cases and motherboards

Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

Unit 2

Cases and

Motherboards

2

Motherboard Form Factors

• AT

• Baby or Mini AT

• ATX

• microATX, FlexATX, ITX, miniITX, BTX, NLX.

• Proprietary Designs

3

Proprietary Motherboard

4

ATX

Motherboard

5

Older motherboards are

designed for the original

Pentium Processor

6

Others are designed for

the Pentium II Processor

7

Today’s are designed for

the Pentium 4 Processor

8

Motherboard Form

Factors

•AT-Type

•ATX-Type

9

AT Motherboard

12”

13.5”

10

Typical AT Motherboard

11

ATX9.6”

12”

Menu

12

ATX Motherboard

13

The ChipsetCache

Memory

System

Controller

PCI Bus

Controller

CPU

Socket

Clock

Circuits

14

Proprietary Cases

15

Proprietary Cases

16

Proprietary Cases

17

Standard Case


The ROM/BIOS

19

Setup vs. BIOS vs. CMOS

Setup is a program that

controls settings in the BIOS,

which are stored on a device

manufactured with CMOS

technology.

20

Setup lets you

control how your

computer is

configured.

21

When you get a new

computer, it is a good

idea to write down

the configuration

information.

22

The BIOS settings

determine the

configuration of

your system.

23

This information is

saved in a special

memory called

CMOS.

24

CMOS has its own

battery so that the

configuration information

will not be lost when the

computer is turned off or

during a power failure.

25

BIOS Suppliers

• Award

• American Megatrends (AMI)

• Phoenix

26

ROM PCI/ISA BIOS (2A69KS2C)

CMOS SETUP UTILITY

AWARD SOFTWARE, INC.

STANDARD CMOS SETUP

BIOS FEATURES SETUP

CHIPSET FEATURES SETUP

POWER MANAGEMENT SETUP

PNP/PCI CONFIGURATION

LOAD SETUP DEFAULTS

LOAD BIOS DEFAULTS

INTEGRATED PERIPHERALS

SUPERVISOR PASSWORD

USER PASSWORD

IDE HDD AUTO DETECTION

SAVE & EXIT SETUP

EXIT WITHOUT SAVING

ESC : QUIT : Select Item

F10 : SAVE & EXIT SETUP (Shift)F2:Change Color

Time, Date, Hard Disk Type ...

27

STANDARD CMOS SETUP

Date (mm:dd:yy) : Wed, May 12 1999

Time (hh:mm:ss) : 11:33: 24

HARD DISKS TYPE SIZE CYLS HEAD PRECOMP LANDZ SECTOR MODE

Pri Master: Auto 0 0 0 0 0 0 AUTO

Pri Slave : None 0 0 0 0 0 0 -----

Sec Master: None 0 0 0 0 0 0 -----

Sec Slave : None 0 0 0 0 0 0 -----

Drive A: 1.44M, 3.5 in.

Drive B: None

Floppy 3 Mode Support: Disabled

Video : EGA/VGA

Halt On : All Errors

ESC:Quit : Select Item PU/PD/+/-: Modify

F1 :Help (Shift)F2 : Change Color

Base Memory : 640K

Ext Memory : 31744K

Other Memory: 384K

Total Memory 32768K

28

American

Megatrends

AMIBIOS Setup

(C)1996, American Megatrends Inc.

Default

Original Optimal Turbo

Utility

Color Set Language

Security

Supervisor User

Anti-Virus

28

Setup

1

7Standard

PCI/PnP

Advanced

PeripheralPower Mgmt

Chipset

29

Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit

Phoenix SETUP Utility (Version 1.00) 01

F1 Help Select Item -/+ Change Values F9 Setup Defaults

Esc Exit Select Menu Enter Select Sub Menu F10 Save and Exit

Item Specific Help

BIOS Version 4S4EBOX1.10A.0028.P11 (All)

Processor Type Pentium II Processor

Processor Speed 350 MHz

Cache RAM 512 KB

Service Tag J6XXX

System Memory 192 MB

Memory Bank 0 32 MB SDRAM



Language: [English (US)]

L2 Cache ECC Support: [Auto]

System Time: [16:54:53]

System Date: [04/27/1999]

Enabling L2 Cache

ECC Support allows

error checking to

occur on data

accessed from the

L2 cache.

When this option

is disabled, error

checking is not

performed.

When set to Auto,

the state of the

L2 ECC cache will

follow the state

of the ECC DRAM.

Menu

30

Award BIOS

31

AMI BIOS

32

Award BIOS…

…inside an Intel device.


Maintaining BIOS

Configuration

Information

34

Batteries

35

Batteries


Power-On Self

Test

37

A program cannot be

loaded into memory unless

a program has already been

loaded into memory.

38

Cold Boot

vs.

Warm Boot

39

Cold Boot

RESET POWER

OR

40

During Cold Boot:

• All circuits are reset.

• The computer performs the

Power On Self Test (POST) …

• and then loads the Disk

Operating System.

41

Warm Boot

Ctrl Alt Del

42

During Warm Boot:

• The computer skips the Power On

Self Test (POST) …

• and immediately reloads the OS.

