case study of disadvantaged families (poorest of the poor) of naogaon district towards possible...

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Case Study of Disadvantaged Families (Poorest of the Poor)

Towards Possible Linkage under the Coverage of SSNP

(“A Group Report on study of few disadvantaged families, causes of their fall back and

possible way out to overcome their wretched status within Social Safety Net Programs”)

Module Name Village Study

Module No. 10

Module Director Mohammad Mamun

Submitted to

Mohammad Mamun

Submitted By

Participants of P-61st Foundation Training Course

Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre (BPATC)Savar, Dhaka


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praise goes to the Almighty, the merciful and supreme authority of the universe for his

immense blessings on us so that we have been able to complete this research work of field

attachment program successfully.

Thanks and best regards to the honorable course adviser Md. Zaydul Hoque Molla, ndc and

respected course director Md. A. Razzaque Sarker along with total course management

team of P-61st FTC Mr. from the core of the heart.

Our sincere gratitude goes to the Module Director of Module-10, Mohammad Mamun for

his precious guidance with proper focus on the assigned task . We’re also thankful to the

Module Director of Module-18, Md. Abul Basher for describing the formulation and facts

of conducting social research work in a true reasonable manner.

Our heartfelt thanks to the authorities of field attachment program namely the Deputy

Commissioner of Naogaon District, the Focal Point, Upazila Chairman, Upazila Nirbahi

Officer of Raninagar and Atrai Upazila, Upazila Officer about Women affairs of Raninagar

Upazila and Upazila Election Officer of Atrai Upazila, Naogaon. The district administration

and focal point selected the appropriate upazilas to conduct the study while the Upazila

Chairman and the UNO assisted us on the social safety net programs running locally and

supported with vehicle to assess the proper regions containing the target group. To reach the

places where govt. services are difficult to provide the Upazila Officer about women affairs

accompanied us and helped tremendously on the spot to assess and sort the ultra poor

families. We’re also grateful to the local community leader for his generous sharing of facts

on causes of poverty, govt. grants, micro credit facility and economic status of the selected

locality.

Lastly, our thanks and gratitude to the local people for their kind support to maintain

constructive environment while collecting necessary information of the selected persons and

their families.


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Abstract

Purpose of this study and report is to learn about the social safety net programs (SSNP) of

the govt., living status of ultra poor people, causes of their social fall back, sort out the way

out of the problem with possible linkage under SSNP. Marginal people living at remote

rural areas are often lacking in terms of food availability, standard living, health and

education facility, earning opportunity and social security. To mitigate the sufferings of

extreme poor people Bangladesh govt. runs social safety net programs in various aspects.

The target group of SSNPs is the people living with some sort of disabilities or be support

less. This SSNPs have already achieved reasonable success at field level and some

recognition at international level. This study report will help the authority to know and take

active steps on the poverty situation of four disadvantaged families of Dakkhin Rajapur,

Raninagar Upazila and Railway Colony of Atrai Upazila, Naogaon District and their

possible linkages to bring under SSNP for an effective and systematic withdrawal of the

ultra poor state for them.


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Table of Contents

Part One: Introduction and Methodology Page

1.0 Introduction ...…………………………………………………………..…….01

1.1 Objective ………………………………………………………….…………..01

1.2 Scope ………………………………………………………………………….01

1.3 Arrangement of Chapters …………………………………………………..…02

2.0 Literature Review ………………………..……………………………………02

3.0 Methodology …………………………………………….……………………04

3.1 Local Feature …,….………………………………….…………….………….03

3.2 Research Question ...……………………………………………………….….04

3.3 Field Data Collection …………………..……………………………………..04

Part Two: Analysis, Findings & Recommendations

4.0 Research Outcome ….…………………………………………………………05

4.1 Data Analysis and Findings …………………………………………………...05

5.0 Recommendations ...…………………………………………………………...07

6.0 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………..07

Part Three: Appendices & References

Appendix-A ………………………..……………..……………………………….08

Appendix-B …………….………………………..………………….………….…09

Appendix-C ……………………………………………………………………….10-14

Bibliography/References ………………………………………………………….15


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List of Tables

Table-1: The Broad Categories of SSNPs in Bangladesh ………………………….......Page-03

Table-2: Recommendations and Action Plan for individual disadvantaged Families ....Page-07

Table-3: Naogaon District Poverty level comparison among Upazilas ………………..Page-08


