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Cloud computing

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cloud computing logical diagram

Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to ashared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and

services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or serviceprovider interaction.[1]

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Contents

[hide]1 Overview

1.1 Comparisons

1.2 Characteristics

1.3 Architecture 2 History

3 Layers

3.1 Client

3.2 Application

3.3 Platform

3.4 Infrastructure

3.5 Server

4 Deployment models

4.1 Public cloud

4.2 Community cloud 4.3 Hybrid cloud

4.4 Private cloud

5 The Intercloud

6 Issues

6.1 Privacy

6.2 Compliance

6.3 Performance

6.4 Criticism

6.5 Legal

6.6 Open source

6.7 Open standards

6.8 Security

6.9 Sustainability

6.10 Abuse

7 Research

8 See also

9 References

OverviewCloud computing provides computation, software, data access, and storage services that do not

require end-user knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that deliversthe services. Parallels to this concept can be drawn with the electricity grid, wherein end-users

consume power without needing to understand the component devices or infrastructure required to

provide the service.

Cloud computing describes a new supplement, consumption, and delivery model for IT servicesbased on Internet protocols, and it typically involves provisioning of dynamicallyscalableand often

virtualized resources[2][3] It is a byproduct and consequence of the ease-of-access to remote

computing sites provided by the Internet.[4] This may take the form of web-based tools orapplications that users can access and use through aweb browseras if they were programs installed

locally on their own computers.[5]

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Cloud computing providers deliver applications via the internet, which are accessed from aWeb

browser, while the businesssoftware and data are stored on servers at a remote location. In somecases, legacy applications (line of business applications that until now have been prevalent in thin

client Windows computing) are delivered via a screen-sharing technology, while the computing

resources are consolidated at a remote data center location; in other cases, entire businessapplications have been coded using web-based technologies such asAJAX.

Most cloud computing infrastructures consist of services delivered through shared data-centers andappearing as a single point of access for consumers' computing needs. Commercial offerings maybe required to meet service level agreements (SLAs), but specific terms are less often negotiated by

smaller companies.[6]

Comparisons

Cloud computing shares characteristics with:

Autonomic computing computer systems capable of self-management."[7]

Clientserver modelclientserver computing refers broadly to any distributed application

that distinguishes between service providers (servers) and service requesters (clients).[8]Grid computing "a form of distributed computing and parallel computing, whereby a

'super and virtual computer' is composed of a clusterof networked, loosely coupledcomputers acting in concert to perform very large tasks."

Mainframe computer powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for critical

applications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics,enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing.[9]

Utility computing the "packaging ofcomputing resources, such as computation and

storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility, such aselectricity."[10]

Peer-to-peer distributed architecture without the need for central coordination, with

participants being at the same time both suppliers and consumers of resources (in contrast tothe traditional clientserver model).

Service-oriented computing Cloud computing provides services related to computing

while, in a reciprocal manner, service-oriented computing consists of the computing

techniques that operate on software-as-a-service.[11]

Characteristics

Cloud computing exhibits the following key characteristics:

Agility improves with users' ability to re-provision technological infrastructure resources.

Application Programming Interface (API) accessibility to software that enables machinesto interact with cloud software in the same way the user interface facilitates interaction

between humans and computers. Cloud computing systems typically use REST-based APIs.

Cost is claimed to be reduced and in a public cloud delivery model capital expenditure isconverted to operational expenditure.[12]This is purported to lower barriers to entry, as

infrastructure is typically provided by a third-party and does not need to be purchased forone-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basis is

fine-grained with usage-based options and fewer IT skills are required for implementation(in-house).[13]

Device and location independence[14] enable users to access systems using a web browserregardless of their location or what device they are using (e.g., PC, mobile phone). As

infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet,users can connect from anywhere.[13]

Multi-tenancy enables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users thus

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allowing for:

Centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower costs (such as real estate,electricity, etc.)

Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer for highest possible load-levels)

Utilization and efficiency improvements for systems that are often only 1020%

utilized.[15]Reliability is improved if multiple redundant sites are used, which makes well-designed

cloud computing suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery.[16]

Scalability via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a fine-grained, self-service basis near real-time, without users having to engineer for peak loads.