43

The boot process

POWER

ON

From:

To:

C:\>

44

The Boot Process

• Activate the Power On Self Test

(POST)

• Load the OS

45

The Power-On Self Test (POST)

• Checks the CPU.

• Checks the system bus.

• Tests video memory.

• Tests system RAM.

• Tests the keyboard.

• Checks disk drives.

• Verifies configuration.

• Incorporates expansion BIOS.

• Configures Plug and Play Devices.

46

The CPU checks itself

47

The CPU checks the system bus

48

The CPU checks video

memory

Motherboard

Video Board

49

The CPU checks system RAM

50

The CPU tests the

keyboard

51

The CPU checks the disk drives

52

The CPU verifies the

configuration

CMOS

53

The CPU incorporates

expansion BIOS’

Expansion Card

RAM

54

The CPU configures PnP devices

Video Card

Sound Card

MODEM

55

Upon completion of the

POST, the CPU reports the

results.

56

The Boot Process

• Activate the Power On Self Test

(POST)

• Load the OS


Memory Types

and History

58

DRAMDynamic Random Access Memory

• More $$ than hard drive memory, but faster

• The number used to sell the machine

• Require constant refreshing

• Power off = Data lost (volatile)

59

SRAM

Static Random Access Memory

• Much more $$ than DRAM

• Much faster than DRAM

• Often located between CPU and DRAM

• 512K on Pentium II CPUs

60

ROM

Read-Only Memory

• Much slower than DRAM

• Non-volatile

• Used to store the BIOS

• (shhhh…it’s random access too)

61Menu

CMOS

Complimentary Metal-Oxide

Semiconductor

• Used to store user-defined BIOS

settings

• Volatile, often requires a battery

• Newer technologies are non-volatile


Computer

Memory Devices

63

RAM…

Random Access Memory

• Volatility

• Refresh

• Access Speed

• Packaging

64

Dynamic RAM…DRAM

• Needs refreshed

• Fairly fast

• Inexpensive

• Small

65

Synchronous DRAM…

SDRAM

• New Technology

• Very fast

• Used in Pentium II and Pentium III

systems

66

Static RAM…SRAM

• No Refresh

• Fast

• More expensive

67

Cache Memory

Pentium I Cache

Pentium II/III Cache

486 Cache

68

PC Memory System

CPU

External

Cache

System

DRAM

BUS

Controller

Other

Memory

Memory

Controller

69

DRAM

CPUMemory

Controller

System

DRAM

Bank 0

Bank 1

70

External

Cache

CPU Memory

Controller

System

DRAM

Bank 0

Bank 1

71

External

Cache

CPU

System

DRAM

Bank 0

Bank 1

Memory

Controller

72

External

Cache

CPU

System

DRAM

Bank 0

Bank 1

Memory

Controller

73

External

Cache

CPU

System

DRAM

Bank 0

Bank 1

Memory

ControllerInternal

Cache

74

DRAM “forgets”

• Each DRAM bit is made up of

a transistor and a capacitor.

• Small capacitors lose their

charge over time

• Capacitors must be recharged

75

Charg

e

Time

Full charge

Minimum charge

76

Charg

e

TimeRef

resh

Ref

resh

Ref

resh

Ref

resh

Circuit loses its

charge slowly


Working with

Memory

78

DIP Memory

79

Programmable Read-

Only Memory...PROM

• Non-Volatile

• Slow

• Difficult to Change

• Expensive

80

Erasable PROM…

EPROM

81

Electrically-Erasable

PROM… EEPROM

82

72-pin SIMM

83

30-pin SIMM

84

DIMM

85

Video RAM (VRAM)

Windows RAM (WRAM)

SGRAM

86

Memory for Portables

SIMM 0

SIMM 1

SIMM 2

SIMM 3BANK 1

87

88

Bank 0

installed

Bank 1

emptyPair of SIMMs

Same size DRAM

89

Rotate

SIMM to

about 45º

45º

Centering

Notch

Notched

End

90

Press

SIMM into

socket

Push

straight in

91

Rotate SIMM

to the vertical

position

92

Alignment pin

Retaining clips

AMIBIOS System Configuration (C) 1985-1995, American Megatrends Inc.,

Main Processor : Pentium(P54C)

Math Processor : Built-In

Floppy Drive A: : 1.44 MB 3½”

Floppy Drive B: : None

AMIBIOS Date : 07/15/95

Processor Clock : 100MHz

Power Management : Disabled

Base Memory Size: 640KB

Ext. Memory Size : 15360KB

Display Type : VGA/EGA

Serial Port(s) : 3F8,3E8

Parallel Port(s) : 378

External Cache : 256KB,Enabled

Plug and Play ISA Devices:

Analog Devices AD1816

Pci Devices:

PCI Onboard IDE PCI Slot 2 VGA: IRQ 11

Bank 0: EDO

Bank 1: FP

Bank 0: EDO

Bank 1: FP

Base Memory Size : 640KB

Ext. Memory Size : 15360KB

94

Installing DIMMs

95

DIMM Latch

97

Removing

the DIMM

cases and motherboards

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