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List of Figures

Figure-1: Mst. Aduri Khatun with child at her shack ………………………….......Page-05

Figure-2: Family of Jinnah Poramanik at his cottage ..............................................Page-06

Figure-3: Conversation with Mst. Razia during data collection …………………...Page-10

Figure-4: Survey Team with Asia Begum and other poor families ………………...Page-13

Figure-5: Data collection from ultra poor families at Raninagar Upazila …..…..….Page-14

Figure-6: Data collection from ultra poor families at Atrai Upazila …...…….…….Page-14


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1.0 Introduction:

There are a number of poor families at marginal level struggling with less than minimum

facilities to survive. This disadvantaged condition gradually separates away the victim

families from mainstream life standard leading to social problems like illiteracy, socialinsecurity, unhealthy life finally burden to the society. All these features make poverty a

deep problem but a little support from the community may be the reinforcement all they

needed to pick the way of gradual improvement.

1.1 Objective:

The research aimed to dig out the depth of struggle of those ultra poor and its consequences

in terms of social indiscipline. In addition to that our target was to identify the pinpoints to

be hit leading to break the cycle of poverty and sort the possible aid to bring them from

inability to some sort of capability.

1.2 Scope:

The study was conducted based on the questions on; “standard of living (in terms of

availability of basic needs), source of income, family history, causes of migration (if any),

points of incapability, availability of govt. grant, microcredit opportunity, access to health

and education”. Under the curriculum of P-61st FTC, the administration of our concerned

attached district selected Raninagar and Atrai Upazila of Naogaon district for us (ten

participants) to conduct the research. With the help of Upazila administration we’ve picked

four disadvantaged families (poorest of the poor) of Dakkhin Rajapur village, Raninagar

Upazila and four disadvantaged families (poorest of the poor) of Railway Colony, Atrai

Upazila to carry the study. Total field work (study of local SSNP, poverty situation,

preparation of questionnaire, location selection, picking families, data collection and

processing, analysis and report submission in terms of suggestions for the local

administration) has been performed during 21-03-2016 to 24-03-2016.


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1.3 Arrangement of Chapters:

This research paper has been fragmented in few chapters where,

“Literature review” contains the link of previous work relevant to this study,

“Methodology” contains the detail strategy to address research questions through

systematic approach of data collection and justifications behind recommended solutions,

“Data Analysis” contains the presentation of core findings of the field data in an

understandable way,

“Recommendations” contains the specific suggestion against each of the cases relating

to the SSNPs and

“Conclusion” contains the summary of the findings, its significance for poverty

alleviation and further scope of study on it.

2.0 Literature Review:

Bangladesh has emerging progress of eradicating 16 million people out of poverty during

past few years while poverty remains a major concern with about 26 million still live in

extreme poverty (World Bank, 2006). We’ve concentrated on Raninagar Upazila thatcontains 4.9% population living under poverty line while Atrai Upazila contains 5.0%

(Upazila level povmap estimate by BBS, 2010). Government of Bangladesh implements a

number of Social Safety Net Programs to support the poor and disadvantaged. These SSNPs

have a remarkable outcome in terms of poverty alleviation with strong effectiveness but still

70% of poorest of poor people could not be brought under any safety net support basically

due to shortcomings in identifying poor beneficiaries. There’re 98 different SSNPs are

being operated by GoB. Being a result based program SNSPs are set against specific

performance indicators particularly for poor women, disables, widows and olds (UNDP-

PPRC, 2012). The previous literatures give idea about the outcomes but local individual

root causes on the issue are yet to be explored. At this point we have the opportunity to dig

out individual background causes of the extreme poverty and issues that left them away

from being identified to take under rehabilitation programs. In addition to that we have

found ourselves with significant scope of supporting the administration with facts and

figures working with the SSNPs for ultra poor. Our core stand with the study is very much


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specified that is to act as the missing link between those unaddressed underprivileged

community and appropriate safety net schemes.

