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Carrier ControlsCarrier
Controls
• Demand Controlled Ventilation
Comfort = Temperature + Ventilation
Comfort Is More Than Just The Right Temperature…
Ventilation Control
Ventilation Control Why Ventilation?Why Ventilation?
Why Ventilation?Why Ventilation?Ventilation
ControlVentilation
Control
Ventilation ProvidesVentilation Provides
• Comfort• Health & Safety• Compliance
Ventilation Control
Ventilation Control
The same way it was in 1930.
With Fixed Ventilation!
How is ventilation provided in most buildings today?
How is ventilation provided in most buildings today?Ventilation
ControlVentilation
Control
Inefficient!
Fixed VentilationFixed Ventilation
Building codes require ventilation rates based on cfm/person: (typically 20 cfm/person)
Max Occupancy: 25 people = 500cfmActual Occupancy: 5 people = 500cfmActual Occupancy: 1 person = 500cfm
Ventilation Control
Ventilation Control
Total Building Heating and Cooling Costs
Total Building Heating and Cooling Costs
Ventilation Control
Ventilation Control
Ventilation
Fixed Ventilation In a Multi-Zoned BuildingFixed Ventilation In a Multi-Zoned Building
Total cfm = Max occupants X 20 cfm
There Is No Control!
Ventilation Control
Ventilation Control
Is There A Better Way?
Ventilation Control
Ventilation Control
Temperature Control In A Multi-Zoned Building
Temperature Control In A Multi-Zoned Building
• Measure In Each Zone• Control Based On Actual Load
What if we did the same thing with ventilation?
Temperature Sensor
Temperature + Ventilation Sensor
Ventilation Control
Ventilation Control
Delivers
The RIGHT Amount of Fresh Air,
To The RIGHT Place,
At The RIGHT Time…
Great Idea!Great Idea!
But How Does It Work?
Zone Ventilation
Control
Zone Ventilation
Control
Controlling VentilationControlling Ventilation
There is a clearly defined relationship between indoor CO2 levels & ventilation rates established by:
Indoor CO2 levels are a measure of ventilationrates (cfm/person)
ASHRAE 62.1 & 90.1
ASTM CO2 &Ventilation Standard
CO2 is the control parameter for ventilation!
Zone Ventilation
Control
Zone Ventilation
Control
Actual Occupancy 25 people = 500cfmActual Occupancy 5 people = 100cfmActual Occupancy 1 person = 20cfm
Ventilation based on actual occupancy!
Zone Ventilation
Control
Zone Ventilation
ControlSingle Zone VentilationSingle Zone Ventilation
Multi Zoned Ventilation Control In a Building
Multi Zoned Ventilation Control In a Building
Healthy & Efficient!
Zone Ventilation
Control
Zone Ventilation
Control
OK!OK!
But How Does Carrier Do It?
Zone Ventilation
Control
Zone Ventilation
Control
PremierLinkPremierLink
The innovative DDC control system that automatically gives you the ventilation you need only when you really need it, with a thermostat or network.
Carrier DCVCarrier DCV
Rooftop ControllerComfort System
Here’s how it works…
Individual sensors throughout the building work together to identify and immediately respond to changing needs for total comfort control.
CO2
(People Meters)
PremierLinkPremierLinkCarrier DCVCarrier DCV
As certain areas become occupied, the PremierLink identifies the changing temperature load as well as the change in ventilation requirements.
PremierLinkPremierLinkCarrier DCVCarrier DCV
Outside air dampers are utilized only as deemed necessary by actual occupant CO2 levels (rather than maximum assumed levels), thus reducing energy consumption by the HVAC system.
PremierLinkPremierLinkCarrier DCVCarrier DCV
VAV
CO2
1916Mechanical Engineers Handbook
Explains relationship between CO2 and ventilation
1929NY Building code details CO2 levels shall not be greater than one part in one thousand
1973Energy crunch introduce VAV system for commercial buildings
1989ASHRAE Standard 62-89 sets 1000 PPM maximum
1997Interpretation IC-62-1989-27 clarifies use of CO2 as a method of controlling ventilation based on occupancy
1999ASHRAE 62-99 eliminates 1000 PPM CO2 threshold inside/outside differential introduced
1999ComfortID introduced zone level DCV
2000Carrier introduces low cost temp/CO2 sensor
TimelineTimeline
Carrier DCVCarrier DCV
Understanding CO2Understanding CO2
People exhale CO2 at concentrations of 4% (40,000 ppm)
Normal room concentrations are in the range of 400 - 1200 ppm
As a gas, CO2 diffuses and equalizes rapidly throughout a room
Carrier DCVCarrier DCV
CO2 Equilibrium LevelsCO2 Equilibrium Levels
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00
Time (hours)
CO
2 C
once
ntr
atio
ns
(ppm
)
30 cfm/person 20 cfm/person 15 cfm/person 10 cfm/person 5 cfm per person
5 cfm/person5 cfm/person
10 cfm/person10 cfm/person
15 cfm/person15 cfm/person20 cfm/person20 cfm/person
30 cfm/person30 cfm/person
CO2 levels will build until an equilibrium level is reached with outside air entering the space
Carrier DCVCarrier DCV
This chart compares ventilation usage throughout a typical day using purple to represent “demand controlled” and green to represent “constant.” The difference between the two equates to significant savings.
