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Assignment No. 2

Course: Basics of ICT Course Code: 5403

Level: B.ed Semester: Autumn 2018

Question No. 1:-

a) What is meant by computer software? Explain it in detail with the help of proper

examples

b) Differentiate between system software and application software.

Answer:- What is meant by computer software? Explain it in detail with the help of proper

examples

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Computer software is a general term that describes computer programs. Related terms such as

software programs, applications, scripts, and instruction sets, all fall under the category of computer

software.

Software means computer instructions or data. Anything that can be stored electronically is

software, in contrast to storage devices and display devices which are called hardware.

Organized information in the form of operating systems, utilities, programs, and applications that

enable computers to work.

Types of Computer Software

System Software

System software coordinates the complete system hardware and provides an environment or

platform for all the other types of software to work in. It is the most basic type of software in any

computer system, which is essential for other programs, applications and indeed for the whole

computer system to function.

(System software examples - Microsoft Windows XP, Mac OS, Linux, Windows Vista, Ubuntu,

device drivers, etc.)

Application Software

Application software are those that help the user perform the tasks of his/her choice. They are non-

essential software which are installed and run depending upon the requirements, in the environment

provided by the system software.

(Application software examples - MS Office, OpenOffice, Media Players, MS Access, educational

software, media development software, Antivirus software, etc. )

Programming Software

Programming software are used to write, test, debug and develop other software programs and

applications. The various programming language editors such as Eclipse- a Java language editor,

come under this category. They are used for creating both the system as well as application

software.

(Programming software examples - Turbo C, Xilinx, Kiel, compilers, debuggers, Integrated

Development Environment (IDE), etc.)

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Sub-types of Computer Software

Apart from the above major types of software, there are many other sub-types such as the ones

mentioned below.

Freeware- Freeware are a type of software that anyone can download from the Internet and use for

free.

(Examples - Google Talk, Yahoo Messenger, uTorrent, etc.)

Shareware- Shareware are usually distributed for free on a trial basis. It can be shared without

violation of any laws. They usually stop working or prompt the user to purchase the full version,

once the trial period expires.

(Examples - BearShare, Kazaa, Winzip, etc.)

Registry Cleaners- When you install a lot of software, games, etc., your computer's registry gets

clogged. Registry cleaners are used to clean up or delete all the invalid registry entries which has

the benefit of speeding up your computer.

(Examples- TuneUp Utilities, Eusing, etc.)

Content Control Software- These software allow you to control the content that can be accessed

by a user on a computer. They are mostly used for restricting access over the Internet.

(Example- K9 Web Protection, PGSurfer, etc.)

Project Management Software- As its name suggests, project management software is a software

package that helps multiple users to work on a project simultaneously. It allows them to schedule

events, network with the other users, allocate resources, etc.

(Example- Microsoft Office Project Server, HyperOffice, 24SevenOffice, etc.)

Utility Software- They are usually small programs that help in the management of the hardware

and the application software, installed on a computer.

(Example- Disk defragmenters, Disk cleaners, etc.)

Open Source Software- This is a type of software the source code for which is available to all

users (open). As such, anyone can make changes to it and release their own new version.

(Example- Android OS, OpenOffice, etc.)

Browsers- Browsers are software that let you surf or browse the Internet.

(Example- Internet Explorer, Safari, Mozilla Firefox, etc.)

b) Difference between system software and application software:-

System software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide a

platform for running application software. Example of system software: Microsoft Windows, Apple

OS.

Application software, also known as an application or an "app", is designed to perform specific

data processing or computational tasks for the user. These programs are specifically designed to

meet end-user requirements. (e.g: spreadsheets, word processors, media players and database

applications). Example of application software: Microsoft Word, Apple iTunes.

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The Difference between system software and application software is that, system software can run

independently of the application software, while application software cannot run without the

presence of the system software. System software gets installed when the operating system is

installed on the computer, while application software is installed according to the requirements of

the user.

Subject Application Software System Software

Definition Application software is computer

software designed to help the user to

perform specific tasks.

System software is computer software

designed to operate the computer

hardware and to provide a platform for

running application software.

