CAROTID ARTERY CAROTID ARTERY DISEASEDISEASE

Jehanzeb Bilal, MDPGY-3

Elias A. Iliadis, MDMedical Director, Noninvasive Vascular InterventionCooper Heart Institute

Patient one Patient one 49 year old female presents to

her primary care physician for a routine check up.

PMH: unremarkable.Social hx: smoker (1PP-30yrs).Family History : CAD, HTN, CVA

VS.:97 125/75 65 12Neurological exam : normal.Cardiovascular : right carotid

bruit.The rest of the exam was

unremarkable

A carotid ultrasound was done.

The ultrasound revealed a 95 % stenosis of the left carotid.

Would you screen for carotid disease in asymptomatic patients?

What is the value of a carotid bruit on physical exam in an asymptomatic patient?

What is a hemodynamically significant carotid stenosis?

Would you further evaluate this patient ?How would you manage her carotid

stenosis?

The Framingham cohortThe Framingham cohort Evaluation of carotid bruit in this cohort

In eight years, a bruit appeared in 66 men and 105 women, all asymptomatic.

The incidence increased with age equally in the two sexes from 3.5% at 44 to 54 years, to 7.0% at 65 to 79 years.

The eight-year incidence was greater in diabetes and hypertensive subjects.

These patients had a stroke rate more than twice expected for age and sex.

JAMA 1981 Apr 10;245(14):1442-5.

More often cerebral infarction occurred in a vascular territory different from that of the carotid bruit

Ruptured aneurysm, embolism from the heart, and lacunar infarction was the mechanism of stroke in nearly half the cases.

Incidence of myocardial infarction increased twofold .

General mortality increased; 1.7-fold with men, and 1.9-fold in women, with 79% of the deaths owing to cardiovascular disease, including stroke.

Conclusion of the studyConclusion of the studyCarotid bruit is clearly an indicator of

increased stroke riskGeneral and non-focal sign of

advanced atherosclerotic disease Not necessarily an indicator of local

arterial stenosis preceding cerebral infarction

The natural history of The natural history of asymptomatic carotid artery asymptomatic carotid artery occlusive lesions.occlusive lesions. 

Follow up of 640 neurologically asymptomatic patients

292 had pressure-significant internal carotid artery stenosis

348 had a carotid bruit only without a pressure-significant lesion.

Patients with asymptomatic pressure-significant carotid stenosis are at greater risk for stroke than a non significant occlusion (twofold) and a general population (sevenfold).

JAMA 1987Nov20;258(19):2704-7

The natural h/o carotid The natural h/o carotid bruits in the elderlybruits in the elderlyTo determine the relative risk for

cerebrovascular events in elderly patients with carotid bruits

241 NH residents were examined for carotid bruits and signs of previous stroke.

Twelve percent of residents had asymptomatic carotid bruits.

The 3-year cumulative incidence of strokes was 10%, vs. 9%, yielding a relative risk of 1.1 (95% CI, 0.45 to 2.7).

In 60% of surviving residents, baseline carotid bruits were no longer present at the time of follow-up examination.

The disappearance of these bruits was not associated with the occurrence of interval cerebrovascular events

Ann Intern Med1990Mar12(5):340-3

SHEPSHEP

• The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program• To determine the association between

asymptomatic carotid bruits and the development of subsequent stroke in older adults with isolated systolic hypertension.

• 5-year randomized trial • Average follow-up 4.2 years. • Carotid bruits were found in (6.4%) of the

participants . • Stroke developed in (7.4%) of those with carotid

bruits and in (5.0%) of those without carotid bruits.

J Gen Intern Med 1998 Feb;13(2):86-90

• Relative risk of stroke with asymptomatic carotid bruits was 1.29 (95% CI 0.80, 2.06).

• Subjects aged 60 to 69 years, trend (p=.08) toward increased risk (relative risk [RR] 2.05; 95% CI 0.92, 4.68) of subsequent stroke in persons with carotid bruits.

