Carrier ControlsCarrier

Controls

• Demand Controlled Ventilation

Comfort = Temperature + Ventilation

Comfort Is More Than Just The Right Temperature…

Ventilation Control

Ventilation Control Why Ventilation?Why Ventilation?

Why Ventilation?Why Ventilation?Ventilation

ControlVentilation

Control

Ventilation ProvidesVentilation Provides

• Comfort• Health & Safety• Compliance

Ventilation Control

Ventilation Control

The same way it was in 1930.

With Fixed Ventilation!

How is ventilation provided in most buildings today?

How is ventilation provided in most buildings today?Ventilation

ControlVentilation

Control

Inefficient!

Fixed VentilationFixed Ventilation

Building codes require ventilation rates based on cfm/person: (typically 20 cfm/person)

Max Occupancy: 25 people = 500cfmActual Occupancy: 5 people = 500cfmActual Occupancy: 1 person = 500cfm

Ventilation Control

Ventilation Control

Total Building Heating and Cooling Costs

Total Building Heating and Cooling Costs

Ventilation Control

Ventilation Control

Ventilation

Fixed Ventilation In a Multi-Zoned BuildingFixed Ventilation In a Multi-Zoned Building

Total cfm = Max occupants X 20 cfm

There Is No Control!

Ventilation Control

Ventilation Control

Is There A Better Way?

Ventilation Control

Ventilation Control

Temperature Control In A Multi-Zoned Building

Temperature Control In A Multi-Zoned Building

• Measure In Each Zone• Control Based On Actual Load

What if we did the same thing with ventilation?

Temperature Sensor

Temperature + Ventilation Sensor

Ventilation Control

Ventilation Control

Delivers

The RIGHT Amount of Fresh Air,

To The RIGHT Place,

At The RIGHT Time…

Great Idea!Great Idea!

But How Does It Work?

Zone Ventilation

Control

Zone Ventilation

Control

Controlling VentilationControlling Ventilation

There is a clearly defined relationship between indoor CO2 levels & ventilation rates established by:

Indoor CO2 levels are a measure of ventilationrates (cfm/person)

ASHRAE 62.1 & 90.1

ASTM CO2 &Ventilation Standard

CO2 is the control parameter for ventilation!

Zone Ventilation

Control

Zone Ventilation

Control

Actual Occupancy 25 people = 500cfmActual Occupancy 5 people = 100cfmActual Occupancy 1 person = 20cfm

Ventilation based on actual occupancy!

Zone Ventilation

Control

Zone Ventilation

ControlSingle Zone VentilationSingle Zone Ventilation

Multi Zoned Ventilation Control In a Building

Multi Zoned Ventilation Control In a Building

Healthy & Efficient!

Zone Ventilation

Control

Zone Ventilation

Control

OK!OK!

But How Does Carrier Do It?

Zone Ventilation

Control

Zone Ventilation

Control

PremierLinkPremierLink

The innovative DDC control system that automatically gives you the ventilation you need only when you really need it, with a thermostat or network.

Carrier DCVCarrier DCV

Rooftop ControllerComfort System

Here’s how it works…

Individual sensors throughout the building work together to identify and immediately respond to changing needs for total comfort control.

CO2

(People Meters)

PremierLinkPremierLinkCarrier DCVCarrier DCV

As certain areas become occupied, the PremierLink identifies the changing temperature load as well as the change in ventilation requirements.

PremierLinkPremierLinkCarrier DCVCarrier DCV

Outside air dampers are utilized only as deemed necessary by actual occupant CO2 levels (rather than maximum assumed levels), thus reducing energy consumption by the HVAC system.

PremierLinkPremierLinkCarrier DCVCarrier DCV

VAV

CO2

1916Mechanical Engineers Handbook

Explains relationship between CO2 and ventilation

1929NY Building code details CO2 levels shall not be greater than one part in one thousand

1973Energy crunch introduce VAV system for commercial buildings

1989ASHRAE Standard 62-89 sets 1000 PPM maximum

1997Interpretation IC-62-1989-27 clarifies use of CO2 as a method of controlling ventilation based on occupancy

1999ASHRAE 62-99 eliminates 1000 PPM CO2 threshold inside/outside differential introduced

1999ComfortID introduced zone level DCV

2000Carrier introduces low cost temp/CO2 sensor

TimelineTimeline

Carrier DCVCarrier DCV

Understanding CO2Understanding CO2

People exhale CO2 at concentrations of 4% (40,000 ppm)

Normal room concentrations are in the range of 400 - 1200 ppm

As a gas, CO2 diffuses and equalizes rapidly throughout a room

Carrier DCVCarrier DCV

CO2 Equilibrium LevelsCO2 Equilibrium Levels

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00

Time (hours)

CO

2 C

once

ntr

atio

ns

(ppm

)

30 cfm/person 20 cfm/person 15 cfm/person 10 cfm/person 5 cfm per person

5 cfm/person5 cfm/person

10 cfm/person10 cfm/person

15 cfm/person15 cfm/person20 cfm/person20 cfm/person

30 cfm/person30 cfm/person

CO2 levels will build until an equilibrium level is reached with outside air entering the space

Carrier DCVCarrier DCV

This chart compares ventilation usage throughout a typical day using purple to represent “demand controlled” and green to represent “constant.” The difference between the two equates to significant savings.

