1914-1914-1919:1919:

The The WorldWorldat Warat War

1914-1914-1919:1919:

The The WorldWorldat Warat War

CausesCausesof theof theWarWar

CausesCausesof theof theWarWar

MilitarismMilitarism

Glorification of the military; race to expand armies & navies

Social Darwinism: War promoted “survival of the fittest”

Britain vs. Germany: needed to protect overseas empires

2. Militarism & Arms Race2. Militarism & Arms Race

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,

Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany

73%

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

AlliancesAlliances

Nations signed treaties pledging to defend one another

Intended to create powerful combinations that no one would dare to attack

1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance System

Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

Europe in WWI

ImperialismImperialism

Competition for colonies among European nations

France vs. Germany fought for control over the Kingdom of Morocco

Scramble for natural resources, national prestige and military outposts

U.S. Involvement in the Caribbean

European Imperialism in Africa

Aggressive Nationalism Aggressive Nationalism

NationalismNationalism

Pride in or devotion to one’s country France: longed to regain its position as

Europe’s leading power; wanted to recover provinces lost to Germany in Franco-Prussian War 1870 (Alsace & Lorraine)

Germany: Proud of empire’s new military & industrial might

NationalismNationalism

Russia: Pan-Slavism or all Slavic peoples shared a common nationality; Russian duty to lead & defend all Slavs

Balkans: Rising nationalism in multinational empires (Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Empire) “Balkan Powder Keg”

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

TheThe“Spark“Spark

””

TheThe“Spark“Spark

””

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: The Assassin:

GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?

All together now! Into chaos!(Read it fast for maximum effect)

Serbian assassins kill Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austro-Hungarian thrown)

Austria-Hungry declares war on Serbia Russia (allied with Serbia) declares war on

Austria-Hungry Germany (allied with Austria-Hungry) declares

war on Russia first, then France When German troops cross Belgium to get to

France, Great Britain (allied with Belgium) declares war on Germany

MobilizationMobilization Home by Christmas!Home by Christmas! No major war No major war

in 50 years!in 50 years! Nationalism!Nationalism!

Home by Christmas!Home by Christmas! No major war No major war

in 50 years!in 50 years! Nationalism!Nationalism!

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mil

lio

ns

The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan

German Atrocities in Belgium

German Atrocities in Belgium

Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

Central Powers Vs. Allied Powers

Europe in 1914Europe in 1914

A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

U-BoatsU-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Machine Guns

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

Poison Gas

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

Machine Gun

FlameThrowers

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank

British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres

The AirplaneThe Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Flying Aces of World War I

The Flying Aces of World War I

Eddie Rickenbacher, US

FrancescoBarraco, It.

Rene PaukFonck, Fr.

Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.

[The “Red Baron”]

Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.

Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.

The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

America’s Economy and The Great War

SpiesSpies

“Mata Hari”

Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle

German Spy!

“Mata Hari”

Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle

German Spy!

Posters:Posters:

WartimeWartimePropaganPropagan

dada

Posters:Posters:

WartimeWartimePropaganPropagan

dada

Australian PosterAustralian Poster

American PosterAmerican Poster

Financing the WarFinancing the War

German PosterGerman Poster

Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters

Financing the WarFinancing the War

For RecruitmentFor Recruitment

WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar

EffortEffort

WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar

EffortEffort

Working in the FieldsWorking in the Fields

Munitions WorkersMunitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

French Women Factory Workers

A Woman Ambulance Driver

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross NursesRed Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers

Russian Women Soldiers

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram

A Young Australian Recruit

A Young Australian Recruit

Financing the WarFinancing the War

Recruits of the Central PowersRecruits of the Central Powers

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

New French RecruitsNew French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

The YanksAre

Coming!

The YanksAre

Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

Americans in the Trenches

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of

AttritionAttrition””

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of

AttritionAttrition””

A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

The Western FrontThe Western Front

Verdun – February, 1916

Verdun – February, 1916

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000 casualties.

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000 casualties.

Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-

19

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-

19

The Tsar with General Brusilov

The Tsar with General Brusilov

TheThe“Colonial“Colonial

””FrontsFronts

TheThe“Colonial“Colonial

””FrontsFronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

““Art”Art”ofof

WorldWorldWar IWar I

““Art”Art”ofof

WorldWorldWar IWar I

“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918

“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”

Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”

Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918

“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918

“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead

The Somme American Cemetary, France

The Somme American Cemetary, France

116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died

World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey

1914 1922

Erzerum 215,000 1,500

Van 197,000 500

Kharbert 204,000 35,000

Diarbekir 124,000 3,000

Bitlis 220,000 56,000

Sivas 225,000 16,800

     

Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey

   

Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000

Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000

European Turkey 194,000 163,000

Trapizond District 73,390 15,000

Total 2,133,190 387,800