Table -1: The Broad Categories of SSNPs in Bangladesh (Khan T H, 2013)

Cash Transfer Food transfer Price subsidy Job generating Others

Old Age

Allowances

Vulnerable

Group Feeding

Agricultural

inputs Subsidy

Vulnerable

Group

Development

Housing for the

Homeless

Maternity

Allowance for

Retard/Disable

Person

Test Relief,

Food for Works

Subsidy for

Marginal

Farmers to

cope with the

Fuel Price

Hike

Rural

Employment

Opportunities

for Public

Assets

Efficiency

Development

Fund for

Expatriate

Workers

Allowance to

the Widowed

Gratuitous

Relief

Food Subsidy 100 days

Employment

Generation

Program

Ekti Bari Ekti

Khamar

Honorarium for

the Insolvent

Freedom

Fighters

Primary

education

Stipend Project

Power Subsidy Employment

Project for

Beggers

Microcredit

Female

Secondary

School

Assistance

Community

Nutrition

Program

health care National

Service

Free schooling


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3.0 Methodology:

3.1 Local Feature:

The main feature of the selected locality is all the families living here are landless and

displaced. They live on the riverside protecting dam by hand to mouth earning. They don’t

have fixed source of income. Health and sanitation facility is very limited. Access to

education is difficult due to poverty and unavailability of Govt. grant. At this point four

families are selected from the community based on extreme level of poverty and physical

inability.

3.2 Research Questions:

What is the level of poverty in terms of living standard?

What is/are the specific problem(s) of the disadvantaged families?

What is/are root cause(s) acting behind the ultra poverty state?

What is the way out with linkage to the govt. SSNPs?

3.3 Field Data Collection:

To identify appropriate ultra poor families and to get answer to the research questions both

primary and secondary data sources are accessed and used. With consultation of UNO,Raninagar Upazila riverbank dam of Dakkhin Rajapur village and Atrai Upazila Railway

Colony of Pachupur Union were selected to be surveyed for ultra poor families. Under the

guidance of local public representatives, upazila officer about women affairs of Raninagar

Upazila and upazila election officer of Atrai Upazila the spots were visited by the team and

a sample questionnaire form containing 20 questions was filled by question answer with 8

families. Among those two extremely struggling families were selected to bring under the

domain of local social safety net programs. As per the upazila administration and other

relevant govt. offices that dam region was the place where govt. facilities are not available

at all and the people residing there are extremely helpless. In addition to that the people

living at Railway Colony of Atrai Upazila are also being ignored from govt. services. That

is why we selected them for our study and found it appropriate while conducting discussion

session with the local people and those poor families in person. Most of the family members

were illiterate, that’s why the questionnaire session was like an informal discussion and we

wrote down the collected information according to the set questions. From the set questions

(Appendix: B) our research questions were tried to be answered properly.


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4.0 Research Outcome:

4.1 Data Analysis and Findings:

Data analysis is something to on collected data, dig deeper for understanding and

representation of the data for derivation of interpretation towards amplified meaning. The

theme of this study is to convert data into understandable forms with correlation to poverty

factors to facilitate easy interpretation and understanding for readers. The collected data

were articulated, analyzed manually and transcribed into texts. Results are presented

through narrative text, simple computations logical reasoning.

Family-1:

Name: Mst. Aduri Khatun

Address: Dakkhin Rajapur, Raninagar Upazila

Summary Findings:

Home condition very poor with no latrine facility.

Aduri is able to work but has no opportunity to get employed/entrepreneurship

so far.

No coverage of SSNP.

Figure-1: Mst. Aduri Khatun with child at her shack


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Family-2:

Name: Jinnah Poramanik

Address: Railway Colony, Bihari Pur, Pachupur Union, Atrai Upazila

Summary Findings:

Home condition very poor beside rail line with unhygienic and open latrine

facility.

Jinnah is old and physically unable for any hard work but has to maintain a

large family.

No coverage of SSNP.

Figure-2: Family of Jinnah Poramanik at his cottage


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5.0 Recommendations:

Table -2: Recommendations and Action Plan for individual disadvantaged Families

Serial

No.

Name Recommended Action Time

Frame

Focal

Authority

Remarks

Family-1 Mst.Aduri

Khatun

1. Sewing training forAduri with some

grant as capital for

small

entrepreneurship.

3months

UpazilaOfficer

about

Women

Affairs

Womenempowerment

2. Grant for buying net

and fishing

instruments for poor

fishermen.

6

months

Upazila

Fisheries

Officer

SSNP

Family-2 Jinnah

Poramanik

1. Provide VGD card. 3

months

UNO SSNP

2. Assist his daughters

by giving a technical

training and financial

support.

