Causes of World War I1.Nationalism2.Imperialism3.Militarism4.Alliances

ALLIANCESTRIPLE ALLIANCE

CENTRAL POWERSTRIPLE ENTENTEALLIED POWERS

Germany Britain

Austria-Hungary France

Ottoman Empire Russia(left to fight own

Revolution)United States

(enters in 1917)

Italy began war with Central Powers, but switched to Allied Powers

Allies = AssassinationCentral PowersNeutralCountry 1st Central, then AlliedCountry that was Allied & dropped out of war due to own Revolution

BRITAIN

FRANCE

BELGIUM

ITALY

RUSSIA

GERMANY

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Spark

Assassination of Austrian Archduke by Serbia in Sarajevo,

Bosnia************************

• WWI begins in 1914• US enters & Russia exits in 1917• WWI ends in 1918

Princip-Black Hand

CHAIN OF EVENTS DUE TO ALLIANCESRed=Central Powers, Blue = Allied, Purple= Neutral

1. Assassination2. Austria-Hungary issues an ultimatum to Serbia,

Serbia can’t meet3. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia4. Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary5. Germany declares war on Russia6. France declares war on Germany7. Germany invades NEUTRAL Belgium8. Britain declares war on Germany

Ultimatum: a set of final conditions that must be accepted to avoid serious consequences

WESTERN FRONTBattle zone between France & Britain (& US) vs. Germany

• Germany now fighting 2-front war: France on Western Front & Russia on Eastern Front– Schlieffen Plan: Germany

would quickly defeat France, then fight Russia• FAILS-France was a stronger

enemy than Germany expected & Russia mobilized faster than Germany expected.

• Germany now has to split army into 2=not as strong– Note: Germany was winning the

war in 1917 when the US entered and Russia withdrew. Had US not entered, war’s outcome may have been different

• Western Front=trench warfare– Large # of casualties w/little to no land

gain=stalemate (no one is winning)– Land between trenches=No Man’s Land=Death for

sure

NEW WEAPONSMechanized Warfare

• Submarines (called U-boats by Germans)

• Poison Gas• Machine guns• Tanks• Flamethrower• Airplanes (battles called

dogfights)– Most famous pilot=Red

Baron from Germany

MISCELLANOUS POINTS• No country was prepared for

war to last longer than 6 months– Total war: nations devote all

resources to war• Propaganda introduced: ideas

and rumors used to harm enemy’s cause & making peace with enemy would be unthinkable

• World War I known as the Great War or the War to end All Wars before World War II

• Genocide of Armenians by Ottoman Turks– Estimated 1 million

Armenians were massacred

– Overlooked today because in shadow of Holocaust and Turkey a present day ally to US

EASTERN FRONTBattle zone between Russia vs. Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Ottoman

Empire

• Russia winning at beginning BUT– Struggling by 1916

• Large number of casualties• Lacks industry• Little to no supplies like weapons & food• Problems with government

• Russia’s involvement is KEY to keep Germany fighting 2-front war, otherwise all of Germany would be fighting Western Front (NOT GOOD)– Russia leaves war in 1917 to deal with Revolution

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

• After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control over empire

• Czars Continue Autocratic Rule• Government censors written criticism; secret police monitor schools• Non-Russians living in Russia are treated harshly• Jews become target of government-backed

pogroms (mob violence)• In 1894, Nicholas II becomes czar, continues

autocratic ways

• Heavy losses in World War I reveal government’s weakness

• Nicholas goes to war front; Czarina Alexandra runs government

• Czarina falls under the influence of Rasputin—mysterious “holy man”

• Nobles fear Rasputin’s influence, murder him• Army losing effectiveness; people at home

hungry and unhappy

• Bloody Sunday: The Revolution of 1905• In 1905, 200,000 workers march on czar’s palace to demand reforms• Army fires into the crowd, killing many• Massacre leads to widespread unrest; Nicholas forced to make reforms• The Duma, Russia’s first parliament, meets in 1906• Czar unwilling to share power; dissolves Duma after only 10 weeks

• Unrest from food & fuel shortages cause czar to step down in 1917 (March Revolution)

• Communists (Bolsheviks) soon take control of Russia’s government: Bolshevik Revolution– Led by Lenin: excellent organizer, inspiring leader

(charisma)– Soviets (workers) gain control of factories & peasants given

land• Marx/Marxism: “Workers of the world unite and

revolt”

• LENIN

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

• Russia signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany ending its involvement in WWI

• Civil War:– Bolsheviks (Reds/Communists) vs. Whites (czar’s army)– Bolsheviks kill czar & family: (Romanovs & Anastasia)– Reds win, bringing peace & stability to Russia

• Renamed U.S.S.R-United Soviet Socialist Republic– Communist

• USSR collapses in 1991, ending communism in Russia

A New Leader

Trotsky and Stalin compete to replace Lenin when he dies in 1924

• Joseph Stalin—cold, hard Communist Party

general secretary in 1922• Stalin gains power from 1922 to 1927• Stalin gains complete control in 1928; Trotsky forced into exile

