carvalho/ps_pdf/siam2001.pdf · 4 \^]j] Ì g $ \^] o 1 ! \^]! $ 8 ! \ ! ! ( (! g> @ @ = -'*),+!...

Download carvalho/ps_pdf/siam2001.pdf · 4 \^]j] Ì g $ \^] O 1 ! \^]! $ 8 ! \ ! ! ( (! G> @ @ = -'*),+! ('*),+ '.),+ '*),+ ! ;; !; ( ! (; : (

If you can't read please download the document

Upload: lamdieu

Post on 06-Feb-2018

221 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • !"$#%"&'()(+*,-".0/!1 32#%4 !%(65

    798):;8=:@?BAC:;DFE@8HG4I)J>KML9N%:=OQP)R):TS+SF: G IUNV>O)WXNVYKDZK[O@\I+]>^>_`?)O)WMLaE;bcE6N%:@OcdQe

    fgFhjilklmonpiq Ksrtvuxwzy|{~}p{o|U%{xvyr9ttvuxwzy

    }z}prx4tv}prxyMXv|}ltwzr}prx}p{a{x tuxwzytsa{op;t}prxyv|}ltvwzrtv&9~}px}ltwzwzr}pzx{xazytux}lt}pwzywzr49x>txrawzrx}p{a{xzwz}ltwzrxyPS)uaQ}p{x{x}pu%wzy)~jwzxwzzw tsI~jwzrxj9IB}prx{xyMy)tuayMajtvwz;yvtvxjtvxycpTtvuxQ|}ltvwzy+wzrtvux{xxzyP@~xMtuxvIZw tc|}pwzr9t}pwzrxy@|}pr {au9ywz}pTu~}p}pjtvwzyvtvwzyHtu~}lt}pvM%wz{ovt}pr9tcwzr-v}pUz%}p{a{xzwz}ltwzrxyP@:r9xwz}pj{ovwzr9tcr!}|yvwzx}ltvwzr ~}lt}yjt@tuxJ>wzrx{~}pr wzyxywzoZP

    kpFhq rxrWsxw p}pzrxtv}prxyMXv|}ltwzrZIxTtxrawzrxxITwzr}pzxoxxwzrxxICyMtvxjta{xyMawzrx

    fhlgZ npi|n9mohhlzTnmxip B hq : I :@pxI~ YaP

    pUU;))YU[;Q!TloXClYTaYpB4ClXCCBxFCTFXCBT oFlTX+HZ)s%FFa%TT0TC9X9B;9CFC@0CHTTB9Clo lYTa4~l9TpFF>9l9Zo+aZT~lBT

    C a

    T9l4C9B&olX9 T oXZlTloY[-4BToCXC3oTCa!olX9)lYalB9X3FF x X49[9lallC9lXFFv[CT9ColY~4olX9 T olYZXFYClTC9C oT 0TCZYoX9TxXo XCloXClTlClFFa a 3Fl9lXCa 6laT0C lYBT3BCl`C ToCpo![aBT9T9a3oCFF!lT~FCol 6lC 9XxT ocT!lF~lBYFp~lX4~lYTX

    Y

    T9C4B9~oXCBTa[l lQlYTXTlB4F3To%4~lp9X x TFF a &T0lC9l[BY%9laaU@0C%lll4FFFlolpCF9l9ZpoHoT3Cl9@aCloY3Cl9l!CaoCXCo[TUC9oUTBYla0o)lC%lXXTo>FF9

    0TXH9TXC9p~X&Xa;l lC0[XX~CClCX9C~clCFF9lCCXCTBCB9 Zl4~la T T cTo;lC-YalC 9 9 o ! >oY349o#"4CXC-9p%$ $ ;9ZaTTF9&CXB&CBoX+)TTTl4~l ('*),+ '*),+ T '*),+ TplT~ClT lC|9T9 -'*),+ ! ('*),+ '*),+ '.),+ $ $

    / S+uxwzyUvU}pyyvx{x{ovtvwzr{x}pvt9tvux-Oc}ltvwzr~}pQr9tv|S)uavjtwz}pQLwzrxyI@E;ywzrauBISC}pw +}prZP-S+ux10~yMt0}patvuxU}py0}pzy%{x}pvtvw}pz yvx{x{ovtv49J>}32wzzw}pr4:-4YVUL}prab@L:)W[O@L}pr9tVU

  • 7xP:@?BAC:;DFEIxJcP~OQP~R+:YS+SF:INP WXNPaDK[O:cOcRC~lFF9+oCC|Y%Ya3BFYFT%XC [FlCl

    !C)Yo9a~QTBYZC9 9CF%lXHlCTBC~TXClCpTCXZCaTFZCX~oX9T9poT[l4~X oTZTCloB9~oXC3ClCX9 0CCBFaZC~TllT[B4oX C3p~lBTo 4ol[CTlBTY496YF9l[B3X CloCl TF ~ClCl4lCTY9oTCoBFlTZpoXZ[ll4B9CloXo)lC%TYl

    T CClBBpX TCol3lC9B99v0C4BT9B&CBoToXplCB9~oXC@0lXT!BC0ToXQ~QXZoT-C4olX9@olTCoa& l|YoXl9~9l+ +lCBTa49XZ~CaloBColC9BBCX-ClC9BTXBC%~&l