Purpose It is specific purpose software. It is general-purpose software.

Classification Package Program,

Customized Program

Time Sharing,

Resource Sharing,

Client Server

Batch Processing Operating System

Real time Operating System

Multi-processing Operating System

Multi-programming Operating

System

Distributed Operating System

Environment Application Software performs in a

environment which created by

System/Operating System

System Software Create his own

environment to run itself and run other

application.

Execution

Time

It executes as and when required. It executes all the time in computer.

Essentiality Application is not essential for a

computer.

System software is essential for a

computer

Number The number of application software is

much more than system software.

The number of system software is less

than application software.

________________________________________________________________________________

Question No.2:-

What is meant by operating system? Define function of an operating system in detail with the

help of different examples.

Answer:-

OPERATING SYSTEM

An operating system is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot

program, manages all the other programs in a computer. The other programs are called applications

or application programs. The application programs make use of the operating system by making

requests for services through a defined application program interface (API). In addition, users can

interact directly with the operating system through a user interface such as a command language or

a graphical user interface (GUI).

An operating system or OS is a software program that enables the computer hardware to

communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer operating system, a

computer and software programs would be useless. In the picture to the right, is an example of

Microsoft Windows XP, a popular operating system and what the box may look like if you were to

visit a local retail store to purchase it.

The operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-

purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems

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perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display

screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as

disk drives and printers.

For large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. It is like a

traffic cop - it makes sure those different programs and users running at the same time do not

interfere with each other. The operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring that

unauthorized users do not access the system.

Operating systems can be classified as follows:

Multi-user: Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time. Some operating

systems permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent users.

Multiprocessing : Supports running a program on more than one CPU.

Multitasking : Allows more than one program to run concurrently.

Multithreading : Allows different parts of a single program to run concurrently.

Real time: Responds to input instantly. General-purpose operating systems, such as DOS

and UNIX, are not real-time.

Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs, called application

programs, can run. The application programs must be written to run on top of a particular operating

system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications

you can run. For PCs, the most popular operating systems are DOS, OS/2, and Windows, but others

are available, such as Linux.

As a user, you normally interact with the operating system through a set of commands. For

example, the DOS operating system contains commands such as COPY and RENAME for copying

files and changing the names of files, respectively. The commands are accepted and executed by a

part of the operating system called the command processor or command line interpreter. Graphical

user interfaces allow you to enter commands by pointing and clicking at objects that appear on the

screen.

Examples of computer operating systems:

Microsoft Windows 7 - PC and IBM compatible operating system. Microsoft Windows is the

most commonly found and used operating system.

Apple MacOS - Apple computer operating system. The only Apple computer operating

system.

Ubuntu Linux - A popular variant of Linux used with PC and IBM compatible computers.

Google Android - operating system used with Android compatible phones.

iOS - Operating system used with the Apple iPhone.

Functions of an Operating System

An operating system is a group of computer programs that coordinates all the activities among

computer hardware devices. It is the first program loaded into the computer by a boot program and

remains in memory at all times.

The basic functions of an operating system are:

i. Booting the computer

ii. Performs basic computer tasks e.g. managing the various

peripheral devices e.g. mouse, keyboard

iii. Provides a user interface, e.g. command line, graphical user

interface (GUI)

iv. Handles system resources such as computer's memory and

sharing of the central processing unit (CPU) time by various

applications or peripheral devices

v. Provides file management which refers to the way that the

operating system manipulates, stores, retrieves and saves data.

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Question No.3:-

a) Compare feature of windows operatin system on your computer with other operating

system.

b) Briefly explain the terms: assembler, compiler, linker and interpreter.

Answer:-

a)

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Answer (b):

ASSEMBLER

An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and converts them into a pattern

of bits that the computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations. Some people call these

instructions assembler language and others use the term assembly language.

An assembler is a type of computer program that interprets software programs written in assembly

language into machine language, code and instructions that can be executed by a computer.

An assembler enables software and application developers to access, operate and manage a

computer's hardware architecture and components.

