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2010 – The Global Biodiversity Challenge

• Introduction

• Objectives

• CBD as an adequate framework

• Expected output

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Achieve by 2010 a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national level as a contribution to poverty alleviation and to the benefit of all life on earth

The Strategic Plan for the Convention on Biological Diversity (2002)

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Ggg

Rationale

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Biological diversity

• Genes, genomes

• Species, populations, communities

• Ecosystems, habitats

Examples of elements to be assessed

• Number of varieties, cultivars and breeds; ecotypes; LMOs

• Population size (number of individuals; biomass or volume; density); species richness; number of endemic species

• coverage (e.g. vegetation, coral reefs); standing biomass; extent and amount of

ecological services that can be provided

Microorganisms Plants & animals Habitats

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Biological diversity

• Genes, genomes

• Species, populations, communities

• Ecosystems, habitats

• Animal and plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (FAO, ITPGRFA, CGIAR); GMOs/LMOs (Biotech industry); local & indigenous communities

• Migratory species (CMS); Red lists (IUCN); endangered species (CITES, GRASP); invasive species (GISP); birds (Birdlife Int’l); keystone species; medicinal plants; Species 2000 (???); WWF, indicator species

• Wetlands (Ramsar); Biosphere reserves (UNESCO); hot spots (Conservation Int’l); protected areas (WCPA); forest (CPF); soil biology (TSBF); coral reefs (ICRI); WHC; agroecosystems (UNU, FAO, CGIAR)

Microorganisms Plants & animals Habitats

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Biodiversity provides goods and services that underpin sustainable development

Services such as

• provision of freshwater,

• soil conservation and climate stability.

Goods such as

• food, fiber, fuel

• medicines, shelter, building materials

• materials for industry: agriculture, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper, horticulture, construction and waste treatment , tourism

Biodiversity is also at the heart of many cultural values.

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Biodiversity is being lost at increasing rates

At the genetic level• 75% crop genetic diversity lost in past century

At the species level• 20% freshwater fish species are extinct, threatened of endangered in

recent decades• 75 % marine fish stocks are depleted, overexploited or at biological

limit• 24% mammals and 12% birds threatened

At the ecosystem level• 50% wetlands drained• 33% coral reefs destroyed or degraded• Historically, hot spots: 12% of earth’s land; today only 1.4 % • 17 M ha forests are cleared annually in tropics

5-10% forest species can face extinction in 30 years

+/- 900 M people affected by biodiversity loss

GBO, WRI and WEHAB WG 2002

At the genetic level• 75% crop genetic diversity lost in past century

At the species level• 20% freshwater fish species are extinct, threatened of endangered in

recent decades• 75 % marine fish stocks are depleted, overexploited or at biological

limit• 24% mammals and 12% birds threatened

At the ecosystem level• 50% wetlands drained• 33% coral reefs destroyed or degraded• Historically, hot spots: 12% of earth’s land; today only 1.4 % • 17 M ha forests are cleared annually in tropics

5-10% forest species can face extinction in 30 years

+/- 900 M people affected by biodiversity loss

GBO, WRI and WEHAB WG 2002

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Scale 3

Ecosystems & their Services

Supporting (Biodiversity and ecosystem processes)

Provisioning (Food, water, fiber, fuel, other biological products)

Enriching (Cultural, aesthetic)

Demand

Primary Drivers Demographic Change Economic Change (incl

globalization, trade, market, & policy framework)

Social and Political Change (incl governance, institutional, & legal framework)

Technological change Lifestyle and Behavioral

change

Proximate Drivers Climate Change & Natural

disasters Land Use & Cover

Change Factor inputs (e.g.,

irrigation, fertilizers) Pollution Harvest Nutrient Release Species Introductions

= Strategies and Interventions

Scale 1

Scale 2

Wellbeing & Poverty Reduction

Health and disease Environmental Security Cultural Security Economic Security Equity

MA Conceptual FrameworkThe threats must be addressed

From MA

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UNEP-WCMC

UNDP

with

Governments of the UK and the Netherlands

TNC, Birdlife International and RSPB

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2010 - The Global Biodiversity Challenge:

Objectives

• Understand biodiversity loss and its impacts, and measure the rate of loss

• Explore and identify how existing and proposed initiatives for the conservation of biodiversity could address the 2010 target

• Explore and identify how to report on progress and achievements

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The Convention provides an adequate framework and tools for achieving the 2010 biodiversity target

• Ratifications

• Provisions of the Convention and its Protocol on Biosafety

• Decisions of the Conference of the Parties

• WSSD Plan of Implementation and relevance of MDGs

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• 1992: UNCED in Rio de Janeiro

• 1993 : Entry into force

• 187 Contracting Parties

• 2002 WSSD in Johannesburg: Support sustainable development and poverty eradication (WEHAB, WSSD Plan of Implementation and Millennium Development Goals)

• Objectives:

Conservation of biological diversity Sustainable use of biodiversity Fair and equitable sharing of benefits

• 1992: UNCED in Rio de Janeiro

• 1993 : Entry into force

• 187 Contracting Parties

• 2002 WSSD in Johannesburg: Support sustainable development and poverty eradication (WEHAB, WSSD Plan of Implementation and Millennium Development Goals)

• Objectives:

Conservation of biological diversity Sustainable use of biodiversity Fair and equitable sharing of benefits

Convention on Biological Diversity

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Articles • 42 Articles

• The Preamble and Articles 1 to 5 describe the overall aims of the Convention and the context in which the instrument operates

• Articles 6 to 20 contain the substantive commitments or promises that Parties have agreed to in ratifying the Convention

• Articles 21 to 27 mainly deal with institutional structure and reporting

• Article 28 onwards deal with procedural and housekeeping matters, such as amendment of the text of the Convention, adoption of protocols, etc.

