Cu 1: Thnh phn ha hc v tnh cht ha l ca nhin liu xng v dieselTr li Thnh phn ha hcXng gm cacbuahydro mch nhanh v cacbuahydro thm nhn benzeneDiesel gm ch yu cacbuahydro no mch thng Tnh cht vt l ca nhin liu xng v diesel Khi lng ringThng thng, khi lng ring p ca nhin liu c cho nhit 20oC. Cn c vo khi lng ring c th s b bit c kh nng bay hi v t phn on kh nng bc chy ca nhin liu Xng l nhin liu nh, d bay hi, c p = 0,65 0,88 g/cm3 Diesel l nhin liu nng, kh bay hi, c p = 0,80 0,95 g/cm3 nht nht ca nhin liu cng thng c cho 20oC thng c cho 2 dng nht ng hc v:C n v l m2/s v cm2/sXng c v = 0,6 2,5 cStDiesel c v = 2,5 8,5 cSt nht tng i Et:

nht ln gy kh khan cho vic x nh v ha trn nhin liu vi khng kh, nh hng xu n cht lng ca qu trnh hnh thnh v chy ha kh. nht ln cn lm tang sc cn lu ng trong h thng nhin liu v kh x kh nu nh trong h thng c ln kh.

nht nh lm cho vic bi trn cc b mt ma st ca bm cao p v vi phun kh khan, lm tang lng r lt qua khe h ca cc b phn ny, ng thi cn tr s pht trin ca tia phun t vi phun (c i vi ng c xng v diesel). ha hi ha hi ca nhin liu quyt nh tnh cht v thi gian ca qu trnh hnh thnh ha kh trong mi xylanh v phn phi ng u ha kh gia cc xylanh.Yu cu v ha hi i vi nhin liu l phi c kh nng ha hi khi ng d dng, nhanh chng hm nng my v bo m tnh kinh t nhin liu cho ng c.Mt khc nhin liu khng c qu d ha hi lm tang tn hao bay hi v to nt hi trong h thng nhin liuSo vi diesel th xng c tnh bc hi cao hn. Nhit bt chyL nhit thp nht m hn hp nhin liu khng kh vi t l nht nh trong iu kin p sut khng kh bt la t ngun la bn ngooi v lan truyn mt cch nhanh chng.Thc t, bn la ca nhin liu khng c thp hn 65oC Nhit t bc chyL nhit thp nht m hn hp nhin liu khng kh vi t l nht nh t bc chy m khng cn ngun la bn ngoi.Nhit t bc chy thng t l nghch vi khi lng ring p.Xng c nhit t bc chy caoDiesel c nhit t bc chy thp Nhit ng cNhit ng c ch c ngha i vi nhin liu nng nh nhin liu diesel. Nu nhit ng c cao th phi hm nng trc khi s dng. Ngi ta thng dng ph gia gim nhit ng c.Nhit ng c nm trong khong -60 n 5 oC Tp cht c hcTp cht c hc xut hin trong qu trnh vn chuyn v tn tr nhin liu. Thnh phn nc

Tnh cht ha hc ca nhin liu xng v diesel Nhit tr Cn cacbon Thnh phn lu huunh v tp cht axit Thnh phn tro

Cu 2. Thnh phn ha hc v kh nng ng dng ca nhin liu LPG, CNG v nhin liu sinh hcCu 3. c im v nguyn l ca cc phng php bi trn.Cu 4. c im hot ng ca ng c t trong v cc c cu cn bi trn.Cu 5. Du bi trn (Chc nng ca du bi trn: Tnh cht l ha ca du v cc phng php o; Phn loi v la chn du bi trn cho ng c)Cu 6. M (Thnh phn v tnh cht ca m; Phm vi p dng m bi trn.

