cc607 topic 1 water resources and quality

8/19/2019 Cc607 Topic 1 Water Resources and Quality

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CC607 WATER AND WASTE WATER ENGINEERING

CREDIT HOUR(S) : 2.0

COURSE TOPIC

1.0 Water Resources And Quality

2.0 Usage And Demand Of Water3.0 Water Treatment

4.0 Water Distribution System

5.0 Sewerage System

6.0 Sewage Treatment

COURSE ASSESSMENT

CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT 50

a. 2 Quiz 10%b. 2 Test 30%

c. 2 Other Assessment 20%

d. 2 Practical 40%

FINAL EXAMINATION 50

EN. WAN AHMAD FAIZAL B. WAN ABDULLAH

ENVIRONTMENTAL LABORATORY (F8B)


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1.1 the sources of water supply

• the importance of water usage

• the sources of water supply

a. surface water resources : rivers, lakes, reservoirs / dams

b. ground water resources : well/boring

1.2 water quality characteristics

• physical characteristics: Turbidity, taste and odor, color, temperature• chemical characteristics: pH, acidity, alkalinity, hardness, chlorides,

sulphates, iron, solids and nitrates

• biological characteristics: coliform, virus, bacteria and protozoa

1.3 the causes of water contaminant

• human impact results in a fresh water reduction and water quality degradation.

1.4 legislative framework

• legislative framework, regulatory bodies and company policies that

control abstraction licensing, recreation, farming and use of catchment area.

1.0 WATER RESOURCES AND QUALITY

4 HOURS of

LECTURE = 2

WEEKS


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1.1 Sources Of Water Supply

a) water as part of important resource in the environment.

b ) the importance of water management in water supply system.

i. Health and diseases control (from water borne diseases)

ii. To achieve balance between demand and supplyiii. Safe, cheap, quality, efficient through technologies and

management

iv. Sustainable for future generation

Water resource Raw water treatmentWater distribution

system

Sanitation /sewarage system

Sewage watertreatment

Water disposal toriver/stream

TOPIC 1 : WATER RESOURCES AND QUALITY


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c ) Water usage classification

i. basic uses: drinking, cooking, cleaning and washing…

ii. general uses: Plantation and Agriculture, livestock. industries,

hydroelectric, domestic, commercial, public, Non Revenue Water

iii. Factors affecting domestic water use1) climatic conditions

2) Socio-economic

3) Type of industry and commerce carried out

4) water quality and pressure in the pipe system

5) Cost of water meter installation and policy6) The use of flushing toilets and sewerage systems

7) Public Awareness residents on waste


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1.2 WATER CHARACTERISTIC

Why Important to know?

i. Raw water supply need to be treated before it can be

considered safe to be supplied to consumers.

ii. Produce clean water in terms of physical, chemical andbacteria and safe for any use.

iii. Water supplied must be aesthetically acceptable, free of

suspended materials, smell & taste

iv. Processed for the supply of water must meet standards

set of Ministry of Health Malaysia.


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1.2 WATER : PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

i. Taste and odor

• Smelly/putrid – considered contaminated

• H2S – come from decay of dead organisms and plants

• Bad taste – come from inorganic material and other organism

ii. Color

• Colorless – considered clean

• The colored water is considered dirty and harmful

iii. Turbidity

• turbidity indicated the fine colloidal particulates that are

considered dangerous and there may be bacterial or viral

iv. Temperature

• high temperature allows the existence of bacterial activity and can

affect water use

v. Conductivity

• shows the existence of dissolved solid

• can reduce the aesthetic value of water


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1.2 WATER : BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

i. Bacteria/germ/microbe

• can cause fatal diseases

• 3 types – aerobic, anaerobic, facultative

• Aerobic – use oxygen and reduce DO in water (increase BOD)

ii. Algae

• Very fine aquatic plants

• Cause bad taste and odor to water

• Reduce transparency of sun light

• Too much alga indicates to many Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

iii. Virus

• Parasite lives in the body

• diseases – polio, high fever, diarrhea, hepatitis

• turbidity indicated the fine colloidal particulates that are considered

dangerous and there may be bacterial or viral (yes, they are hiding)

iv. Protozoa

• Much bigger than bacteria and eat bacteria

• Thus, reduce organic load

• Too much, problems and too little, not efficient treatment


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1.2 WATER : CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

i. pH

• Affecting chemical process like chlorination…

• Affecting biological life like effectiveness of bacteria…

ii. Dissolved Oxygen

• Bacteria need, to eat organic compound

• Indicator – low oxygen, high contamination

iii. Hardness

• Because of ion Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn

•Problem like carbonate precipitate then clogging the pipe

• Two types – temporary and permanent

• Temporary – CO3-2 and HCO3-1, boiling and soda

• Permanent – SO4-2, Cl-1, NO3-2, soda

iv. Organic Compound

• Organism, plant, waste, sewage, dead, problems…

• Domestic, housing, feces,

• Pesticides – farm, health problems

• THM – chlorine + (humic + fulvic),

v. Nutrient

• C,N,P – industrial sewage, farm, detergent


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NATIONAL STANDARD FOR WATER QUALITY