    0TlClco>ZT9FYX9ZHT~lBFlCa![lCoZYXTFYl %C~4F9BTlloT!99Cp4)lC%T+

    +)! #"CU %$'&)(*"+&-,/.-"C01&%,B!") 6TXlB+YlTlCTCoa4~la '*),+ '*),+ oY '*),+ +TplT~!oX~l3l;B9CYoX 32 UC9T9 ! l9TXBTBB9B9~oXC $ ZTX|lCC9XZ~Ca0oT9XZBp4oXXxoZa

    ;pTCBBv9TF9 X~ popoY[B4~lB+TolCCBFaZC~TpoT[l4~lB+[B0C%ZTBFlo4ol9T9 ! CBFaZC~TllT[loX[lC!p~XYo 4~l[TTlBT|TB993TZXYXBTXFaX9B9po;To9p 4T! *|~9B9aClCCFZCX~oX9T9%poY[B4~lB3YBl3XlCTo9|oCTo|!F9lBTTpoXZ[ll4B9CloXo 5C6F7 8 ! 32 9 Y!loU~aB9CYoX Y C B

    ! 2 :9 ! 2 `N a T9 YZXFTTlZC9XZB 2 oCB49a4TpTo 25; @ QoCZ&9XxTlT~QCCcl%Yl9TXB--C9llXYaao)C&Y $ 0C-[X~XC4lC9B Cl~XC|CFZCX~oX9T9 poT[4oX- ! Yp!Y~@C0C>Co&4~l!YTX '.),+ ! B99Y)lC09XTlYT Y 9C9ClT~ $ l9TXB 9!o9XZ~C '*),+ !

    ACB "T)"7 EDUGFIH XC9Z|cKJ-LQXxTT YalC xoYNMxO%PRQ ! 32 #S PUT*VWPXTNY[Z%\^]R_`YT`QaPcbKPR\edfPRg`h7T`\iVj_lk Ynm \iQo 2 ; I2 1pq Psrg6Put v2 ; 2 TNg6bxw y`zX{4|}z {4y`z3|}zl~cz

    pI hfh5_`]P U $ t

  • VYKMdcV>O+AC:cDFb)VV7%J>V>R@R;K[O@dK[O:@b;:@Rc?):TS+KM< 4VO@KsD \^]j] PRQGV\sZ T`g4bo7T]CQo5P k_`YiY_ m \ig d ]h5PXRQGVcT`Y1h4VW_ch7PVQ\sP] Qo5P g S PV $ \^] \igQo5P ]h7PcRQV _3kO a Y TNg6b Qio7P VWP TN\ig7\ig d PR\ed PgTNY P]?_lk

    l[ Y T`VWP Qo5P*]T PT]CQo5_`]PK_3k1 !Rp - 2 \^] T`Y[]R_ TNg PR\edfPRg`PXQa_`V_lk1a ! c_NVVWP]Gh7_`g4b`\ig1d Qa_xQo5PPR\edfPRg`T`Y P $}p

    x o5PjVcP T`\ig\ig dxPR\edfPRg`PXQa_`VX]C_lk8 l[ ! TNVWPjQo5P#]RT PCT]#Qio7_]RPC_lk8 ! Qo5T`Qu\^]XZ\ k TNg6b 32 9 \^]KTNgP\ed PRg`h7T`\iV _lk Y Z:Qio7Pg \iQ:\^]T`Y[]R_ @ @ = oY = T[B C Tx

    F -'*),+ ! F9 ('*),+ '.),+ '*),+ F9 !

    6 w 2 2 ; w o 2 2 ; I2 2 ;

    w

  • 7xP:@?BAC:;DFEIxJcP~OQP~R+:YS+SF:INP WXNPaDK[O:cOcRCo9lX4~la '*),+ '*),+ T '.),+ TYplT~|BT99&TB~l|To+B9~oXC $ oY$ 0lXCa-C lC o '*),+ Y ZTXlC-C|9XxT| '*),+ Y l94oXC-0lCB- ! TXC>4olYoX l~lX[C

    6

    0o9XB9CTo ! 0CCl~lBYa ! 0Ya 0 CpoTT[BlC!YalC Y FaX9X

    8 32 oX~lBC9B9CT% Y @l = > @ ? coT 2 2 . 2 2 . 2 => @

    CCBTo 2 . T 2 XXCX4YF99TC9ZTC 2 oT2 olXCXXTFYTF9ZaYoY 2 XX4oB9CYoX Y XT 32 9 X9X9TToX0o ! C%Tx

    ! " `CG a

  • VYKMdcV>O+AC:cDFb)VV7%J>V>R@R;K[O@dK[O:@b;:@Rc?):TS+KM< 4VO@KsD T9l

    oT 2 : 2 0T Xo9X9TToX ! XT YZXFTTl ; %oBlBFYCl0CCFp%oCBBTo@4~l = > @ coTBX%FoBTo>4~lU z YTpY~ ; 8