Cu 1. Cc thnh phn c hi ch yu trong ng c xng v diesel COL sn phm chy ca C trong nhin liu trong iu kin thiu oxyL cht kh khng mu khng miKhi kt hp vi st c trong sc t ca mu s to thnh mt hp cht ngn cn qu trnh hp th oxy ca hemoglobin trong mu, lm gim kh nng cung co oxy cho cc t bo trong c thRt c, ch vi mt hm lng nh trong khng kh c th gy t vong.[CO] = 33 mg/m3 CO2L sn phm chy hon ton ca cacbon vi oxy.Tuy khng c vi sc khe con ngi nhng vi nng qu ln s gy ngt.L th phm chnh gy ra hin tng hiu ng nh knh[CO2] = 9000 mg/m3 HCL cc loi hydrocacbon c trong nhin liu hoc du bi trn khng chy ht cha trong kh thi.C nhiu loi, mi loi c c hi khc nhau nn khng th nh gi chung mt cch trc tip. VD: parafin v naphtalin c th coi l v hi, ngc li cc loi hydrocacbon thm thng rt c, c th gy ung th.Hydrocacbon tn ti trong kh quyn cn gy ra sng m, gy hi cho mt v nim mc ng h hp. NOxL sn phm oxy ha nito c trong khng kh (mt thnh phn ca kh np mi vo ng c) trong iu kin nhit cao.Do nito c nhiu ha tr nn oxit nito tn ti nhiu dng khc nhau, gi chung l NOxTrong kh thi ng c, NOx tn ti ch yu l NO2 v NO NO2L kh c mu nu , mi gpHm lng nh cng c th gy hi cho phi, nim mc.Khi tc dng vi nc s to thnh axit gy n mn cc chi tit my v vt.[NO2] = 9 mg/m3 NOL thnh phn ch yu ca NOx trong kh thiL kh khng mi, gy hi cho hot ng ca phi, gy tn thng nim mc.Trong kh quyn, NO khng n nh nn b oxi ha tip thnh NO2, kt hp vi nc to thnh HNO3[NO] = 9 mg/m3 -CHOC tc dng gy t v c mi gtMt s loi andehit c th gy ung th[HCHO] = 0,6 mg/m3 PbRt c vi t bo sng, lm gim kh nng hp th oxy trong mu, gy ung th, lm gim ch s thng minh[Pb] = 0,1 mg/m3 SO2L kh khng mu, c mi gtGy tc hi i vi nim mtTc dng vi nc to axit yu H2SO3[SO2] = 2 ml/m3 P-MGm cc ht rn v cc cht lng bm theo.Cc ht rn bao gm cacbon t do v tro (b hng)Cht lng bm theo gm cc thnh phn trong nhin liu v du bi trn.P-M gy c hi i vi con ngi trc ht i vi ng h hp.Mt s loi hydrocacbon thm bm vo mui than c th gy ung thi vi mi trng, P-M l tc nhn gy sng m, nh hng n giao thng v sinh hot ca con ngi.

Cu 2. Xc nh lng c hi thi vo mi trng miTr liLng c hi thi vo mi trng mi tnh cho 1 n v cng sut, trong mt n v thi gianTheo nh ngha, ta c th vit

Trong :Ne: cng sut ng c: thi gian ng c lm vicGnl: tng lng nhin liu ng c tiu th trong thi gian tGe: sut tiu th nhin liu

Nu gi tng lng kh thi ng vi Gnl l Gkt, ta c

Trong ; h s d lng khng kh: lng khng kh l thuyt cn thit tnh theo kg dng t chy hon ton 1 kg nhin liu.T rt ra:

Thay vo

Gi

l thnh phn khi lng trong kh thi ca cht c hi th i, c xc nh khi phn tch mu kh thi. Ta c:

mi thng c biu th bng g/kW.h hay g/m lc.h

Cu 3. Hiu ng nh knh v cc bin php gim pht thi CO2 vo kh quynTr liTng kh quyn tri t dy khong 16 km, trn cho n khong 50 km l tng bnh lu. Trong tng bnh lu, ngoi cc cht kh thng thng cn c cc cht kh nh CO2, CH4, N2O, O3, CFC11, CFC12Nhng cht kh k trn c tnh cht c bit l cho tia mt tri (gm ch yu cc song ngn) i qua chiu xung b mt tri t. Ti y, mt phn nng lng bin thnh nhit v phn x ln tng bnh lu dng tia nhit (song di). Khi gp cc cht kh nu trn, tia nhit b hp th v phn x li. Hin tng ny c gi l hiu ng nh knh, cn cc kh to ra hiu ng ny gi l kh nh knhNh c hiu ng nh knh m tri t ca chng ta m p vi nhit trung bnh khong 15oC thay v -17oC.Tuy nhin vi hot ng cng nghip con ngi ngy cng gia tang nn tc tch t cc kh nh knh trn tng bnh lu ngy cng ln hn tc phn hy t nhin ca chng. Do , lng kh nh knh ngy mt nhiu, kh cho hiu ng nh knh ngy mt tng ln. Hu qu l kh hu th gii bin i nhanh chng, c th l nhit trung bnh tng ln lm tan bng hai cc khin nc bin dng ln lm ngp nhiu thnh ph lng mc ven bin.

gim lng pht thi CO2, c th p dng cc bin php sau- Dng nhin liu c nhit tr cao nhng cha t cacbon- Nghin cu ch to ra cc ng c c hiu sut cao, tiu th t nhin liuHn ch dng nhin liu c ngun gc du m, thay th bng nhin liu gc thc vt nh du thc vt,ethanol, methanol- Thc hin chu trnh nng lng ti sinh: cy hp th CO2 v quang hp -> sn xut du thc vt -> t chy trong ng c sinh cng -> thi ra CO2 -> cy hp th CO2 v quang hp v..vCu 4. nh hng ca cc ch lm vic khng n nh n nng c hi.Cu 5. Phng php ly kh CVS v cc bin php phn tch xc nh cc thnh phn c hi trong kh thiTr liPhng php ly kh CVSHin nay, phng php ly mu vi th tch khng i CVS c s dng cho c chng trnh th chu u v FTP-75 ca MH thng CVS to ra lu lng th tch khng i trong h thng o, qua gip cho vic tnh ton lu lng kh thi cng nh c hi uc chnh xc. H thng s dng ht kh 1 to ra dng ti hn vi lu lng khng i qua ng venturi 4. to ra lu lng th tch khng i khc nhau ph hp vi ng c th nghim, ngi ta dng cc ng venture khc nhau. H thng c 2 ng ly mu ring cho 2 loi xe: ng 22 cho xe xng v ng 18 cho xe diesel, u c lm long bi khng kh qua cc b lc 21 hoc 16. T l lm long ti thiu l 8 : 1 (khng kh: kh thi) nhm trnh ngng t hi nc trong h thng. Ngoi ra nh lm long nn cc phn ng ha hc ca cc thnh phn trong kh thi xy ra tng t nh khi thi vo khng kh (simulation). Hn hp sau s i qua lc 6 lc cc ht rn (thng dng ng xoy cyclone) v b gia nhit n nh nhit 5 ri qua ng venture 4 v qut ht 1 ra mi trng. Mu kh c ly ra trc ng venture nh bm nh lng 2 n ti cha kh ri t phn tch phn tch cc thnh phn kh trong kh thii vi xe dil ngoi mu kh phn tch cn phi xc nh thnh phn c hi P-M. Theo quy nh ca t chc bo v mi trng M EPA phi dng ng lm long (Dilution Tunnel) ly mu P-M. ng lm long s c thit k sao cho s Re > 4000 (chy ri). Mt phn kh c lm long s c ht vo u ly mu 8 qua giy lc 27 nh bm 28 ri thi ra mi trng. Lng P-M gi li trn cc giy lc chnh l trng lng tang ca trung so vi trc khi thc nghimTrong h thng CVS kiu c, ngi ta dng bm chn khng 31 (bm root) c vai tr nh qut ht 1 cng vi ng venture 4 to ra lu lng th tch khng i. Nh ng h m vng quay 32 c th xc nh lng kh i qua h thng (ging nh ng h nc hay bm cy xng). Tuy nhin do phc tp nn hin nay bm root t c dng trong h thng CVS.Phng php xc nh cc thnh phn c hi COXc nh bng phng php phn tch hng ngoi. Khi chiu tia hng ngoi qua hn hp kh, tia s b CO trong hn hp ht th v yu i. Thng qua mc suy gim ca tia s xc nh c hm lng CO trong hn hp mu kh. HCXc nh bng phng php ion ha ngn la. Mu kh c phun vo ngn la hydro, cc phn t HC s chy v b ion ha. Cng dng ion c xc nh t l vi thnh phn HC trong mu th. NOx (NO2, NO)Xc nh bng phng php hunh quang ha. Mu th c i qua b xc tc nhit, ti y NO2 b phn hy thnh NO v O2. Mu th gi y vi NOx ch cn NO, c a vo b phn phn tch hunh qua ha. NO s tc dng vi O3 to ra NO2 c mc nng lng cao, tn ti trong thi gian ngn nhy v mc nng lng thp v pht ra tia bc x. Cng bc x o c s phn nh thnh phn NOx trong mu th ban u. PMS dng phng php o trc tip P-M trong kh thi ca ng c diesel xc nh lng pht thi. Kh thi c lm long ri c ht mt phn qua phn t lc bng giy qui chun, ti y P-M b gi li. Cn giy lc trc v sau khi th nghim s xc nh c tang khi lng phn t lc o c, qua s cho bit hm lng HC qua kh thi.