• Subjects aged 70 or over, no relation between carotid bruit and subsequent stroke (RR 0.98; 95% CI 0.55, 1.76).

The causes and risk of stroke The causes and risk of stroke in patient with internal in patient with internal carotid artery stenosiscarotid artery stenosispatients with unilateral symptomatic

carotid-artery stenosisPatients with asymptomatic

contralateral stenosisThe risk of stroke at five years after

study entry in a total of 1820 patients increased with the severity of stenosis.

N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1420-1421, Nov 9, 2000.

Forty-five percent of strokes in patients with asymptomatic stenosis of 60 to 99 percent are attributable to lacunes or cardioembolism.

EVALUATION OF CAROTID EVALUATION OF CAROTID DISEASEDISEASE

Conventional angiographyConventional angiographyGold standardVisualize the entire

cerebrovascular systemInvasive testExpensive testNeurological morbidity/mortality

Non invasive carotid artery Non invasive carotid artery testing. A meta-analytic testing. A meta-analytic review.review. Carotid angiography as the reference standard for

comparison. Carotid duplex ultrasonography, carotid Doppler

ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance angiography are all similarly successful at predicting

-100% carotid artery occlusion (SN 82 to 86,SP 98)-70% stenosis (SN 83 to 86,SP 89 TO 94 )

Other factors, such as cost, availability, and local experience may influence the decision to use these tests to screen for carotid artery atherosclerosis that may respond to surgery

Ann Intern Med 1995 Mar 1;122(5):360-7.

Ann Int Med Ann Int Med 1995,122,P360.1995,122,P360.

Duplex ultrasound and magnetic Duplex ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiography compared resonance angiography compared with digital subtraction angiography with digital subtraction angiography in carotid artery stenosis: a in carotid artery stenosis: a systematic reviewsystematic review

• 64 studies reviewed.MRA has a better discriminatory power

compared with DUS in diagnosing 70% to 99% stenosis(SN95vs86/SP90vs87)

A sensitive and specific test compared with DSA in the evaluation of carotid artery stenosis.

For detecting occlusion, both DUS and MRA are very accurate.(SN 98 vs. 96/SP 100VS 100)

Stroke 2003 May;34(5):1324-32.  

Non-invasive imaging compared Non-invasive imaging compared with intra-arterial angiography in with intra-arterial angiography in the diagnosis of symptomatic the diagnosis of symptomatic carotid stenosis: a meta-analysiscarotid stenosis: a meta-analysis

CEMRA is superior to US,MRA and CTA, with SN 94 versus 89, 88, and 76 percent, respectively; specificities 93 versus 84, 84, and 94 percent, respectively

Lancet. 2006 May 6;367(9521):1503-12

Carotid USCarotid USLeast expensiveEasy to performDefines the plaque-The sensitivity and specificity are lower in

asymptomatic patients-It can overestimate the stenosis: unnecessary

surgery-Less precise in less than 50% stenosis, and

total occlusion-It only defines cervical disease

MRAMRAMay be more Sensitive and

Specific than US (esp. CEMRA)Disadvantage:-Cannot be done if patient is

critically ill , or has a pacemaker-Expensive

CTACTAUsed when US is not reliable:-Severe calcific artery-Severe kinking of the vessels-Short neck-High bifurcation-Overview of surgical field

Can we bypass invasive Can we bypass invasive angiography? angiography? Separate and combined test results of DUS and MRA

were compared with the reference standard DSA. Only the stenosis measurements of the arteries on the symptomatic side were included in the analyses.

When MRA and DUS were combined , agreement between these 2 modalities (84% of patients) gave a sensitivity of 96.3% (95% CI, 90.8% to 99.0%) and a specificity of 80.2% (95% CI, 73.1% to 87.3%) for identifying severe stenosis(>70)

This combination may obviate the need of an invasive angiography ,if the results of both tests were similar.

Stroke 2002 Aug;33(8):2003-8.