    { G lC9 ; >6 8 9

    ; { G B

    z

    T9l 9 %C~ CaZ0X94CXpX)Y%CFa[BT%Xo9B+ "5 n n&UsFT \ `PRg T X_ h6YPW g S PVXZ $ Z ` Z!Qo5PRVWP \^]:TjVWPXTNY7b`\sTRd! _Ng6TNY T`QV\e}Z#"%$IZ6] co Qo5T`Q $ \^]T`gxPR\edfPRg`T`Y Pn_lkQo5P T`QV\eh5TN\iVXZ ; "&$ ; "&$(' ; Zm o7PVcP' ; TNg6b Z TNVWPjdN\ `PRg S *)+ p-,/. Z&)+ p + . ZVWP]h5PXRQG\ `PY p VW__3k 8 ' ; 01 zz 1 z 1 z 1 2 TT "%$ 3&4 65 =?> @ CC87F90%CNC~Y9 Cl FToYFT!oTl9XC T[X~XC!9&CZ~lZToXT

    F $o ; " $ ' ; u ; " $ 6TF $o ; " $ ' ; u ; " $ 6G

    !BTXTFlT~:7F9o[Fl9 ;aoC9l9 XCo; *; 7 ;=< 9 ;?> 7@9 6TA BA 7 BA < 9 BA > 7@9 6TG

    T9l

    ; DCN /E ; Eo t C t :x C ;F< Eo C t : t .

    C ;=> E C t .: t . t t a CN A EGCN

  • 7xP:@?BAC:;DFEIxJcP~OQP~R+:YS+SF:INP WXNPaDK[O:cOcR Eo t t t : u C

    9l t C 9Zl3 ' CN oY E 9T9[l s F%oTT " $ XXCFoBTX

    7 A A < 9A A/> 9 oT 9 ; > A < ; A > ; A < ; < A ; > A T < B; A ; A ( "5 :&) UGFC Q\^]CPXT`]X\iY x]RPcPRg?Qo5T`Q 7 T`g6b 9 TNVWPCVWPXTNY1h6VW_ \sbfPXbxQo5T`Q Col!9T9 '*),+ ! ol%Tlo&B|lCB ! F9C9C[BlC%BT9ToX0o)B9~oXC ! 9 o Y lT~oll9TXBClllXYa9CXTcC&Yl $ $9

    ACB "T)"7 UDH XC9Z|c oX0o CX B&CBoCLQXxTRMaO%PRQ T`g4b 1 S PQo5P ]RT PxT] Qio7_]RPxb}PGrg4Pcb \ig )+ p-,/. T`g4b)+ p + .}p O-PRQ " $ S P Qio7P ]RT PT`]CQio7T`QbfPQaPRV \ig4Pcb \ig O%P T+ p}p P b}PGrg4P

    l " $ ; l[ " ; " ; ; G l ` " ;

    m o7PVcP " { "%$ { ; " "%$ { ; G o7PgQo5PVWPXT`Y] PRQGV\sjh5PRg6R\iY[Z l[ Y l a a Z o5T`]Qo5Pnk_`YiY_ m \ig d]h7PXQVWT`Yh4VW_ch7PVQ Qo5PPR\edfPRg`T`Y P]_lkQo5P T`QV\eh7Pg4\iY l[ Y TNVWPxQo5PK]T P T] Qo5_`]RP_3k Y PW1XPah6Q Qio7T`Q Qo5PxX_ h6YPc?X_`g dfTNQ PxPR\edfPRg`T`Y P] _3k ! T`VWPVcP h4YT}XPXb S Qo5P X_ h6YPc?X_`g d T`QaP g S PRVX] $ $ p VW__3k TB s x @oTCFTTlBT%o oT 1 c49Y~ 1 !oB9CYoX Y ToY

    0T9+FXXC 7>6 C Tx Y !

    G B ~ 9 1 TB s [ "!Us B %TxB

    '*),+ ! '*),+ '*),+ '*),+

    ! " ; " ; " ; ; ( " $ ; ! o 9 " ; ; ; ! ! 9 {

    1 " ; ( ; ;

  • VYKMdcV>O+AC:cDFb)VV7%J>V>R@R;K[O@dK[O:@b;:@Rc?):TS+KM< 4VO@KsD 0TX0XCX

    F '*),+ Y F Y Y 1 { 1 " ; ( ; ;

    F Y F9 >6 o 1 { 1 " ; ( ; ;

    F Y F9 >6 1 { " s>6 ( ; ' 9

    F Y

    !x(99!x 9 C 7>6n 1 1 " s>:( ; '

    F Y !x( 9!x C ;s> " ; ' u G> "

    T9 "%$ CXC 8 94 $ oT $ ol-9CXB&CZ~-ToX;B9~oXC0)T%olToX ; "%$ ; "%$*' ; Q0CCXX

    C ;s> " ; ' u G> " ! $ x $ 0T9l[l '*),+ ! TBlC%B9~oXC0B Y CC99F0Y~ oll9TXB $ $

    99pFT!0C9B Z 9l9C9&CX9&TB~lTo;CBlB9~oXC|l3ao;T9o|0ToT|-9FpoXC&CT~aZl4ol49T9 '*),+ Y FlCC0BFFlT&oBT9ollCoZCoCBl9CXB9~oXCXl9TXBClllBT9C-9a

    ;4C~lT~%lC4l94oXCXCB9~oXC%T9X9Blp Y l94lC-lo!B3CT~XCY 8 T 2 /2 2 -CTC oT XC& 0x|X9X s a !>G B Q0T9 oY B9CTp0o Y C ; > T ; > Q0Ca%BBlC [XX~CaBY~XY