Cu 6. Cc phng php gim c kh thi ng c xng v diesel.Tr ling c xng Cc phng php lin quan n ng c iu chnh chnh xc lamda Thit k h thng nh la thch hp Kt cu bung chy ph hp Lun hi kh thi Thit k ng c dng hn hp ngho Hn ch s dng ng c ch ti nh S dng nhin liu thay th Dng ng c hybrid Cc phng php x l kh thi H tr phn ng trn ng thi X l nhit X l bng xc tcng c diesel Cc phng php lin quan n ng c iu chnh hn ch lng nhin liu chu trnh La chn phng php to thnh hn hp thch hp La chn gc phun sm thch hp Lun hi kh thi Dng h thng phun nhin liu iu khin in t Dng nhin liu thay th Phng hng pht trin ng c diesel tiu th t nhin liu, kh thi c hi Cc phng pho lin quan n nhin liu X l nhit X l xc tc Tch lc P-M

Cu 7. Tnh hnh kim sot kh thi xe xng v diesel ang lu hnh Vit NamTr lic im v tnh hnh kim sot kh thi xe xng v diesel VN

Phng hng gim pht thi c hi VN Dng nhin liu thay th Nhin liu khBao gm LPG, CNG, BiogasChuyn i ng c chuyn dng xng, diesel sang dng hai loi nhin liu kh hoc song hnh. Nhin liu sinh hcBao gm: cn, du thc vt, m c basaTrong iu kin gi du m tng cao v iu kin sn xut nhin liu sinh hc nc ta kh thun li, y l mt hng rt kh quan gim gi thnh nhin liu v lm gim nhim mi trng. Hin nay xng sinh hc E5 chnh thc c bn trn th trng. Lp b x l kh thiDng b chuyn i xc tc 3 ng c th lm gim gn 1 na lng c hi. Hin ang c nhng d n nh lp b lc P-M cho xe diesel v ch to ng x xe my c b x l kh thi sn xut trong nc. Kim sot cht ch hn kh thi oto, xe myHin nay c nhng d n v khng kh sch c quc t ti tr cng vi cc d n ca chnh ph theo quyt nh ca b trng b giao thng vn ti ang v s c tin hnh.