GuidelinesGuidelinesThe United States Preventive Services Task

Force (USPSTF) recommends against screening for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis in the general population .

The American Heart Association and American Stroke Association acknowledge that "screening of general populations for asymptomatic carotid stenosis is unlikely to be cost-effective" .

The American Society of Neuroimaging suggests that, while screening for the general population is not recommended, screening might be considered for patients ≥65 years with significant risk factors for cardiovascular disease .

PREVENTION OF STROKES IN PREVENTION OF STROKES IN ASYMPTOMATIC BUT ASYMPTOMATIC BUT HEMODYNAMICALLY HEMODYNAMICALLY SIGNIFICANT CAROTID SIGNIFICANT CAROTID ARTERY STENOSIS.ARTERY STENOSIS.

VA STUDYVA STUDYMulticenter clinical trial444 men with asymptomatic carotid stenosis

shown arteriographically (50 percent or more).Randomly assigned to optimal medical

treatment including ASPIRIN plus carotid endarterectomy ( 211 patients) or optimal medical treatment alone (233 patients)

The incidence of ipsilateral neurologic events was 8.0 percent in the surgical group and 20.6 percent in the medical group (P 0.001), RR of 0.38 (95 confidence interval,( 0.22 to 0.67).

N Engl J Med 1993 Jan 28;328(4):221-7

ACAS(asymptomatic carotid ACAS(asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study)atherosclerosis study)

Randomized, multicenter trial Total of 1662 patients with asymptomatic carotid

artery stenosis of 60% or greater medical risk factor management for all patients;

carotid endarterectomy for patients randomized to receive surgery.

After a median follow-up of 2.7 years, the incidence of ipsilateral stroke and any perioperative stroke or death rate was significantly lower in the surgical group than with aspirin alone (5 versus 11 percent) for a relative risk reduction of 0.53 (95% CI 0.22-0.72).

Men had an absolute risk reduction of 8 percent; the absolute risk reduction in women was only 1.4 percent.

JAMA 1995 May 10;273(18):1421-8

ACST (asymptomatic carotid ACST (asymptomatic carotid surgery trial)surgery trial)

3120 asymptomatic patients with 60% stenosis(US)

randomized between immediate CEA and indefinite deferral of any CEA (4% per year)and were followed for up to 5 years.

The net five-year risk for all strokes or perioperative death in the CEA group was reduced by nearly half.

The absolute risk reduction over five years was greater for men than for women 8.2 percent versus 4.08

Lancet 2004 May 8;363(9420):1491-502.

COCHRANE REVIEW COCHRANE REVIEW

All completed randomized trials comparing CEA to medical treatment in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis

5223 patients were included. Despite about a 3% perioperative stroke or death

rate, CEA for asymptomatic carotid stenosis reduces the risk of ipsilateral stroke, and any stroke, by approximately 30% over three years.

The absolute risk reduction is small (approximately 1% per year over the first few years of follow up in the two largest and most recent trials) but it could be higher with longer follow up.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;

(4):CD001923

Factors to consider in Factors to consider in assessing assessing risk and benefit of CEArisk and benefit of CEAExclusion criteria (life expectancy of <

five years)The severity of stenosis.The presence of newer drugs. The frequency of TIA in carotid disease.

The differentiation between the nature of stroke(cardioembolic and lacunar).

The controlateral carotid artery.The Late benefit of CEA.The gender.Postoperative complications.

GuidelinesGuidelinesFor asymptomatic patient with a stenosis

of 60 to 99 %,CEA is recommended only for patients aged between 45 and 75 with a life expectance of at least five years. NNT 33

The benefit of CEA appears only after couple of year.

ASA should be used pre and postoperatively.

Patient twoPatient two

69 y old female was found to have b/l carotid bruit on physical exam. She has no history of strokes or transient ischemic attack.

PMH: CAD with triple vessel disease , CHF with diastolic dysfunction, DM, HTN, dyslipidemia.

She is a past smoker(40 p/year)Meds: coreg, simvastatin, lisinopril,

insulin, asa, lasix.