An assembler is sometimes referred to as the compiler of assembly language. It also provides the

services of an interpreter.

COMPILER

A program that translates source code into object code. The compiler derives its name from the way

it works, looking at the entire piece of source code and collecting and reorganizing the instructions.

A compiler is a software program that compiles program source code files into an executable

program. It is included as part of the integrated development environment IDE with most

programming software packages.

The compiler takes source code files that are written in a high-level language, such as C, BASIC

and Java and compiles the code into a low-level language, such as machine code or assembly code.

This code is created for a specific processor type, such as and Intel Pentium or PowerPC. The

program can then be recognized by the processor and run from the operating system.

After a compiler compiles source code files into a program, the program cannot be modified.

Therefore, any changes must be made in the source code and the program must be recompiled.

Fortunately, most modern compilers can detect what changes were made and only need to

recompile the modified files, which save programmers a lot of time. This can help reduce

programmers' 100 hour work weeks before project deadlines to around 90 or so.

A compiler differs from an interpreter, which analyzes and executes each line of source code in

succession, without looking at the entire program. The advantage of interpreters is that they can

execute a program immediately. Compilers require some time before an executable program

emerges. However, programs produced by compilers run much faster than the same programs

executed by an interpreter.

LINKER

The linker is a program that makes executable files. The linker resolves linkage issues, such as the

use of symbols or identifiers which are defined in one translation unit and are needed from other

translation units. Symbols or identifiers which are needed outside a single translation unit have

external linkage.

A linker is a program that combines object modules to form an executable program. Many

programming languages allow you to write different pieces of code, called modules, separately.

This simplifies the programming task because you can break a large program into small, more

manageable pieces. Eventually, though, you need to put all the modules together. This is the job of

the linker.

In addition to combining modules, a linker also replaces symbolic addresses with real addresses.

Therefore, you may need to link a program even if it contains only one module.

In short, the linker's job is to resolve references to undefined symbols by finding out which other

object defines a symbol in question, and replacing placeholders with the symbol's address. Of

course, the process is more complicated than this; but the basic ideas apply.

Linkers can take objects from a collection called a library. Depending on the library (system or

language or external libraries) and options passed, they may only include its symbols that are

referenced from other object files or libraries. Libraries for diverse purposes exist, and one or more

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system libraries are usually linked in by default. We will take a closer look into libraries on the

Libraries Section of this book.

INTERPRETER

An interpreter is a program that reads and executes code. This includes source code, pre-compiled

code, and scripts. Common interpreters include Perl, Python, and Ruby interpreters, which execute

Perl, Python, and Ruby code respectively.

Interpreters and compilers are similar, since they both recognize and process source code.

However, a compiler does not execute the code like and interpreter does. Instead, a compiler simply

converts the source code into machine code, which can be run directly by the operating system as

an executable program. Interpreters bypass the compilation process and execute the code directly.

Since interpreters read and execute code in a single step, they are useful for running scripts and

other small programs. Therefore, interpreters are commonly installed on Web servers, which allows

developers to run executable scripts within their webpages. These scripts can be easily edited and

saved without the need to recompile the code.

While interpreters offer several advantages for running small programs, interpreted languages also

have some limitations. The most notable is the fact that interpreted code requires and interpreter to

run. Therefore, without an interpreter, the source code serves as a plain text file rather than an

executable program. Additionally, programs written for an interpreter may not be able to use built-

in system functions or access hardware resources like compiled programs can. Therefore, most

software applications are compiled rather than interpreted.

Q 4: Explain the basic concept of multimedia with the help of proper examples. Identify at

least ten different example of multimedia and also describe five of them in detail

Answer: THE CONCEPT OF MULTIMEDIA

The term ‘multimedia’ refers to diverse classes of media employed to represent information. The

unit provides the basic concepts of multimedia, multimedia elements and interactivity issues

required for multimedia applications. Before the design take place, a topic from the syllabus was

chosen for this multimedia application. This includes ensuring there are enough resources to

building the application.