Performance is monitored, and consistent and loosely coupled architectures are constructedusing web services as the system interface.[13]

Security could improve due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources,etc., but concerns can persist about loss of control over certain sensitive data, and the lack of

security for stored kernels.[17] Security is often as good as or better than under traditional

systems, in part because providers are able to devote resources to solving security issues thatmany customers cannot afford.[18] However, the complexity of security is greatly increasedwhen data is distributed over a wider area or greater number of devices and in multi-tenant

systems that are being shared by unrelated users. In addition, user access to security audit

logs may be difficult or impossible. Private cloud installations are in part motivated by users'desire to retain control over the infrastructure and avoid losing control of information

security.

Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, because they do not need to beinstalled on each user's computer. They are easier to support and to improve, as the changes

reach the clients instantly.

Architecture

Cloud computing sample architecture

Cloud architecture,[19] the systems architecture of thesoftware systems involved in the delivery of

cloud computing, typically involves multiple cloud components communicating with each otherover loose coupling mechanism such as messaging queue.

HistoryThe term "cloud" is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on the cloud drawing used in the pastto represent the telephone network,[20] and later to depict the Internet in computer network

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diagrams as an abstraction of the underlying infrastructure it represents.[21]

Cloud computing is a natural evolution of the widespread adoption ofvirtualization,service-

oriented architecture, autonomic, and utility computing. Details are abstracted from end-users, whono longer have need for expertise in, or control over, the technology infrastructure "in the cloud"

that supports them.[22]

The underlying concept of cloud computing dates back to the 1960s, whenJohn McCarthy opinedthat "computation may someday be organized as a public utility." Almost all the modern-daycharacteristics of cloud computing (elastic provision, provided as a utility, online, illusion of

infinite supply), the comparison to the electricity industry and the use of public, private,

government, and community forms, were thoroughly explored in Douglas Parkhill's 1966 book, TheChallenge of the Computer Utility.

The actual term "cloud" borrows from telephony in that telecommunications companies, who until

the 1990s offered primarily dedicated point-to-point data circuits, began offeringVirtual PrivateNetwork (VPN) services with comparable quality of service but at a much lower cost. By switching

traffic to balance utilization as they saw fit, they were able to utilize their overall network

bandwidth more effectively. The cloud symbol was used to denote the demarcation point betweenthat which was the responsibility of the provider and that which was the responsibility of the user.

Cloud computing extends this boundary to cover servers as well as the network infrastructure.[23]

After the dot-com bubble,Amazon played a key role in the development of cloud computing bymodernizing theirdata centers, which, like most computer networks, were using as little as 10% of

their capacity at any one time, just to leave room for occasional spikes. Having found that the new

cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements whereby small, fast-moving "two-pizza teams" could add new features faster and more easily, Amazon initiated a new

product development effort to provide cloud computing to external customers, and launchedAmazon Web Service (AWS) on a utility computing basis in 2006.[15][24]

In early 2008, Eucalyptus became the first open-source, AWS API-compatible platform fordeploying private clouds. In early 2008, OpenNebula, enhanced in the RESERVOIR European

Commission-funded project, became the first open-source software for deploying private andhybrid clouds, and for the federation of clouds.[25]In the same year, efforts were focused on

providing QoS guarantees (as required by real-time interactive applications) to cloud-based

infrastructures, in the framework of the IRMOS European Commission-funded project.[26] By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the relationship among consumers

of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them"[27] and observed that"[o]rganisations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use

service-based models" so that the "projected shift to cloud computing ... will result in dramatic

growth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in other areas."[28]

Layers

Once an Internet Protocol connection is established among several computers, it is possible to share

services within any one of the following layers.

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ClientSee also: Category:Cloud clients.

A cloud clientconsists of computer hardware and/or computer software that relies on cloud

computing for application delivery and that is in essence useless without it. Examples include some

computers, phones and other devices, operating systems, and browsers.[29][30][31]

Application

See also: Category:Cloud applications.

Cloud application services or "Software as a Service (SaaS)" deliver software as a service over the

Internet, eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own computersand simplifying maintenance and support.

Platform

See also: Category:Cloud platforms.

Cloud platform services, also known as Platform as a Service(PaaS), deliver a computing platform

and/orsolution stack as a service, often consuming cloud infrastructure and sustaining cloudapplications.[32] It facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of buying

and managing the underlying hardware and software layers.[33][34]

Infrastructure

See also: Category:Cloud infrastructure.