A carotid ultrasound and a conventional angiography showed a severe stenosis(more than 95%) of her right ICA ,

Is she a candidate for a CEA? What is the current data on Carotid Artery Stenting?

SAPHIRE(stenting and SAPHIRE(stenting and angioplasty with protection angioplasty with protection in patients at high risk of in patients at high risk of endarterectomyendarterectomy A randomized trial comparing carotid-artery

stenting with the use of an emboli-protection device to endarterectomy

334 patients with coexisting conditions that potentially increased the risk posed by endarterectomy and who had either a symptomatic carotid-artery stenosis of at least 50 percent of the luminal diameter or an asymptomatic stenosis of at least 80 percent.

More than seventy percent of patients had asymptomatic disease.

Twenty percent had a restenosis after CEA.

N Engl J Med 2004 Oct 7;351(15):1493-501.  

The primary end point was a combined incidence of death, stroke and MI in the first thirty days postoperatively or death/ipsilateral stroke from day 31 up to one year.

The study was designed to test the non-inferiority of CAS to CEA in this population.

The primary end point occurred in 20 patients randomly assigned to undergo carotid artery stenting and in 32 patients randomly assigned to undergo endarterectomy (P=0.004 for noninferiority, and P=0.053 for superiority).

At one year, carotid revascularization was repeated in fewer patients who had received stents than in those who had undergone endarterectomy (P=0.04).

CAS is non inferior to CEA in patient with carotid artery disease and high risk for surgery.

The FDA approved the stent used in this trial for high risk patients with carotid disease.

GuidelinesGuidelinesCAS should be considered in patients

with severe carotid stenosis(>70%) and one of the following conditions:

-Severe medical comorbidities(cardiopulmonary).

-Difficult neck access for CEA.-Stenosis after irradiation.-Restenosis after CEA. -Contralateral laryngeal palsy.

Patient threePatient three57 year old male presents to the ER

with acute weakness of his right arm and leg .The symptoms started 12 hour ago.

He has a h/o of HTN and dyslipidemia, currently on lisinopril and simvastatin.

Physical exam:97 170/100 85 15-He had a 4/5 weakness of his right arm

and leg -Cardiovascular exam was unremarkable

CT scan of the brain without contrast showed chronic small vessel disease.

MRI brain revealed an acute infarct of left middle cerebral artery territory.

MRA showed an 90 % stenosis of his left carotid artery.

He was admitted to the stroke unit.

Is the management of Is the management of carotid disease different in carotid disease different in symptomatic patients? symptomatic patients?

NASCET TRIAL(NASCET TRIAL(North North American Symptomatic American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Carotid Endarterectomy Trial)Trial) 659 patients with a h/o of stroke in the past 120

days had 70-90 %stenosis of the ipsilateral carotid

artery. Patients were randomized to medical management

vs. medical management with CEA. The primary outcome was any stroke or death. The study was prematurely terminated by the NIH

because of the clear evidence of benefit from surgery .

At the time of study termination, patients had been followed for a mean of 18 months.

N Engl J Med 1991 Aug 15;325(7):445-53

The risk of stroke and death was higher at 30 days in the patients treated with CEA (5.8 versus 3.3 percent with medical therapy)

longer follow-up revealed a lower cumulative risk at two years of any ipsilateral stroke (9 versus 26 percent, p<0.001)

A lower risk of major or fatal ipsilateral stroke (2.5 versus 13.1 percent, p<0.001)

CEA was highly beneficial (9 vs. 26 %,p<0.001)for patients with recent TIAs or nondisabling strokes with ipsilateral stenosis of 70 to 99 %

moderate degree of benefit for patients with 50 to 69 percent symptomatic ipsilateral stenosis ( 15.7 versus 22.2) percent (p = 0.045)

Patients with stenosis of less than 50 percent did not benefit from surgery.