Multimedia is the use of computers to present text, graphics, video, animation, and sound in an

integrated way. Long touted as the future revolution in computing, multimedia applications were,

until the mid-90s, uncommon due to the expensive hardware required. With increases in

performance and decreases in price, however, multimedia is now commonplace. Nearly all PCs are

capable of displaying video, though the resolution available depends on the power of the

computer's video adapter and CPU.

EXAMPLES OF MULTIMEDIA

There are several types of media, including video, audio, and text. A multimedia device allows a

person to deal with a variety of these media while eliminating the need to have a separate device for

each. There are numerous tasks that may be accomplished on these devices, such as creating,

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editing, and transferring files. Many of these devices are compatible with computers, which allows

them to be easily dealt with in ways that may not otherwise be possible. These are:

1. Graphics, 2. Animation, 3. Audio, 4. Video 5. Analog 6. Flash player 7. QuickTime

8. Multimedia 9. Portfolio Video 10. Elements3D 11. Elements Interactive 12. Flash Audio

13. Elements PDF as a website 14. Audio Handling 15. Video Output, 16. Phonon, 17 Memory

Card, 18. A tablet Computer and 19 MP3 Player.

1. GRAPHIC

The term computer graphics includes almost everything on computers that is not text or sound.

Today almost every computer can do some graphics, and people have even come to expect to

control their computer through icons and pictures rather than just by typing.

It refers to any computer device or program that makes a computer capable of displaying and

manipulating pictures. The term also refers to the images themselves. For example, laser printers

and plotters are graphics devices because they permit the computer to output pictures. A graphics

monitor is a display monitor that can display pictures. A graphics board (or graphics card) is a

printed circuit board that, when installed in a computer, permits the computer to display pictures.

Many software applications include graphics components. Such programs are said to support

graphics. For example, certain word processors support graphics because they let you draw or

import pictures. All CAD/CAM systems support graphics. Some database management systems

and spreadsheet programs support graphics because they let you display data in the form of graphs

and charts. Such applications are often referred to as business graphics.

2. ANIMATION

A simulation of movement created by displaying a series of pictures, or frames. Cartoons on

television is one example of animation. Animation on computers is one of the chief ingredients of

multimedia presentations. There are many software applications that enable you to create

animations that you can display on a computer monitor.

Note the difference between animation and video. Whereas video takes continuous motion and

breaks it up into discrete frames, animation starts with independent pictures and puts them together

to form the illusion of continuous motion.

3. AUDIO When considering multimedia applications audio is very important. Traditionally computers have

relied on visual interfaces, and audio facilities were very limited. Now, however, most personal

computers will have sound cards and speakers, and the hardware to upgrade those that do not is

relatively cheap.

Audio can be used to enhance multimedia applications in a number of ways, for example in

delivering lectures over the web, music used to add interest and emotion to a presentation, and

other non-speech audio used as part of a general interface.

Computer audio is far simpler and more approachable then you might think. Computer Audio

Demystified was written to help you get a handle in this new and exciting way to experience music

in your home.

VLC media player is one of the best open-source multimedia players out there. Its great portability

features and sleek interface make the player very easy-to-use, so even the inexperienced users can

master the program relatively fast. The wide supported format range will also meet the needs of

almost any user.

QuickTime is a media player that supports most common audio and video formats. It also comes

with a basic image viewer that supports most popular image formats. It offers a simple GUI with

basic buttons to play, seek, and adjust volume. It is a bit slow to open, but other than that it

performs well during audio and video playback. It works great with HD and Full-HD videos

4. VIDEO

DVDs, streaming video on the web, and films are engaging instructional tools. Everyone benefits

from dynamic visual displays and dialog. Well, not everyone. Viewers who are deaf miss all audio




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content that is not also presented in a visual form. Those who are blind can access only the visual

content that is also presented in spoken form. It is usually not difficult to make video and

multimedia products accessible to viewers with sensory impairments, but special considerations

should be made at the design phase to ensure complete access to everyone.

Including accessibility features when the product is being developed is much easier than providing

accommodations to viewers with sensory impairments once they need to access the media. Building

in accessibility features for all instructional products is in keeping with principles of universal

design.