    ; ; ; `CG ; ; ; ; ; `NG x

    LXY~XC40XXT ; X G T s x F%Tx

    ; ; ; ; ; ; ; `N4FYC ' ; ; 8 oTa z FCol&lC BC3B9TFFT TBl9XC9p~laYllB9X!0CBl9XC4TTZXYaBY~lB+F%Tx

    > ; ; > a ; ; ; ; B ; 1 ; ; > ; ; > a > ; ; > ; ; a

    CCB C 9 x 0CXXCXaTolC4~l > ; ; > cCYXCTX;oY!CTB ; ; B a @0C9) ; ; ; 1 G

  • 7xP:@?BAC:;DFEIxJcP~OQP~R+:YS+SF:INP WXNPaDK[O:cOcR p6 h}h7_]RPQo5T`Q Ya p o7Pg7Z 8 a \^] T`Y[]R_ T`g P\ed PgNh5TN\iV _lk l[ ! d}\ PRg S *)+ p .Np VW__3k XT o9XCT0o ! T%TxB

    " TB s [ [BX~|To

    '*),+ '.),+ '.),+

    " $ ; " " ; " ; ; " ;

    " " $ ; " " " ; ; "8

    " 1 " ; ; 1 " ; "8 " ; ; "8 " ;

    " ; ; ; " ; ; ; TB s C!B9XCC lCUTTlB+xH9FCB@lCQl9~lBTT 99 lCQB9aB+lF9Xo

    &T|CX&9X9~oXC TlCYTX Y BoY!lT~QTT|CX&9X9~oXC$ )lC%C>C~lYTX Y

    8 z`z Nz z UC $ BC99XZ~C&o -'*),+ Y ` Cl G FC 9lCBTXCBCX0olU #=?> @ TTplT~s> " ; ' s> " `N XC { s>6n 1 " ; ' 9 ~s>6n " 6NG Z

    0TC9ZT9l9 C9lB%lCXoXTCX99C9XBl% -'*),+ !9laYFT&l $ $ >oYC!B9alp0o ! 9laTCCl T9lC!X~`poNpoT[l4~lB G oTCXlC lC!C0oZaB9~oXC $ $

    ACB "T)"7 U) O%PRQ US PCT`g?P\ed PRg`h7T`\iV*_lk !nm \iQo ; > Z m o7PVWP bfPV\ `P] kXVW_ )+ p + . ZT`g4b \^]n]X\ \iYTNV#Qa_ zz z z Z m \iQo *S PR\ig dxTNg \^]R_NYT`QaPXbX_ h4YPW PR\edfPRg`T`Y P _3k !Rp 6 h}h7_]RP Qio7T`QUQio7Pg4_`g? 3P \ TNYPRg6XPQVWTNg5]k_`V T`Q\s_`g )+ p .\^] TXh}h6Ye\sPcb Qa_KVWPah6YTfXP Qo5P g m TNg7QaPXbP\ed PRg`T`Y P] Z S $ Z $}pK o7Pg7Z

    l[ l[ l `Cm o7PVcP ]RT`Q\^]r P] )+ p + . ZUTNg6b

  • VYKMdcV>O+AC:cDFb)VV7%J>V>R@R;K[O@dK[O:@b;:@Rc?):TS+KM< 4VO@KsD VW__3k Cl s

    ('*),+ '*),+ '*),+ G

    "&$(' " " ; ' > "

    T9l ' ; oY "%$ " " FYC s T9 oB9CYoX Y ToY l~lXT G Z F 9T9YF To

    " ; ' > " ` 3 1 " ; ' >6: " " ; ' >6: " NG>6: " ; ' 1~G>6 " " ; ' >6: " 0T9l[l G 9

    N " $ ' " " ; ' s>6n " N " $ ' 1 1 " " ; ' G>6: " Ns>6n " $ ' 9 1~s> " 1~s>6 " $ ' os>6n " 6N9T9C lC9B[X~|

    Z|Cl~ZF|oXlC,[BXCXC!%To)BC99&TB~lC-9plY%B9~oXCocT%CT~al4ol9YXv

    ,1;;U B UGFC lXTZ|oc 0o CX &CZ~ljLB9~oXC

    g g m TNg7QaPXbX_ h6YPc P\ed PgTNY PZ #=?> @ ZT`g4bxQo5PX_`VVWP]h5_Ng6b`\ig1d P\ed PgPXRQ _NVXZ 2 2 : 2 :2 . n2 =?> @ Z m \iQo2 : Z 2 US PR\ig d Y\ig6PXTNVY \ig6bfP h7PRg6b}PRg7Q h7T`\iV _3k X_ h6YPc c_Ng d T`QaP*g S PRVX]XZ $ T`g4b $ Z m o1\sXoITNVWPKT]X]\edNg4PcbQ _ S PPR\edfPRg`T`Y P] _lkjQo5P h7b}T`QaP*] PQV\s T`QV\e*h5PRg6R\iY

    PRQGV\s T`QV\sXP]XZ+ Z TNg6b Z%] Xo Qio7T`Q+ TNg6b TNVWPh7_]\iQG\ `P*bfPsrg7\iQaP p/ PQV\s TNQGV\sXP]|aZ axT`g4b a p( Y ]RP8)+ p-, . T`g6b)+ p + . Qa_urg4bUQio7PnPR\edfPRg`h7T`\iV 1 _lk Qo5Pn_NV\edN\ig4T`Y TNQGV\e h5PRg6R\iY