Elderly patients with 50 to 99 percent stenosis benefited more from CEA than younger patients

These findings suggest that CEA should not be withheld from appropriately selected, fit patients over the age of 75.

ECST(European carotid ECST(European carotid surgery trial)surgery trial)  A multicentre trial of 3024 patients randomized to carotid endarterectomy and medical

management vs. medical management alone All patients had a recent stroke or TIA in a carotid

artery distribution, and some degree of carotid stenosis.

Median follow up was for six years.

Lancet 1998 May 9;351(9113):1379-87

The risk of major ischemic stroke ipsilateral to the unoperated symptomatic carotid artery increased with severity of stenosis, particularly above about 70-80% of the original luminal diameter, but only for 2-3 years after randomization.

On average, the immediate risk of surgery (7%)was worth trading off against the long-term risk of stroke without surgery when the stenosis was greater than about 80% diameter.

For disabling or fatal stroke the control risks seemed to diminish after the first year, so delay of surgery by just a few months after clinical presentation might make this overall difference non-significant.  

SPACE TRIAL(SPACE TRIAL(stent-protected stent-protected angioplasty versus carotid angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy )endarterectomy )

1200 patients with symptomatic carotid-artery stenosis within 180 days of enrollment

Patients were randomly assigned carotid-artery stenting (n=605) or carotid endarterectomy (n=595).

The primary endpoint was ipsilateral ischemic stroke or death from time of randomization to 30 days after the procedure.

Non inferiority study.

Lancet. 2006 Oct 7;368(9543):1239-47

The trial was stopped after the second interim analysis, mainly due to recruitment and funding problems.

SPACE failed to prove the non-inferiority of carotid-artery stenting compared with carotid endarterectomy

expressed as the rate of ipsilateral stroke or death within 30 days after treatment in symptomatic patients with moderate to severe stenosis of the carotid artery.

The use of embolic protection devices with stenting was optional, and were used in only 27 percent of patients treated with CAS.

EVA-S trial(Endarterectomy EVA-S trial(Endarterectomy vs. angioplasty with vs. angioplasty with stenting)stenting)

Multicenter, randomized, noninferiority trial to compare stenting with endarterectomy in patients with a symptomatic carotid stenosis of at least 60%.

The primary end point was the incidence of any stroke or death within 30 days and six months after therapy .

N Engl J Med. 2006 Oct 19;355(16):1660-71

The trial was stopped prematurely after the inclusion of 527 patient because of worse outcome with the CAS branch.

The 30-day incidence of any stroke or death was 3.9% after endarterectomy (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0 to 7.2) and 9.6% after stenting (95% CI, 6.4 to 14.0);

At 6 months, the incidence of any stroke or

death was 6.1% after endarterectomy and 11.7% after stenting (P = 0.02).

Critics: Lack of experience by many of the

interventionalists doing the CAS. Five different stents and seven different cerebral

protection devices were used in EVA-3S interventional clinicians were required to have

performed only two stenting procedures with any new device before its use in the trial.

Embolic protection for patients assigned to CAS was optional early in the trial, and the 30-day outcome of any stroke or death was significantly lower in patients treated with (n = 277) than in those treated without (n = 20) embolic protection (7.9 and 25 percent, respectively).

GuidelinesGuidelinesFor symptomatic carotid artery

stenosis of 70 to 99% with no severe co-morbidities: CEA .NNT of 6.3.

For symptomatic stenosis of 50 to 69%:CEA. NNT of 22.

ASA should be started before surgery and continued postoperatively.

Conditions associated with Conditions associated with less or no benefit from CEAless or no benefit from CEASevere disabling strokesTransient monocular ischemia VS

hemispheric TIAYounger populationTotal carotid stenosis Controlateral carotid stenosis increase

perioperative risk

Complication of Carotid Complication of Carotid artery stentingartery stentingStroke.Periprocedural bradycardia and

hypotensionTechnical difficulty.Restenosis(early 0.5 to 2%,late

0.6 to 6%)Hyperperfusion syndrome.

Thank youThank you