No. PARAMETERS UNIT TREATED WATER QUALITY

GUIDELINE

RAW WATER

GROUP I

1 Total Coliform MPN Absent 5000

2 E.Coli - Absent -

3 Turbidity NTU 5 1000

4 Colour TCU 15 300

5 pH unit 6.5 - 9.0 5.5 - 9.0

6 Residue Chlorine mg/L 0.2 - 5.0 -

7 Total Chlorine mg/L 1 -

GROUP II

8 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 1000 1500

9 Biological Oxygen Demand mg/L - 6

10 Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/L - 10

11 Total Organic Carbon mg/L - -

12 Chloride mg/L 250 250

13 Anionic Detergent mg/L - 1

14 Ammonia mg/L 1.5 1.5

15 Nitrate mg/L 10 10

16 Iron mg/L 0.3 1

17 Fluoride mg/L 0.4 - 0.6 1.5

18 Hardness mg/L 500 500

19 Aluminium mg/L 0.2 -

20 Manganese mg/L 0.1 0.2


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GUIDELINE

RAW WATER

GROUP III

21 Mercury mg/L 0.001 0.001

22 Cadmium mg/L 0.003 0.003

23 Arsenic mg/L 0.01 0.01

24 Cyanide mg/L 0.07 0.07

25 Lead mg/L 0.01 0.05

26 Chromium mg/L 0.05 0.05

27 Copper mg/L 1 1

28 Zinc mg/L 3 3

29 Sodium mg/L 200 20030 Sulphate mg/L 250 250

TRIHALOMETHANE

31 Chloroform mg/L 0.2 -

32 Bromoform mg/L 0.1 -

33 Dibromochloromethane mg/L 0.1 -

34 Bromodichloromethane mg/L 0.06 -

35 Selenium mg/L 0.01 0.01

36 Silver mg/L 0.05 0.05

37 Magnesium mg/L 150 150

38 Boron mg/L 0.5 -

39 Nickel mg/L 0.02 -

40 Mineral Oil mg/L 0.3 0.3

41 Phenol mg/L 0.002 0.002


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GUIDELINE

RAW WATER

GROUP IV

42 Aldrin/Dieldrin mg/L 0.00003 0.00003

43 DDT mg/L 0.002 0.002

44 Heptachlor & Heptachlor Epoxide mg/L 0.00003 0.00003

45 Methoxychlor mg/L 0.02 0.02

46 Lindane (BHC) mg/L 0.002 0.00247 Chlordane mg/L 0.0002 0.0002

48 Hexachlorobenzene mg/L 0.001 0.001


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1.3 The Causes Of Water Contaminant

Point Sources

the source of pollution can be detected.

It is easy to control.

For example, the discharge of sewage, effluent and

toxic waste into the water from residential, industrialand farm animals.


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1.3 The Causes Of Water Contaminant

Non Point Sources

the sources of pollution cannot be determined.

For example, pollution resulting from the opening of newcities, agriculture, logging, construction and road building,

mining and disposal of solid and liquid waste.

Common sources of pollution are:

Surface runoff.

The transfer process of pollutants caused by rain.

Pollutants are carried from the natural state (decayingplants), from farming activity (especially fertilizers whichcontain phosphate) and livestock feces.


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• In Malaysia, there is a need to enhance understanding on the concept of water

governance.

• This includes finding best practice in water management to achieve sustainable

water management.• The Federal agencies are responsible for the planning, research and

development of water resources,

• State agencies are responsible for water supply infrastructure development

including financing, operation and maintenance.

• The National Water Services Industry Commission (SPAN) was established to

enforce the Water Services Industry Act, 2006 to regulate the national waterservices industry in terms of licensing, supervision and monitoring.

Offences

Enforcement Authority

Land use violation Land Administrator / Local Authority

Littering /

Unauthorized Solid waste Disposal

Local Authority

Unlicensed blockages and diversions Land Administrator / Local Authority

Effluent discharge violations Department of Environment / Local Authority

Unauthorized discharge and abstraction Land Administrator

1.4 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK


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The Importance In Predicting The Future Demand.

i. Efficient use and allocation of water• economic, ratio of output to input, meet demand

ii. Water provider benefits of demand reductiona. energy saving for distribution, collection, treatment, expenditures

b. increase the availability of water for stream, wetlands, river

c. Save money both providers and users

iii. Legislative frameworka. Water conservation is a good policy for water resource management

b. Water agencies must have some water conservation responsibilities

c. However, it depend on an understanding of the national water resource

situation

cc607 topic 1 water resources and quality

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