Cloud infrastructure services, also known as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), delivercomputerinfrastructure typically a platform virtualization environment as a service, along with raw

(block) storage and networking. Rather than purchasing servers, software, data-center space ornetwork equipment, clients instead buy those resources as a fully outsourced service. Suppliers

typically bill such services on a utility computing basis; the amount of resources consumed (and

therefore the cost) will typically reflect the level of activity.[35]

Server

The servers layer consists of computer hardwareand/or computer software products that are

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specifically designed for the delivery of cloud services, including multi-core processors, cloud-

specific operating systems and combined offerings.[36][37][38][39]

Deployment models

Cloud computing types

Public cloud

Public cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional mainstream sense, whereby resources are

dynamically provisioned to the general public on a fine-grained, self-service basis over the Internet,

viaweb applications/web services, from an off-site third-party provider who bills on a fine-grainedutility computing basis.[13]

Community cloud

Community cloud shares infrastructure between several organisations from a specific communitywith common concerns (security, compliance, jurisdiction, etc.), whether managed internally or by

a third-party and hosted internally or externally. The costs are spread over fewer users than a public

cloud (but more than a private cloud), so only some of the benefits of cloud computing are realised.[1]

Hybrid cloud

Hybrid cloud is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain

unique entities but are bound together, offering the benefits of multiple deployment models.[1]

Private cloud

Private cloud is infrastructure operated solely for a single organisation, whether managed internally

or by a third-party and hosted internally or externally.[1]

They have attracted criticism because users "still have to buy, build, and manage them" and thus donot benefit from lower up-front capital costs and less hands-on management,[40] essentially

"[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept".[41][42]

The IntercloudMain article:Intercloud

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The Intercloud[43] is an interconnected global "cloud of clouds"[44][45] and an extension of the

Internet "network of networks" on which it is based.[46][47][48]

Issues

PrivacyThe cloud model has been criticized by privacy advocates for the greater ease in which thecompanies hosting the cloud services control, and, thus, can monitor at will, lawfully or unlawfully,

the communication and data stored between the user and the host company. Instances such as thesecret NSA program, working with AT&T, and Verizon, which recorded over 10 million phone

calls between American citizens, causes uncertainty among privacy advocates, and the greater

powers it gives to telecommunication companies to monitor user activity.[49]While there havebeen efforts (such as US-EU Safe Harbor) to "harmonize" the legal environment, providers such as

Amazon still cater to major markets (typically the United States and the European Union) bydeploying local infrastructure and allowing customers to select "availability zones."[50]

Compliance

In order to obtain compliance with regulations including FISMA,HIPAA, andSOX in the United

States, the Data Protection Directive in theEU and the credit card industry's PCI DSS, users mayhave to adopt community or hybrid deployment modes that are typically more expensive and may

offer restricted benefits. This is how Google is able to "manage and meet additional governmentpolicy requirements beyond FISMA"[51][52] andRackspace Cloudare able to claim PCI

compliance.[53]

Many providers also obtainSAS 70 Type II certification, but this has been criticised on the grounds

that the hand-picked set of goals and standards determined by the auditor and the auditee are oftennot disclosed and can vary widely.[54] Providers typically make this information available on

request, under non-disclosure agreement.[55]

Customers in the EU contracting with cloud providers established outside the EU/EEA have to

adhere to the EU regulations on export of personal data.[56]

Performance

With the American average download speed at 4MiB/S cloud computing relies on a high speed

infrastructure that does not exist. This makes cloud computing impractical in many environments,in fact many local networks would struggle to serve multiple cloud instances. Depending on the

setup cloud computing can require very fast internet, less CPU intensive setups (for the client)simply stream video over the internet or a LAN.[citation needed]

Criticism

Some have come to criticize the term as being either too unspecific or even misleading. CEO Larry

Ellison of Oracle Corporation asserts that cloud computing is "everything that we already do",claiming that the company could simply "change the wording on some of our ads" to deploy their

cloud-based services.[57][58][59][60][61] Forrester Research VP Frank Gillett questions the verynature of and motivation behind the push for cloud computing, describing what he calls "cloud

washing"companies simply relabeling their products as "cloud computing", resulting in mere

marketing innovation instead of "real" innovation.[62][63]

GNU'sRichard Stallmaninsists that the industry will only use the model to deliver services at everincreasing rates over proprietary systems, otherwise likening it to a "marketing hype campaign".

