BOOK REVIEWS

sideration. His frequent references to Harlow's workwith monkeys might have appropriately been under­pinned with a description of imprinting and the con­tributions of the Tinbergen-Lorenz school. In thethird and final section, Dr. Ferster provides "Essen­tials of a Science of Behavior"-seven chapters whichfill 147 pages. He describes the environmental con­trol of behavior, layin~ great stress on the operantrepertoire and using the model of conditioning toexamine the responses of animals in experimentalsituations so as to apply the findings in an intelligibleway to human beings. The approach Dr. Ferster pro­vides, whilst closely knit, coherent and well reasoned.is somewhat narrow; nevertheless it does represent adistinct improvement over the relatively unsophisti­cated way in which psychological issues are coveredin a number of standard medical texts. Further, theapproach provides a field theory which has the twinvirtues of internal consistency and suitahility for veri­fication through appropriately designed experimentalwork.

An Introduction to the Science of Human Behadoris well produced in clear print on good paper. It isconcise and readable. Several well-constructed fig­ures and diagrams arc included, as well as a few not­very-impressive photographs. Several chapters, espe­cially those in the first section, are very adequatelyreferenced; in the first section particularly, these ref­erences are useful guides to further study, and arerecent and topical as well as relevant. There is auseful glossary and an index. Once again, this review­er (not always easy to please) would like tocongratulate the three authors separately and togetheron their production of a very worthwhile scientificwork.

ANTHONY HORDERN, M.D.

CARTOON CLASSICS FROM MEDICAL ECO­NOMICS. Oradell, New Jersey: Medical Econom­ics Book Division, $4.95.

This book is a collection of excellent cartoons andhumorous incidents which make for delightful dis­traction for doctors as wen as for patients. Thecartoons cover varied aspects of medical practice andcut across all specialties, revealing the doctor to bequite human, in spite of recent rumors to the con­trary. Readers of PSYCHOSOMATICS will find that thisarea of medicine receives adequate coverage.

It is heartily recommended.W.D.

THE NATURE OF HYPNOSIS. By Milton V. Kline:133 pages. New York: The Institute for Researchin Hypnosis and the Postgraduate Center for Psy­chotherapy, 1962. $2.00.

This booklet contains the transactions of the 1961International Congress on Hypnosis, whose themewas the Nature of Hypnosis, contemporary andtheoretical approaches. Distinguished scientists fromboth hemispheres participated in the scientific ses­sions. Dr. Ainslie Meares from Australia, Dr. Go-

September-October, 1ge4

saku Naruse from Japan, Dr. Walter D. Furneauxfrom England were the foreign participants who pre­sented major papers.

Doctor Furneaux's paper outlined a well-definedpsychological frame of reference within which ex­perimental studies of hypnotic behavior could beperformed. Charts demonstrated the results of humanexperimental studies in the Institute of Psychiatry ofMaudsley Hospital. One such study dealt with theinteraction of the aptitude and attitude componentsas determinants of response to simple tests of sug­gestibility such as postural sway and chevreulpendulum.

Doctor Naruse's work in experimental hypnosisdealt with perceptual function and hypnosis as astate of meditative concentration. Dr. Ainslie Mearesdiscussed his atavistic theory of the nature of hyp­nosis and illustrated this by clinical material fromhis private practice.

Thc latter part of the booklet covered the papersgivcn at the symposium on physiological theories ofhuman and animal hypnosis. The relationship be­tween emotion and hypnosis was developed by Mag­da Arnold. Any emotional preoccupation will pre­vent hypnosis. Yet, once deep trance is induced,any actions, impulses extraneous to the hypnoticsituation, are no longer possible.

Harold Crasilneck observed that the more painpcrceived by the subject, the more likely he is toenter a deep state of hypnosis. He noted one factwhich caused speculation concerning the physio­logical ctiolof.,')' of hypnosis. An eight-year-old childwas operated on for convulsive seizures. Each timethe surgeon touched the hippocampal area of thebrain, the child awakened from somnambulistictrance.

Henry Guze defined hypnosis as an extension ofordinary emotional responsiveness, and the hypnoticstate as a diffuse state of emotional readiness.

l\larcuse commented on animal hypnosis, illustrat­ing its effect on pigs, cockroaches, rats and fish. Theimmobility (hypnotic state) of birds was unex­plained.

LEO WOLLMAN, M.D.

THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MENTAL HEALTH.Edited by Albert Deutsch and Helen Fishman.5 Volumes, 2191 pages. New York, N. Y.: FranklinWatts, Inc., 1963.

This six-volume contribution to the growing needfor the public to obtain sound and authoritative in­formation in the area of mental health is an excel­lent and comprehensive coverage of a most difficultfield. Although Albert Deutsch died before the workwas completed, he had prepared the basic outlineand selected most of the contributors.

The Board of Consultants included Drs. John A.Clausen, Ralph W. Gerard, Seymour S. Kety, HaroldD. Lasswell, Margaret Mead, Karl Menninger, EmilyH. Mudd, Fritz Redl, John Rees, David Shakow andS. Bernard Wortis. The list of contributors (140 inall) includes authorities in an of the many disciplines

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