STALINTROTSKY

Government/Life under Stalin

• Totalitarianism, Centralized State Control•Totalitarianism—government that dominates every

aspect of life• Police State

• Stalin’s police attack opponents with public force, secret actions

• Great Purge—terror campaign against Stalin’s perceived enemies

• By the end of 1938, Stalin in complete control; 8–13 million dead

Stalin’s Reign

• New Economic System• Command economy—government makes all

economic decisions• Powerful Ruler

• By mid-1930s, Stalin has transformed Soviet Union- totalitarian regime; industrial, political power

• Stalin controls all aspects of Soviet life:- unopposed as dictator, Communist Party leader- rules by terror instead of constitutional

government- demands conformity, obedience

United States & WWIEnters in 1917

US is “neutral” but involved with industry and supplying weapons & other materials to Allies. Also has colonies overseas to protect

1. Sinking of Lusitania: By Germany, killing over 100 Americans– Great Britain had set up a blockade vs. Germany, so Germany was using U-boats

to sink ANY ship

2. Zimmermann Note: telegram from Germany to Mexico asking Mexico to join Central powers and attack the US

3. Democracies (Allies) vs. Absolute Monarchies (Central): when Russia becomes democracy, US uses as excuse to enter war to support democracies around world

4. Allies owe money to US they borrowed during 1st three years of the war-make sure Allies win so US gets money back

*US declares war on Germany entering WWI & turns tide of war in favor of Allies*Extremely important that US joined when did because Russia had just

withdrawn

US at Home during WWI

• Attacks against German & Austro-Hungarian immigrants

• Espionage & Sedition Acts: person can be fined, imprisoned for– Interfering with war effort, speaking against

government• Violates 1st Amendment, but overlooked due to war

• Red Scare: Fear of communism in US

US at Home during WWI

• Great Migration-large scale movement of Southern blacks to North– Escape racial discrimination– Take up new job opportunities• Increases racial tensions in the North

US at Home during WWI

• Due to women’s efforts during WWI, passage of 19th Amendment– Women gain suffrage (right to vote) in 1920

End of War

• Austria-Hungary 1st to surrender• Ottomans surrender• Germany then signs armistice (truce-end of

fighting)– Signed on 11/11/1918 at 11:00 am (11-11-11)

• Treaty of Versailles end the war in 1919– Big Four: US, Britain, France, Italy• Russia and Central Powers not invited (PROBLEM!)

WILSON’S 14 POINTS

• US President 14 Points- plan for world peace– 1-5: measures to prevent another war– 6-13: how ethnic groups can form own nations or

join others (self-determination)– 14: international peace keeping organization

• League of Nations– Allow nations to discuss & settle problems without war

» Present day peace keeping organization: United Nations (includes a military)

Allied Powers only agree to the League of Nations

WHAT NATIONS WANTCOUNTRY US France Britain Italy

LEADER Wilson Clemenceau Lloyd George Orlando

WANT Peace with 14 Points

Prevent another German invasion

“Make Germany Pay”

& Naval dominance

Territory from Aus-Hun

GETS League of Nations, but US

not included

Territory of Alsace-Lorraine

& Saar Basin (coal), limits on

Germany’s military &

reparations

Reparations & Germany has limited to no

navy

Nothing!

Reparations: payment for war damages

Changes in Geography

• Ottoman Empire = Turkey• Russia = Soviet Union• Austria-Hungary Empire = Austria & Hungary

• Approval for League of Nations hinged on ratification of Treaty of Versailles by the US– Some would not vote because the US was better off

staying out of European affairs– Others would not vote because the League would have

the authority to decide if & when the US would enter a war as an ally• This overrides the power of US Congress to declare war

• US did not sign Treaty of Versailles and did not become a member of the League of Nations– League without US is too weak to stop WWII

• Loracano Treaty: admitted Germany into League of Nations

Problems with Treaty of Versailles1. Germany must accept sole responsibility for war: war-guilt

clause– Problem: Germany did NOT start the war, Aus-Hun did!

2. Germany must pay $33 Billion in reparations– Problem: can’t pay, lost territory key to German industry

(Rhineland, Saar Basin & Alsace Lorraine) & doesn’t have any money from war (bankrupt) & Germany forced to give up colonies over seas, losing more money & resources

– Positive: US issued Dawes Plan-allowed Germany to pay off less each year over a longer period of time

3. Germany may only have a small army & navy, no air force; not allowed to manufacture any weapons – Problem: Once a great world power that lies in middle of Europe;

pride and protection lost

4. Germany forced to accept democratic government (Weimar Republic)- FAILS & hurts economy, so print more money, leading to inflation, leading to depression

Problems continued

5. Russia loses more land than Germany– Problem: Russia did gain territory before it exited the

war & was on the winning side of the Allies when left

6. Colonies who helped fight on side of Allies because they were promised independence, did NOT get independence

7. Smaller Allied powers received little to no recognition or rewards for helping to win war– Japan & Italy very bitter

How Treaty of Versailles Helped Lead to WWII

• League of Nations has NO army & US, a major world power, did NOT join– Can’t enforce Treaty guidelines when Germany violates them – US did NOT join for fear of being drawn into more European

issues & League, not Congress, would decide when US has to go to war

• Due to harsh punishments of Treaty, Germany– Goes bankrupt (along with most of Europe & US)– Unstable government helps bring in fascist government (Nazis)

• Japan & Italy were bitter for not receiving as much territory as it wanted for fighting for Allies and helping to win war

• Territorial realignments led to lingering tensions in Europe