In addition: Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2000)

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Thematic areas (Programmes of work)

Agricultural biodiversity Dry and sub-humid lands Forest biodiversity Inland waters biodiversity Marine and coastal biodiversityMountain biodiversity[Island biodiversity]

Programmes of work and other areas of work

Cross cutting issues (Guidelines)Ecosystem approachGlobal strategy for plant conservationProtected areasMonitoring and indicatorsSustainable use Invasive alien species Article 8(j) Climate change and biodiversityTechnology transferTourism developmentIncentive measuresAccess and benefit sharing Economics and tradePublic education and awareness

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Programmes of work

Targeted actions:

Conservation, sustainable use, benefit sharing

Institutional and socioeconomic enabling

environment

Knowledge, assessment and monitoring

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Thematic areas (Programmes of work)

Agricultural biodiversity Dry and sub-humid lands Forest biodiversity Inland waters biodiversity Marine and coastal biodiversityMountain biodiversity[Island biodiversity]

Programmes of work and other areas of work

Cross cutting issues (Guidelines)Ecosystem approachGlobal strategy for plant conservationProtected areasMonitoring and indicatorsSustainable use Invasive alien species Article 8(j) Climate change and biodiversityTechnology transferTourism developmentIncentive measuresAccess and benefit sharing Economics and tradePublic education and awareness

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Ecosystem approachStrategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an

equitable way

Humans are an integral component of many ecosystems.

Ecosystem = dynamic complex of plants, animals and micro-organisms and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit.

Adaptive management required to deal with complexity, dynamism and uncertainty

Spatial and temporal scale is determined by the problem being addressed.

Conservation of ecosystem structure and functioning is priority target to maintain ecosystem goods and services

Ecosystem approach is primary framework and could integrate other approaches

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Global Strategy for Plant Conservation A pilot approach within the context of the Strategic Plan

• 16 outcome-oriented global targets for 2010 that can contribute to poverty alleviation and sustainable development

• National and/or regional targets to be developed and included in NBSAPs, according to national priorities and capacities and regional differences

• Development of sub-targets or milestones, • Development of baseline data and indicators• Need for capacity-building and financial resources

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Objective 1 Understand biodiversity loss and its impacts, and

measure the rate of loss

Article 7 :• Identification of

important components for conservation and sustainable use (Articles 8 to 10)

• Monitor in particular those requiring urgent measures and those of greatest potential

• Identification of processes and categories of activities having potential adverse impacts

• Organization of databases.

COP• Assessment of status and

trends (UNCCD, CMS, CITES, GBO, GBA, WRI, FRA/FAO, IUCN, WCMC, GMBA, ICRI/GCRMN, GIWA, MA etc.)

• Pilot assessments (e.g. invasives)

• Rapid assessment methods (inland , marine and coastal biodiversity/ Ramsar, CI etc)

• Work on indicators (OECD, CPF)

• Guidelines on EIA and SEA (IAIA, Ramsar and IUCN)

• Global Taxonomy initiative• Capacity building and funding

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Objective 2 How ongoing and proposed biodiversity

conservation initiatives could address the 2010 target

• Art. 8: In-situ conservation

• Art. 9: Ex-situ conservation

• Art. 10: Sustainable use

• Articles 11 to 19: Enabling environment

COP• Programme of work

and/or guidelines on protected areas (2004)(WCPA, WCMC, CPF, MCPA); hot spots, ecological networks and corridors

• Guidelines for invasives (IMO, IPPC, GISP, OIE, IUCN)

• Programme of work on Article 8(j) and related provisions

• Practical principles and operational guidelines for sustainable use

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Objective 2 How ongoing and proposed biodiversity

conservation initiatives could address the 2010 target

• Articles 11 to 19: Enabling environment

COP• Incentives• Communication –

Education and Public Awareness

• Impact assessment• Bonn Guidelines on

access to genetic resources

• Clearing-house mechanism

• Memoranda of understanding/ cooperation

• Biosafety Protocol

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Objective 3Explore and identify how to report on

progress and achievements

• Art. 26: Reports: Prepare reports on measures taken and their effectiveness.

COP

• Country studies

• National reports

• Thematic reports

• Global Biodiversity Outlook

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Provisions of the Convention and its Protocol on Biosafety

• Are the broad commitments for achieving conservation, sustainable use and benefit sharing

• Are the broad commitments for achieving the 2010 target

• Establish important institutional arrangements and mechanisms

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Decisions of the Conference of the Parties

• The ecosystem approach

• The thematic programmes of work

• Work on cross-cutting issues

• Lead and other partners

• WSSD Plan of Implementation and relevance of MDGs

CBD = adequate framework

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Biodiversity Convention - COP decisions - World Summit on Sustainable Development

Article 6:

• National biodiversity strategies and action plans

• Sectoral and cross-sectoral integration

COP

• Strategic plan

• Global Strategy for Plant Conservation and 16 targets

• Assessment of capacities and financial needs

• Synergies and coordination (joint plans and activities)

• Integration into poverty eradication and sustainable development strategies

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Expected output

• Achievement of the 3 objectives

• Promotion of a common effort towards halting the loss of biodiversity, thus New or strengthened partnerships Mobilization of financial support in particular for

capacity building

• Report will be submitted to SBSTTA 9 and should be useful to many other stakeholders

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The Convention on Biological Diversity A framework for meeting the target of significantly reducing the rate of

biodiversity loss by 2010