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[64]

Legal

In March 2007, Dell applied to trademark the term "cloud computing" (U.S. Trademark 77,139,082)in the United States. The "Notice of Allowance" the company received in July 2008 was canceled in

August, resulting in a formal rejection of the trademark application less than a week later. Since2007, the number of trademark filings covering cloud computing brands, goods, and services has

increased rapidly. As companies sought to better position themselves for cloud computing branding

and marketing efforts, cloud computing trademark filings increased by 483% between 2008 and2009. In 2009, 116 cloud computing trademarks were filed, and trademark analysts predict that over

500 such marks could be filed during 2010.[65]

Other legal cases may shape the use of cloud computing by the public sector. On October 29, 2010,

Google filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Department of Interior, which opened up a bid for softwarethat required that bidders use Microsoft's Business Productivity Online Suite. Google sued, calling

the requirement "unduly restrictive of competition."[66] Scholars have pointed out that, beginningin 2005, the prevalence of open standardsand open sourcemay have an impact on the way that

public entities choose to select vendors.[67]

There are also concerns about a cloud provider shutting down for financial or legal reasons, which

has happened in a number of cases.[68]

Open source

Open source software has provided the foundation for many cloud computing implementations, one

prominent example being the Hadoop framework.[69] In November 2007, the Free SoftwareFoundation released the Affero General Public License, a version of GPLv3 intended to close a

perceivedlegal loophole associated with free softwaredesigned to be run over a network.[70]

Open standards

See also: Category:Cloud standards.

Most cloud providers expose APIs that are typically well-documented (often under a CreativeCommons license[71]) but also unique to their implementation and thus not interoperable. Some

vendors have adopted others' APIs and there are a number of open standards under development,with a view to delivering interoperability and portability.[72]

Security

This section may requirecleanup to meet Wikipedia'squality standards. (Considerusing more specific clean up instructions.) Please improve this section if you can. The talk

page may contain suggestions. (July 2011)

Main article:Cloud computing security

As cloud computing is achieving increased popularity, concerns are being voiced about the security

issues introduced through the adoption of this new model. The effectiveness and efficiency oftraditional protection mechanisms are being reconsidered as the characteristics of this innovative

deployment model differ widely from those of traditional architectures.[73]

The relative security of cloud computing services is a contentious issue that may be delaying its

adoption.[74] Issues barring the adoption of cloud computing are due in large part to the private andpublic sectors unease surrounding the external management of security based services. It is the very

nature of cloud computing based services, private or public, that promote external management of

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provided services. This delivers great incentive among cloud computing service providers in

producing a priority in building and maintaining strong management of secure services.[75]Security issues have been categorized into sensitive data access, data segregation, privacy, bug

exploitation, recovery, accountability, malicious insiders, management console security, account

control, and multi-tenancy issues. Solution to various cloud security issues vary throughcryptography, particularly public key infrastructure (PKI), use of multiple cloud providers,

standardization of APIs, improving virtual machine support and legal support.[73][76][77]

Sustainability

Although cloud computing is often assumed to be a form of "green computing", there is as of yet no

published study to substantiate this assumption.[78] Siting the servers affects the environmentaleffects of cloud computing. In areas where climate favors natural cooling and renewable electricity

is readily available, the environmental effects will be more moderate. Thus countries with favorable

conditions, such as Finland,[79] Sweden and Switzerland,[80] are trying to attract cloud computingdata centers.

Abuse

As with privately purchased hardware, crackers posing as legitimate customers can purchase theservices of cloud computing for nefarious purposes. This includes password cracking and as a

means of launching attacks.[81] In 2009, a banking trojan illegally used the popular Amazon

service as a command and control channel that issued software updates and malicious instructionsto PCs that were infected by the malware.[82]

Research

Many universities, vendors and government organizations are investing in research around the topicof cloud computing:[83][84]

In October 2007 the Academic Cloud Computing Initiative (ACCI) was announced as a

multi-university project designed to enhance students' technical knowledge to address the

challenges of cloud computing.[85]

On March 23, 2011, a nonprofit organization called Open Networking Foundation was

founded, focused on providing support for a new cloud initiative called Software-DefinedNetworking.[86]

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