To experience watching a multimedia product without the ability to hear, turn off the volume on

your television set or computer during a video presentation. Some programs, such as sporting

events, are fairly easy to follow by watching the visual display. Others, such as news programs,

make little sense without audio. To make this content accessible to those who are deaf, the program

developer could arrange for a sign language interpreter or text captioning to appear on the screen.

Captioning involves synchronizing text with audio content of a video presentation. It is more

common than sign language because not all individuals who are deaf know sign language, there is

no one standard version of sign language, and the intricate motions of sign language may be

difficult to display clearly, especially when scientific or other highly specialized language is used.

Millions of people worldwide experience enough hearing loss to affect their ability to watch a

television program at a standard volume level. Some people are born deaf or hard of hearing, some

experience a hearing loss from an accident or illness, and many gradually lose their ability to hear.

The elderly are the fastest growing group of individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing. Captions

on video products allow these people to fully access educational and recreational programs with

family, friends, and fellow students.

5. ANALOG

It is multimedia computer in which continuously variable physical quantities, such as electrical

potential, fluid pressure, or mechanical motion, are used to represent (analogously) the quantities in

the problem to be solved. The analog system is set up according to initial conditions and then

allowed to change freely. Answers to the problem are obtained by measuring the variables in the

analog model. Analog computers are especially well suited to simulating dynamic systems; such

simulations may be conducted in real time or at greatly accelerated rates, allowing experimentation

by performing many runs with different variables. They have been widely used in simulating the

operation of aircraft, nuclear power plants, and industrial chemical processes.

It represents data by measurable quantities, as voltages or, formerly, the rotation of gears, in order

to solve a problem, rather than by expressing the data as numbers.

An analog provides a better representation of the recorded information? Well, since computers

perform digital computations, they can only work with digital media. Therefore, all analog audio or

video media must be converted to digital to work on a computer. Once the information is digital,

computers can be used to edit the data and create effects that were never possible with analog

media. Digital media is non-linear, which means it can be edited or played back starting at any

point, which can be a huge timesaver compared to working with tape. Digital information also does

not "wear out" after repeated use like tapes or records do, which results in much better longevity for

digital media.

To summarize, a digital signal is an estimation of analog data. Digital recordings are made with

ones and zeros, while analog recordings are made with linear bumps and dips. While digital

information is not as exact as analog information, it can be used with other digital devices, such as

computers, making editing and reproduction of the information easier and faster. Because digital

media is more compatible and does not degrade over time, it has become the common choice for

today's audio and video formats.

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Question No.5:-

Write a note (in your own words) on the following:

Computer languages

Development of software

Answer:-

Computer languages

Around the world language is a source of communication among human beings. Similarly, in order

to communicate with computer user also needs to have a language, that should be understandable

by the computers. For the purpose different languages are developed for performing different types

of work on the computer.

Mainly there are two types of computer languages.

Low Level Computer Languages

These are machine codes or close to it. Computer cannot understand instruction given in high level

languages or in English. It can only understand and execute instructions given in the form of

machine languages i.e. the binary number 0 and 1. There are two types of low level computer

language.

Machine Language

The lowest and most elementary language and was the first type of programming language to be

developed. Mache language is basically the only language which computer can understand. In fact,

a manufacturer designs a computer to obey just one language, its machine code, which is

represented inside the computer by a string of binary digits (bits) 0 and 1. The symbol 0 stand for

the absence of an electric pulse and 1 for the presence of an electric pulse. Since a computer is

capable of recognizing electric signals, therefore, it understands machine language.

The set of binary codes which can be recognize by the computer is known as the machine code

instruction set. A machine language instruction consists of an operation code one or more operands.

The operation code specifies that operation that is to be performed e.g. read, record etc. the

operands identify the quantities to be operated on e.g. the numbers to be added or the locations

where data are stored. But, it is almost impossible to write programs directly in machine code. For

this reason, programs are normally written in assembly or high level languages and then are

translated in the machine language by different translators.

Advantages

It makes fast and efficient use of the computer

It requires no translator to translate the code i.e. directly understood by the computer.