    ! ] co?Qio7T`Q 1 T`g4b ; >61p( + q PRQ PRV \ig6P 7 TNg6b 9 S ]\ig dnk_`V YT)+ p .}p( ) O-PRQ"%$ 4 65 Z " { "%$ { ; TNg6b " "%$ { ; p( h7b}T`QaP

    l "%$ ; l[ " ; " ; ; l ` " ;

    CCBHCQ "0TpUF9CX &CBoQB9~oXC>Cp%-Y)l9TXB

    "YoXl%|CX B&CZ~4C&Yl9l9oaFoTC XBT TBl+C%BlB%FTTl%o@CT~aol '*),+ B '*),+ 0BXoa

    ( "5 :&) UDU jS _ `PZ m P#o5T `Pb`\^]R ]X]RPXb o5_ m Q _VcP h4YT}XP g m T`gQ PXbxX_ h6YPW X_`g d T`QaP PR\ed PgTNY P]XZ TNg6b Z S h6VcP]RRV\ S PXb c_Ng d T`QaPxg S PRVX]cZ $ TNg6b $ Z m o5PRg6P `PV

  • 7xP:@?BAC:;DFEIxJcP~OQP~R+:YS+SF:INP WXNPaDK[O:cOcR @ > > \^] ]\ \iYTNVKQ _ ! z " ! z ZnT`g4b

  • VYKMdcV>O+AC:cDFb)VV7%J>V>R@R;K[O@dK[O:@b;:@Rc?):TS+KM< 4VO@KsD z z z z px _:rg6b "&$) &-, 9 $B; B "

  • 7xP:@?BAC:;DFEIxJcP~OQP~R+:YS+SF:INP WXNPaDK[O:cOcR @ CT = > @ BlCBTvZ TxB

    { { T { { / { { T / { / ! w !

    CTFlClC%CC9YBCTC T !> Y[ XZ Y Z C FpoX

    < w ! T T9l

    <

    "%$ 3 4 65 C Tx "%$ "%$ 4o 7 7 9 9 T B

    TB s oTl9~XY G B !>s B ZT~To7 7 $9 7 9 9 9 ! $ 9

    T9l oY $ BCFX+7 7 7 9 - 9 9 9 9 !

    0T9+

    7 7 7 7 7 7 - T 9 9 9 9 9 9 - T x

    T9l j j , U T U T9$ ClllC-9aF CCo|oC~lQ0T T YTX3-Yp4oXlTo oC9T9BCl-l9l4XBXC XaBY~XY T T T x |9Y;4CXBTTllCB9l4l9~l& lCal4~lB4o>T|9lBHYBCTC[ 7!oT9>H0ZY9ZTx 7 7

    7

    7

    - 7

    7

    ( ! 9 9

    9

    9

    ! 9

    9

    -

  • VYKMdcV>O+AC:cDFb)VV7%J>V>R@R;K[O@dK[O:@b;:@Rc?):TS+KM< 4VO@KsD s9[lTCBT9oTXoX+B-9XoTCXClC3pToXlCXl[TTlBT%9B9po|~oCXo69T9TC3To

    z

    z

    z

    oT z CYCl9~lBloXT;[TTlBT!X oT 3lCl9X)

    9T9YFTo

    7 7 6 ( ! T 9 9 . - T Z

    T9l ~F9BHYBCBXX) ~oT HX~C9l9YBCBoX Y ` T olT59lT-9T9olYBCTCHX T oT Y BTCB TT C C~

    ! 2 w T CTFlC Y "!U Y Zl Y Z BC|lXoX4 " $ o4FXa&YXClC [XX~C

    "%$ "%$ 4o 7 7 9 9 > w - T BT9l

    > T 9B ! 2 T 4o

    B X ? YXC Y T oT Y F CloX3oCC9|TT[

    " $ ; " $ ; " $ w ! 9T9lC%9lB0YBCT[ '.),+

    '*),+ '.),+ " $ w - T

    ;!al4~l|lClQTTC[ '.),+ T '.),+ TpC9a-TTlClYBCT[B {

    Cl s Z FYx { { { { { { w -

    T9l

    ! 2 9T9XoCF9lo~BY!CloX3lC-l|TTC[ '*),+ T '.),+B0X9X~

    '*),+ '*),+ "%$

  • 7xP:@?BAC:;DFEIxJcP~OQP~R+:YS+SF:INP WXNPaDK[O:cOcR w ! Y

    BTZC9ZlBx[B Y T oT Y C~lT~@lCCCaBT~oX9YpoT[B4oX G 0C9lXoXY3lpoCX

    +i -, &)!"T;- 9;! #"CU6-$6"+0%"C4&-, (*"+&-, .%"C40+&-,Z!"7B MoaYx9TXC9lTClT YlBCT|9C;BCaoBcToXcoTBC9!&CBoB9~oXC 3lCX+>-BTF|T&CloT9YlBC9Zo9B9po;aoB9~oXC

