetrology, "# *, p# 6E*-6#4ames, 7" ", and *ho.uette, " >", 19BC, limestones-the meteoricdiagenetic en"ironment, in 0c>lreath, >#'#, and 0orro%, 2#I#, 2iagenesis=eoscience anada eprint &eries E, p# *-.*#6ippman, ", 19!E, &edimentary carbonate0inerals e% Hork, &pringerJerlag, //? p#6ongman, M" >", 19B, carbonatediagenetic textures from nearsurfacediagenetic en"ironments 'm# 'ssoc# Cetrol# =eol# +ull#, "# 6E, p# E61-E?.#Marshall, 4" D", ed", 19B!, 2iagenesis of sedimentary sequences =eological&ociety &p# Cub# *6 +lack%ell &ci# Cub#, *6: p#M#3lreath, 3", and Morrow, D", eds", 199, 2iagenesis =eol# &oc# anada,=eoscience anada eprint &eries E#Milliman, 4" D", 19!C, 0arine carbonates e% Hork, &pringer-Jerlag, *. p#Moore, *" H", 19B9, carbonate2iagenesis and Corosity (2e"elopments in&edimentology, E6! e% Hork, lse"ier, **? p#Morse, 4" >", and " T" Ma#ken+ie, 199, =eochemistry of&edimentary carbonates 2e"elopment in &edimentology, "# E? 'msterdam,lse"ier, .: p#

Mumpton, "A", ed", 19BF, &tudies in 2iagenesis 7# =eol# &ur"ey +ull1.? (Iashington, 7# =o"# Crinting )ffice!, *6? p#Murray, ;" *", 19F, )rigin of porosity in carbonaterocks Gour# &ed#Cetrology, "# *:, p# 9-?E#ettiohn, " 4", 19!, &edimentary ocks (second dition! e% Hork,Barper +rothers, .1? p#;eeder, ;" 4", ed", 19BE,carbonates 0ineralogy and hemistry e"ie%s in0ineralogy, "# 11, *9E p#eid, # C#, 0acintyre, ># =#, and Games, # C#, 199:, >nternal precipitation ofmicrocrystalline carbonate a fundaformmental problem for sedimentologists

&edimentary =eology, "# 6?, p# 16*-1.:#;e+ak, ;", and 6a0oie, D" 6", eds", 199E,carbonate0icrofabrics e% Hork,&pringer-Jerlag, *1* pS#hneidermann, 7", and Harris, ", eds", 19B, carbonateements &oc#con# Caleo# and 0ineral# &pec# Cub# *6, *.9 p#S#holle, "A", %ebout, D" ", and Moore, *" H",19BE,carbonate2epositional n"ironKments 'mer# 'ssoc# Cetrol# =eol#
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carbonate glossary

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