6

months

UNO &

Concerned

govt.

departments

SSNP

6.0 Conclusion:

In order to define the ultra-poor criteria included land ownership, begging activities,domestic work and child labor, different wealth categories for households are judged by

themes of land ownership, occupation, shelter, vulnerability to seasonality, non-land assets,

food security, cash flow, schooling etc. There are some limitations regarding the research

work. Statistical data on the target group wasn’t available; Upazila database on positive

impact assessment/success statistics regarding SSNPs wasn’t in complete form. Due to

shortage of time we couldn’t study more vulnerable communities of the locality and field

data based on personal interview couldn’t be verified duly. As the task assigned we got the

opportunity to study the poverty condition and the limitations of underprivileged families in

reality to learn pragmatically about the Dakkhin Rajapur village of Raninagar Upazila and

Railway Colony of Atrai Upazila of Naogaon District. We felt our responsibilities to

support them for development of their socio-economic status. Among the factors of poverty

we can mitigate few with the help of proper SSNPs and as public servant we have a prime

responsibility of ensuring success of those social safety schemes through activities. Still

there is scope of incorporating vigorous study on this social issue in relation with SSNPs

achievements and our effort may be the little step of that bigger process.


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Appendices:

Appendix-A

Table-3: Naogaon District Poverty level comparison among Upazilas

Upazila % Extreme Poor(Lower Poverty Line)

% Poor(Upper Poverty Line)

ATRAI 5.0 13.5

BADALGACHHI 5.7 15.0

DHAMOIRHAT 7.7 17.9

MANDA 5.4 14.7

MAHADEBPUR 6.1 15.6

NAOGAON SADAR 8.3 17.4

NIAMATPUR 8.4 19.4

PATNITALA 8.1 18.6

PORSHA 9.4 21.7

RANINAGAR 4.9 13.3

SAPAHAR 9.0 21.4

Data Source: www.bbs.gov.bd


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Appendix-B

Questionnaire Form

* This is for collection of field data for study on status of disadvantaged people and to

identify best suited SSNP coverage for them.

**These information will be used only for academic research purpose and proper care

will be taken to secure it from any sort of misuse.

Location: Dakkhin Rajapur, Raninagar Upazila, Naogaon District.

1. Name:

2. Age:

3. Gender: Male Female

4.

Husband/Wife’s Name:

5. Educational Qualification:

6. Family Members (describe shortly on number of earning members & dependents):

7. Source of Income:

8.

Average Monthly Income:9. Illness/Disabilities/Problems (if any):

10. Access to Health coverage:

11. Availability of Safe Drinking Water:

12. Sanitation Facility: Yes No

13. Land availability for small entrepreneurship: Yes No

14. Govt. Grant/Relief/Financial allocation during last year:

15. Any Micro Credit/Loan Facility? Yes No

16. If yes, Monthly Installment Size:

17. Any SSNP Coverage:

18. Availability of Information on SSNPs:

19. Face any Problem to Live in the Locality:

20. Special Ability/Training (if any):


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Appendix-C

Case Studies

Family-1:

Name: Mst. Razia, Female, 55 years, not literate.Husband: Late Hafizar Rahman

Summary Findings:

Among 4 children (2 sons, 2 daughters) 2 daughters are married, elder son lives

separately with his wife and younger son lives with his mother.

Razia is widow unable to work due to illness with no earning source, dependent

on younger son whose monthly income 2500 Tk.

Migrated from other place due to lose of land and properties for treatment ofhusband’s heart disease.

Poor household with threat of damage due to monsoon flood each year.

Under threat of leaving away by younger son like the elder one after marriage.

No treatment for senile illness.

No govt. grant except blanket, no micro credit, no coverage of widow

allowance, VGF card or any other SSNPs.

Figure-3: Conversation with Mst. Razia during data collection


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Family-2:

Name: Mst. Abeda Bibi, Female, 50 years, not literate.

Husband’s Name: Md. Abed Ali Pk.

Summary Findings:

Among 4 children (3 sons, 1 daughter) 1 daughter is married.

Abeda and her husband can’t work due to disabilities and illness with no source

of income generation.

They’re dependent on sons’ earning (van drivers) but they’re separated with

their own wives and children.

No treatment for senile illness (especially cataract).

No govt. grant except blanket, no micro credit, no coverage of VGF card or any

other SSNPs.

Family-3:

Name: Mst. Aduri Khatun, Female, 18 years, education up to class-V.

Husband’s Name: Rafikul

Summary Findings:

1 male child (age under 2years)

Husband is fishermen but has no fishing boat or net with monthly income of

1500 Tk.

Home condition very poor with no latrine facility.

Lost all savings for treatment of leg disease of only child.