    X|!ClT~xCooXxF0-BlXCX BB3oolCpolC9&olo9X9~oXCa $ $ ClC '*),+ Y 0C!!oTolC-lZCXl99Z|lT~C&BoT3>Cl4olX9|l943BlB&F9TCBTXp9T9X0TaB9loTTXp4x3BXooBl3lCBXC9Z0Cl9l9

    X "lC&Yl %$ $ HC[BX~TlCF9CFlBXXZ9a "lC4~la TFoTlCCXYoT4olX9 $ T TpY~%Tl4~l9T9 '*),+ Y

    '.),+ '*),+ 6 '*),+ ;Y lClT

    '*),+ ! $ $ - 9 T9l

    '*),+ $ ; '*),+ 8 ; ; '*),+ ` ;

    4aX9lT~4lCCBFZCXxTllT[B4oX B oTaB9X9FCBll BX` aZC9T9-ao 9XxT $ $ CC>C~l9lX|ol9T9 '*),+ Y HFpoXlTlB0[l-Co T

    { w {

    2 2 ; {

    { w {

    2 2 ; { {

    2 2 ; {9

    ` { w {

    2 2 ; {

    T9C9 6 oY ` CT t T w ol X9

    t v2 ; { 2 T w

    Q$ ( $ t B

    0T[B&Co09oYa~lFX-oTCX-!BX& ZCTYloFB9~oXCTC%C0oZalU9XZ~C loUC&Y|~&X

    0T9CFCBYZa9X~`FXxFC C>CoXCo)lC%9B4~laCZXTlC&Yl t oT w T9C[BlC-CBXC9Za|TxY99CFlU slCZTZXTxY9CC+HC39Z9X9Z&4~la C>Co3BCXT%lNZ 9lX TCoB0C%TFa0XX)C|CXB4949Z!TTo-CplXY%C9X9~oXCo&X@CFXlXpX 8 9p~lBT9@Tp-4~lZ4~l&ClT9oXTHlNZ"C>C~lHpoXTXpX+4B CloT[TB9[l4oT99CFlTT

  • VYKMdcV>O+AC:cDFb)VV7%J>V>R@R;K[O@dK[O:@b;:@Rc?):TS+KM< 4VO@KsD ;FB [l-C G xT%BTXFXClC -l9p~X% G xT9l

    lT~

    w { 2 2 ; {

    2 { 2

    2 { 2 ;

    !o&BTBlT~aF[

    t v2 ; { 2

    v2 ; { w { { { 2 { 2 ; { { 2 v2 ; {

    2 w { {

    2 ; { 2 { 2 ; { { 2 T

    { 2 { w { 6 { { 2 { 2 ; { { 2

    { 2 w {

    { 2 ; { { 2 { 2 {

    0T9l[lZ[B&CX 9Y!FXa[l G XXC

    2 { 2 T $

    BCFX+@4~la $ T 9CXCTCaCpXY G oT

    XXX~[B&Co G T G 9oFpoXC-[@lC|oCTBC~l4~la oT(

    C~.Cl~XFoXlC [4lC&CloT9YlXTZo%9poaoB9~oXC

    ,1;;U B UGFC X-ClC9BT lXTZ|o J|o%LQX9~oXCa

    ]RPQ _lkjVcPcTNY!g S PVX] $ ]RPQ _lk g m T`gQ PXbKVWPXTNY%P\ed PRg`h7T`\iVX] ! W2 ? PQV\s T`QV\sXP]| Z TNg6b ] co Qio7T`Q; ZT`g4b T`VWPh5_`]X\iQ\ `P bfPsrg7\iQaP p

    / g7QaPd PRV Z] PQV\s T`QV\sXP]lZ lT`g4b l[ p( _ h Q P 2 Z 6I2 @ " p( + _ h Q P 2 ; 2 ; p " @ 9 " p( ) 9 2 ;

  • 7xP:@?BAC:;DFEIxJcP~OQP~R+:YS+SF:INP WXNPaDK[O:cOcR'&?6A@CBED?BGFIHJ< K-4*'L-%& @M-6N*'L 5-%7PO

    llo9B Tll '.),+ '*),+ '*),+ lopo"ZC9ZlX+lXCB " Q R X-ClC9BT0lXCB " " " " " "

    TB;C HBTB4Y~CX-TpoCTlXTZ&lCF-l9X9Z0TlC!T99lX lXTZ09CFU

    TS&- n"CU[&-,(*"7!,!B lCX4X+XXTlloT9X9T9oTCXCBFZCXxTllT[loXTTXC 9CoCX 0C3YlCoCXoC~l%?VU 3loQZTClo&4olYTXv0C9T9X9C~a%39-o9FYX9ZlcCololXT4[B.CoZTB%XTFTl @C9lXo;CX99Cp~lBT09[la 9ZlC 33 4pCXC TT 8

  • VYKMdcV>O+AC:cDFb)VV7%J>V>R@R;K[O@dK[O:@b;:@Rc?):TS+KM< 4VO@KsD M TM0C- 4olX9|

    ~oXT~lZ9XC

    N % N B N } N 1 N % N N N } N

    % N N 1 f B f N N N N f} % N N

    N f N }f N N N N } N f

    f N } N } N F N }f N } f N ` }f N N f N ` B } N N F N N N }

    N N % N }1 }C f N } N N N NC T N N N } T N f 1 N N } } N

    % N 1 N C

    0T9T9 Y TB[BCao9X9~oXCaT4[BCYoX;BT99&TB~lB9~oXCH0C [TaoU9XxT0oT9laTCC&9XZBpol

    < > N N F N ` N

    2 32 32!