Disadvantages

All operation codes have to be remembered

All memory addresses have to be remembered

It is hard to amend or find errors in a program written in the machine language

These languages are machine dependent i.e. a particular machine language can be used on only one

type of computer.

Assembly Languages

It was developed to overcome some of the many inconveniences of machine language. This is

another low level but a very important language in which operation codes and operands are given in

the form of alphanumeric symbols instead of 0’s and 1’s. These alphanumeric symbols will be

known as mnemonic codes and can have maximum up to 5 letter combinations e.g. ADD for

addition, SUB for subtraction, START LABEL etc. because of this feature it is also known as

“Symbolic Programming Language”. This language is very difficult and needs a lot of practice to

master it because very small English support is given. This symbolic language helps in compiler

orientations. The instructions of the assembly language will also be converted to machine codes by

language translator to be executed by the computer

Advantages

It is easier to understand and use as compared to machine language

It is easy to locate and correct errors

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It is modified easily

Disadvantages

Like machine language it is also machine dependent

Since it is machine dependent, there programmer should have the knowledge of he

hardware also

Development of software

Software development is a process by which standalone or individual software is created using a

specific programming language. It involves writing a series of interrelated programming code,

which provides the functionality of the developed software.

Software development may also be called application development and software design

Software development is an iterative logical process that aims to create a computer coded or

programmed software to address a unique business or personal objective, goal or process. Software

development is generally a planned initiative that consists of various steps or stages that result in

the creation of operational software.

Software development is primarily achieved through computer programming, which is carried out

by a software programmer and includes processes such as initial research, data flow design, process

flow design, flow charts, technical documentation, software testing, debugging and other software

architecture techniques. This is known as the software development life cycle (SDLC)

A software development process or life cycle is a structure imposed on the development of a

software product. There are several models for such processes, each describing approaches to a

variety of tasks or activities that take place during the process.

Processes

More and more software development organizations implement process methodologies.

The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is one of the leading models. Independent assessments can

be used to grade organizations on how well they create software according to how they define and

execute their processes.

There are dozens of others, with other popular ones being ISO 9000, ISO 15504, and Six Sigma.

Process Activities/Steps

Software Engineering processes are composed of many activities, notably the following:

Requirements Analysis

Extracting the requirements of a desired software product is the first task in creating it. While

customers probably believe they know what the software is to do, it may require skill and

experience in software engineering to recognize incomplete, ambiguous or contradictory

requirements.

Specification

Specification is the task of precisely describing the software to be written, in a mathematically

rigorous way. In practice, most successful specifications are written to understand and fine-

tune applications that were already well-developed, although safety-critical software systems

are often carefully specified prior to application development. Specifications are most

important for external interfaces that must remain stable.

Software architecture

The architecture of a software system refers to an abstract representation of that system.

Architecture is concerned with making sure the software system will meet the requirements of

the product, as well as ensuring that future requirements can be addressed.

Implementation

Reducing a design to code may be the most obvious part of the software engineering job, but it

is not necessarily the largest portion.

Testing

Testing of parts of software, especially where code by two different engineers must work

together, falls to the software engineer.

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Documentation

An important task is documenting the internal design of software for the purpose of future

maintenance and enhancement.

Training and Support

A large percentage of software projects fail because the developers fail to realize that it doesn't

matter how much time and planning a development team puts into creating software if nobody

in an organization ends up using it. People are occasionally resistant to change and avoid

venturing into an unfamiliar area, so as a part of the deployment phase, its very important to

have training classes for the most enthusiastic software users (build excitement and

confidence), shifting the training towards the neutral users intermixed with the avid

supporters, and finally incorporate the rest of the organization into adopting the new software.

Users will have lots of questions and software problems which leads to the next phase of

software.

Maintenance

Maintaining and enhancing software to cope with newly discovered problems or new

requirements can take far more time than the initial development of the software. Not only

may it be necessary to add code that does not fit the original design but just determining how

software works at some point after it is completed may require significant effort by a software

engineer. About 60% of all software engineering work is maintenance, but this statistic can be

misleading. A small part of that is fixing bugs. Most maintenance is extending systems to do

new things, which in many ways can be considered new work.

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