Aduri is able to work but has no opportunity to get employed/entrepreneurship

so far.

No govt. grant except blanket, no micro credit or any other SSNPs.

Family-4:

Name: Kusum, Female, 50 years, education up to class-V.

Husband’s Name: Late Yakub Ali

Summary Findings:

6 Children (5 sons, 1 daughter).

Three youngest sons live with her while rest is separated.


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Kusum is widow and doesn’t do any income generating work.

Fourth son reads in class 10 while fifth one in madrasa.

Son reading in class-10 works as daily labor and earns livelihood for the four

member family (monthly income 1200 Tk).

Family-5:

Name: Jinnah Poramanik, Male, 60 years, No formal education.

Wife’s Name: Marjina Begum

Summary Findings:

4 Children (1 son, 3 daughters) and 1 grand daughter.

Eldest daughter is widow.

2nd elder daughter lives with them with her husband.

The youngest son and daughter are school going children live.

Jinnah is old and physically unable for any hard work.

For 7 members family monthly income is 5000 Tk.

Family-6:

Name: Abdur Rahman, Male, 45 years, No formal education.

Wife’s Name: Asia Begum

Summary Findings:

Handicapped, unable to work with one hand.

Lost house, hand and family in river erosion.

After the river erosion settled in Railway Colony and got married with a widow.

No Child.

No fixed income source and wife is housewife.

No asset and live in a slum.

Monthly income is 3000 Tk.


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Figure-4: Survey Team with Asia Begum and other poor families

Family-7:

Name: Joyonti Sutradhar, Female, 30 years, No formal education.

Husband’s Name: Uttam Sutradhar

Summary Findings:

Housewife and her husband is helper of tractor.

No asset, live in a slum. House is flooded during monsoon.

Do not have hygienic tube well and latrine facility.

Very little income to maintain.

Can’t maintain cattle and poultry due risk of accident in rail line.

Family-8:

Name: Morsheda Khatun, Female, 27 years, No formal education.

Husband’s Name: Md. Hannan

Summary Findings:

2 school going Children (1 son and 1 daughter)

Housewife and her husband is labor.

Her husband earns around 3000 tk. per month which is insufficient for their

livelihood and children’s education.


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No asset, live in a slum.

Do not have hygienic tube well and latrine facility.

Figure-5: Data collection from ultra poor families at Raninagar Upazila

Figure-6: Data collection from ultra poor families at Atrai Upazila


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Bibliography/References:

1.

BARKAT, E K, 2011, Social Safety Net Programmes in Bangladesh: A Review,

Bangladesh Development Studies, Vol. XXXIV, No. 2, Page 87-108.

2. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2010, Zila Level Povmaps Estimates 2010, viewed

03-04-2016.

3. Emran, M S, Robano, V & Smith, S C, 2009, Assessing the Frontiers of Ultra-Poverty

Reduction: Evidence from CFPR/TUP, an Innovative program in Bangladesh,

Department of Economics, George Washington University.

4. Ahmed, S S, 2007, Social Safety Nets in Bangladesh, viewed 03-04-2016.

5.

Ahmed, I, Jahan, N & Zohora, F T, 2014, Social Safety Net Programme as a Mean to

Alleviate Poverty in Bangladesh, Developing Country Studies, Vol. 04, No.17, Page

46-54.

6. Uddin, M A, 2013, Social Safety Nets in Bangladesh: An Analysis of Impact of old

Age Allowance Program, Unpublished MA Thesis, Institute of Governance Studies

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7. Dr. Ahmed, R U & Prof. Islam, S S, 2011, People's Perception on Safety Net

Programmes: A Qualitative Analysis of Social Protection in Bangladesh, Development

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Bangladesh.

8.

Poverty Map Brochure 2010, The World Bank, viewed 02-04-2016.

9. Bangladesh Safety Nets to Protect the Poor, 2014, The World Bank, viewed 02-04-

2016. http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/03/27/bangladesh-safety-nets-

to-protect-the-poor

10. Rahman, H Z, Choudhury, L A & Ali, K S, 2011, Social Safety Nets in Bangladesh,

Volume-1: Review of Issues and Analytical Inventory, PPRC-UNDP, viewed 04-04-

2016.

11. Rahman, H Z & Choudhury, L A, 2012, Social Safety Nets in Bangladesh, Volume-2:

Ground Realities and Policy Challenges, PPRC-UNDP, viewed 04-04-2016.
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