    N BB N N N C N }} N N } } N B N N N }

    N N } N `f N } N }f N

    CCBlT~|%lXoX>T [ClB9~oXClC!

    $ $ $ f BllC 9ClT c XcTl4T T9XZ~Ca-o

    XCaU0C%4~la oTlC!FoBToU4olX9? $ F T( TTFFT9 BllC [|BXCXC&C TplCl9%9XxT0ol

    C N N N } N } f % }

    C f N B f N

    % + 1 N Nf N } % N

    % N

  • 7xP:@?BAC:;DFEIxJcP~OQP~R+:YS+SF:INP WXNPaDK[O:cOcR

  • VYKMdcV>O+AC:cDFb)VV7%J>V>R@R;K[O@dK[O:@b;:@Rc?):TS+KM< 4VO@KsD

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    500 5 10

    15 20 2530 35 40

    45

    0

    0.5

    1

    1.5

    2

    2.5

    x 108

    abs(Mnew

    M)

    ! !"$# %'&)(*,+-%.#0/

    1325468759:;:=@?2A:B;BCED$:=FHG4DI7A93J7K7A9:=G4@GLM:N?3OQPJSRT:GUV:'752WJSG3;XY4@2A6ZJ75OT4@G;[J@25:=;5?O\75LJ@]RT:@CJSG3^_2A:RTO`JS]RT:@CXY4@2,6=4H^:R75?GOTG>ba254]RT:6Z;cOTGda2WJ@UV75O`UV:@Ce]f:BUBJS?3;5:g7593:?2A:B;c;594Dh7593JS74GRTidJjXY:BDk2A4Dl;m4@2gUV4RQ?36-G;n25:N?3OQ2A:$6=4o^oOQ@:B2:2A2542A;tJSRTDtJeiH;URQ?;)7A:2jJ@254?G3^u759:K7A9OT2A^vJ@G3^xwyLM759x2A4Dl;WzSUV4RQ?6=G3;Bpr{t9O`;2A:B;5?RQ7KOT;K;5OQ6=OTRTJ@2_754x7A9:Z25:;?3R\7KOTG}| ~pl:BG3UV:Cc7593:Z:V:BU7AOQP:G:;5;_4@X$7A9:ZG4GoLM:N?OQPJ@RQ:BG3UV:7A2AJ@G3;XY4@2A6=JS75OT4@G3;;AJ75O`;@OTG::B25OTG>-:Voaf:BU7WJ7AOQ4G3;p

    {t93:4@2A:V7AOTUBJSRTRQiC7593:G4GoL:BN?OTPeJ@RQ:BG3UV:752WJSG3;XY4@2A6ZJ7AOQ4G3;Mop wJSG3^wpySuUJ@G]f:hJ@aoLa3RQOT:B^Z2A:af:BJS75:^oRQiZ?3G7AOQRf7A9:ba3254o^o?3UV7$6ZJ7A25O`UV:;$u=4@2JS2A:lG4-RT4@G>:2af4;5OQ75OTP@:b;5:6=OQL^:V@:BGHPeJ@RQ?3:B;lJSf:U7A;l759:-J@UBUV?2WJ@Ui4SXn7593:GH?6=:2AOTUBJSRc2A:B;5?RQ7A;Bp{t93:2A:VXY4@2A:@C7A9:K4@2W^o:2lJ@RT;54ZJ:BUV7A;7593:Ka4;OQ75OTPHO\7)i4SXn6=JS752AOTU:B;)JSG^)fp${t9?;CH7A9:42A^:2t4SXm25:BaRTJUV:B6-:BG7t4@X7A9:K?GHDJ@G75:B^:OT>@:BGHPeJ@RQ?3:B;t^o:BUOT^:B;7593:K:V:BU7AOQP:G:;5;t4@X,7A9:_RQ4D2WJSG3F=752WJSG3;XY4@2A6ZJ75OT4@G;p