PremierLink Ventilation Savings

PremierLink Ventilation Savings

Carrier DCVCarrier DCV

CO2 Plus Temp SensorCO2 Plus Temp Sensor

First Cost Effective Zone Level CO2 + Temp SensorFirst Cost Effective Zone Level CO2 + Temp Sensor

Thermistor Thermistor

Night SetbackNight SetbackOverrideOverride

RemovableRemovableTerminal StripsTerminal Strips

PatentedPatentedNDIR TechnologyNDIR Technology

RJ-14 for CCNRJ-14 for CCNConnectionConnection

Micro BasedMicro BasedSelf CalibrationSelf Calibration

Slide PotSlide PotOptionOption

Push Button Push Button CalibrationCalibration

Sensor Technology

Sensor Technology

NDIR Gas SensingNDIR Gas Sensing

Target gas absorbs radiation at signature wavelength

Filter isolates wavelength that reaches detector

More gas in chamber leads to lower signal to detector

IR SourceIR Source

WavelengthWavelengthFilterFilter

IR DetectorIR Detector

IR SourceIR Source

WavelengthWavelengthFilterFilter

IR DetectorIR Detector

IR SourceIR Source

WavelengthWavelengthFilterFilter

IR DetectorIR Detector

0 ppm CO20 ppm CO2

1000 ppm CO21000 ppm CO2

2000 PPM CO22000 PPM CO2

Sensor Technology

Sensor Technology

Advantages of IR SensingAdvantages of IR Sensing

1.25"

Custom Designed Infrared Filter

Patented Waveguide

Incandescent

Infrared Source

Microprocessor

Diffusion Membranes Micro-Machined Thermopile Detector

Long life (15 years expected)

Selective - no interference with other gases

Stable - does not require calibration

Sensor Technology

Sensor Technology

Self Calibration Of A CO2 Sensor

Self Calibration Of A CO2 Sensor

Automatic Baseline Calibration (ABC Logic)

Self calibrating algorithm

Considers lowest CO2 level every 24 hrs

Looks at long term changes in baseline

Applies a correction factor for calibration

Sensor Technology

Sensor Technology

CODE COMPLIANCE…CODE COMPLIANCE…

“Current technology (CO2 sensors) can permit the design of ventilation systems that are capable of

detecting the occupant load of the space and automatically adjusting the ventilation rate

accordingly.”

International Mechanical Code:

Model, State & Local Codes Can Be Measured & Documented! Compliance Assured…

Zone Ventilation

Control

Zone Ventilation

Control

Accepted by: ASHRAE Standard 62

• Increases Productivity• Improves Occupant/Customer

Satisfaction • Helps Prevent Sick Building

Syndrome Health Affects

“Air Quality and Ventilation”

ranked very high (#2 of 25) on the list

of tenant retention issues

in a recent survey conducted by

Real Estate Information Systems.

“Air Quality and Ventilation”

ranked very high (#2 of 25) on the list

of tenant retention issues

in a recent survey conducted by

Real Estate Information Systems.

Economic Considerations of Air Quality and Ventilation in Offices (US EPA)

• Improvements in the indoor air environment substantially increase employee moral and productivity.

Economic Considerations of Air Quality and Ventilation in Offices (US EPA)

• Improvements in the indoor air environment substantially increase employee moral and productivity.

DOE/Lawrence Berkeley Labs Evaluation of

Sick Leave Statistics vs. Ventilation Rates

(3720 employees / 40 buildings):

• Optimal ventilation reduces sick time costs. For every

$1 spent to increase ventilation cost, $2 are saved in

sick time

DOE/Lawrence Berkeley Labs Evaluation of

Sick Leave Statistics vs. Ventilation Rates

(3720 employees / 40 buildings):

• Optimal ventilation reduces sick time costs. For every

$1 spent to increase ventilation cost, $2 are saved in

sick time

Numerous Studies Confirm That

Correct Ventilation ...

Numerous Studies Confirm That

Correct Ventilation ...

DOE/Lawrence Berkeley LabsIndoor Environment In Schools

Pupils Health & Performance In Regard To CO2 Concentrations

• A significant correlation was found between decreased performance and high CO2 levels (lower ventilation rates).

DOE/Lawrence Berkeley LabsIndoor Environment In Schools

Pupils Health & Performance In Regard To CO2 Concentrations

• A significant correlation was found between decreased performance and high CO2 levels (lower ventilation rates).

Zone Ventilation

Control

Zone Ventilation

Control

Ensure for every zone…Ensure for every zone…

• Comfort

• Health & Safety

• Compliance

Zone Ventilation

Control

Zone Ventilation

Control

A Better Operating Building

A Better Operating Building

• Ventilate to Actual vs. Assumed Occupancy

• Eliminate Wasteful Over-Ventilation

• Very Attractive ROI/Lower Operating Costs

Zone Ventilation

Control

Zone Ventilation

Control