PremierLink Ventilation Savings
PremierLink Ventilation Savings
Carrier DCVCarrier DCV
CO2 Plus Temp SensorCO2 Plus Temp Sensor
First Cost Effective Zone Level CO2 + Temp SensorFirst Cost Effective Zone Level CO2 + Temp Sensor
Thermistor Thermistor
Night SetbackNight SetbackOverrideOverride
RemovableRemovableTerminal StripsTerminal Strips
PatentedPatentedNDIR TechnologyNDIR Technology
RJ-14 for CCNRJ-14 for CCNConnectionConnection
Micro BasedMicro BasedSelf CalibrationSelf Calibration
Slide PotSlide PotOptionOption
Push Button Push Button CalibrationCalibration
Sensor Technology
Sensor Technology
NDIR Gas SensingNDIR Gas Sensing
Target gas absorbs radiation at signature wavelength
Filter isolates wavelength that reaches detector
More gas in chamber leads to lower signal to detector
IR SourceIR Source
WavelengthWavelengthFilterFilter
IR DetectorIR Detector
IR SourceIR Source
WavelengthWavelengthFilterFilter
IR DetectorIR Detector
IR SourceIR Source
WavelengthWavelengthFilterFilter
IR DetectorIR Detector
0 ppm CO20 ppm CO2
1000 ppm CO21000 ppm CO2
2000 PPM CO22000 PPM CO2
Sensor Technology
Sensor Technology
Advantages of IR SensingAdvantages of IR Sensing
1.25"
Custom Designed Infrared Filter
Patented Waveguide
Incandescent
Infrared Source
Microprocessor
Diffusion Membranes Micro-Machined Thermopile Detector
Long life (15 years expected)
Selective - no interference with other gases
Stable - does not require calibration
Sensor Technology
Sensor Technology
Self Calibration Of A CO2 Sensor
Self Calibration Of A CO2 Sensor
Automatic Baseline Calibration (ABC Logic)
Self calibrating algorithm
Considers lowest CO2 level every 24 hrs
Looks at long term changes in baseline
Applies a correction factor for calibration
Sensor Technology
Sensor Technology
CODE COMPLIANCE…CODE COMPLIANCE…
“Current technology (CO2 sensors) can permit the design of ventilation systems that are capable of
detecting the occupant load of the space and automatically adjusting the ventilation rate
accordingly.”
International Mechanical Code:
Model, State & Local Codes Can Be Measured & Documented! Compliance Assured…
Zone Ventilation
Control
Zone Ventilation
Control
Accepted by: ASHRAE Standard 62
• Increases Productivity• Improves Occupant/Customer
Satisfaction • Helps Prevent Sick Building
Syndrome Health Affects
“Air Quality and Ventilation”
ranked very high (#2 of 25) on the list
of tenant retention issues
in a recent survey conducted by
Real Estate Information Systems.
“Air Quality and Ventilation”
ranked very high (#2 of 25) on the list
of tenant retention issues
in a recent survey conducted by
Real Estate Information Systems.
Economic Considerations of Air Quality and Ventilation in Offices (US EPA)
• Improvements in the indoor air environment substantially increase employee moral and productivity.
Economic Considerations of Air Quality and Ventilation in Offices (US EPA)
• Improvements in the indoor air environment substantially increase employee moral and productivity.
DOE/Lawrence Berkeley Labs Evaluation of
Sick Leave Statistics vs. Ventilation Rates
(3720 employees / 40 buildings):
• Optimal ventilation reduces sick time costs. For every
$1 spent to increase ventilation cost, $2 are saved in
sick time
DOE/Lawrence Berkeley Labs Evaluation of
Sick Leave Statistics vs. Ventilation Rates
(3720 employees / 40 buildings):
• Optimal ventilation reduces sick time costs. For every
$1 spent to increase ventilation cost, $2 are saved in
sick time
Numerous Studies Confirm That
Correct Ventilation ...
Numerous Studies Confirm That
Correct Ventilation ...
DOE/Lawrence Berkeley LabsIndoor Environment In Schools
Pupils Health & Performance In Regard To CO2 Concentrations
• A significant correlation was found between decreased performance and high CO2 levels (lower ventilation rates).
DOE/Lawrence Berkeley LabsIndoor Environment In Schools
Pupils Health & Performance In Regard To CO2 Concentrations
• A significant correlation was found between decreased performance and high CO2 levels (lower ventilation rates).
Zone Ventilation
Control
Zone Ventilation
Control
Ensure for every zone…Ensure for every zone…
• Comfort
• Health & Safety
• Compliance
Zone Ventilation
Control
Zone Ventilation
Control
A Better Operating Building
A Better Operating Building
• Ventilate to Actual vs. Assumed Occupancy
• Eliminate Wasteful Over-Ventilation
• Very Attractive ROI/Lower Operating Costs
Zone Ventilation
Control
Zone Ventilation
Control