    c[,BY,@-G759O`;a3JSaf:2ClD:93JeP:a2A4@af4;5:B^RT4D2WJSGF}G4GoLM:N?OQPJ@RQ:BG3UV:7A2AJ@G3;XY4@2A6=JS75OT4@G3;$XY42j:OT>@:BGHPeJ@RQ?3:K:6]f:B^3^oOQG3>a2A4@]RT:6Z;OTGJZN?3J@^o2WJ7AOTU_PHOT]2WJ75OTG>;5io;)7A:6xp{t93:K752WJSG3;XY4@2A6ZJ7AOQ4G3;t:BN?OTavDO\7A9;5:P@:B2AJ@RcUW93JS2WJ@UV75:B2A;7A93J7bUBJSGv]f:GO`UV:BRQiuO`;l:;af:BUOTJ@RQRTiOQ6=af4@257AJSG7lXY427593::Voaf:2AOQ6=:BG7W;7A93J7[G::^o:B^7A4.]:x2A:VL^o:B;5OQ>G:B^]HiJ@^o4ao75OTG>Jh]3J@UWFHDtJS2W^.752WJSG;)XY4256ZJ7AOQ4Gcpk:;O`^o:B;BCD9:Gk759:v?3aoL^3J75OTG>x:OT>@:BGHPeJ@RQ?3:B;KJS2A:ZUV46-a3RQ:C759:ZG34@GoL:BN?OTPJSRT:G3U:'7A2AJ@G3;XY4@2A6=JS75OT4@G3;[G:B:B^h4@G3RQi25:JSRJ@25OQ75936-:75O`U_:GHPHOQ2A4@G36-:BG7Bpr1?327A9:2A6=4@2A:@CoD9OTRQ:dJZU4@6=aRT:VU4@G)?3>J7A:Ka3JSOT24SXn:OT>@:BGHPeJ@RQ?3:B;O`;jJ;5;5OT>@G:^EC37A9::B252A4@2bJSG3J@RQio;5OT;b;?>>@:;)7W;759J7j7A9:-G4@GoL:BN?OTPJSRT:G3U:K752WJSG;)XY4256ZJ7AOQ4G3;lJ@25:GH?6=:B25O`UJ@R$]3JUWFHDJ@2A^;7AJ@]RQ:p1mOQGJSRTRQiCr7593:GH?6=:2AO`UJSRt:Haf:2AOT6-:BG7A;=^o:6=4G3;)7A2AJS75:^.7593JS77A9:dUV46=a?o7AJS75OT4@G3J@R25:;?RQ7A;;AJ7AOT;XYiHOQG3>'7A9:K:G3>@OTG::B25OTG>=25:N?OQ2A:6=:BG7W;p

  • 7xP:@?BAC:;DFEIxJcP~OQP~R+:YS+SF:INP WXNPaDK[O:cOcR

  • VYKMdcV>O+AC:cDFb)VV7%J>V>R@R;K[O@dK[O:@b;:@Rc?):TS+KM< 4VO@KsD

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    500

    510

    1520

    2530

    3540

    45

    0

    2

    4

    6

    8

    10

    logarithm of abs(Cnew

    C))

    ~P "4@* 1&?,A("#8 , -+*A;P71"'L 5A, - -% 1 K"' :"#8Q l[B L O

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    500 5 10

    15 20 2530 35 40

    45

    0

    0.5

    1

    1.5

    2

    2.5

    3

    3.5

    4

    4.5

    x 109

    abs(Knew

    K)

    33H rt t V !"$# &(*m+=#0/

    Nt` $G [PG DPF/KS PN/F:JNPJV53WNMMJ8J/GFkDK$K8KS 58R)`&NtWJV5`kFOGFkD/A s._]X(Y[ZO\^[_e\B`]`.^`[A j dIa/~/~ " gMA6`.`Ob/} h cv~

    ! b #&% cl[,O]46@+:9 +:9:; )t@ [-lO]:AWJV5mPN!MJ8J8GFkDu$K8KS 58R)x NPJV5m`]FOGFkD8A * `.k f ~/a/]AO.r-Y[Z._er/`OuvZ8-AB "Wf/f

    ! # @ {10 :H[90O+:9:; n {1 +:[email protected] $GSR SGT/F$"V m SD$SK QU5e8J IGSR$PG DWF W eBKS WNVAX(Y[Z.\^[_e.\`.`.^`[AOa/a/bed "Wf/f b8gMA:`.`:b8c hkj/f

    ! c # A r/FSMU]GW WFLJVEIGT/FK") _Q_ IGQ/Fv!"qN` $G[- V`PFW KS PNEA X(Y[Z\^[_e\B`]`.^`[AOa/} " d "Wf/f b8gMA:`.` " b h-i b

    ! j5#e H[9*ABF DV $GQQkN}") &R/NBKSSGFkD-Q_WG[DVPF` ]R5`B KM"j' DVB N` $G[KB H/FS/NVGQ A

  • 7xP:@?BAC:;DFEIxJcP~OQP~R+:YS+SF:INP WXNPaDK[O:cOcR (+"%>*'L K-%745AL ,.7 5A74&)6A@

    -%& @M-674,. 152%,.5A #-3*'7474& @6( -6, ( -%, ">'7 IHwzr 49PUptux&ltvu3Ksr9tvr~}ltvwzr~}p 7 x}pH:cr~}p ywzyravrxIo8c}prxxxIaCzwz~}aIa~a~}pM Ix{x{ZP 5P

    I" *', 2A&?6A@ 6&?, -+-L -%(+-%6, (+"%>-L 7G, " ( ">M-L >*,.* ISF}prayPx:@L%7 V;I v Io{x{ZP aP

    $# &% ')((*+ ,# & .- /!oI10 - -%& @M-674,. 15 2,.5 K-3"=8 *'6 *' ;&?,. K*' 32 "'L 2'6!"'(C& *'L:( *',. 1& $+4

    24"'( !5A, *',.& "'6!*'L *'7.-=2%,.7 IDwzrZPa:czxPx:;{x{xPzI M jI{x{ZP 5/aP

    657+98 /:3(FI~S+uxc:;za}pwz@VYwzr}pza 4az I7P :P -%L 7 57=&)6A@ * 7?2'(+(+-%,. 1&)2-%& @M-69@

    74,. 152%,.5A K- *'7474& @6( -6, , -42$6&BA%5- I:cKs:;:Ix $v Io{x{ZP 65p o 65paP