cdma phase one

1-2003 332 - 1Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter

cdma2000 Phase One:1xRTT

cdma2000 Phase One:1xRTT

Course 332


Contents of Course 332

■ 2G-3G Progression Overview• The Standards Documents

■ The RF Side of CDMA2000 developments• A Story of Two Hotels• CDMA2000 Compatibility with IS-95• New features and improvements

– Radio Configurations & channels– Improvements: access, power control, coding, etc– OTD, pilots for smart antenna beamforming, etc.

■ The Data Side of new CDMA2000 developments• Circuit-switched vs. packet-switched access• The data backbone

– Physical structure: PDSNs, OSSN, AAA, administration– Operational features: Simple IP, Mobile IP, QoS– The Protocol Stack, Packet Data States, Link Management

■ Appendix: Glossary


CDMAone CDMA2000/IS-2000

The CDMA Technology Path to 3G

Technology

Generation

SignalBandwidth,

#Users

Features:Incremental

Progress

1G

AMPS

DataCapabilities

30 kHz.1

First System,Capacity

&Handoffs

None,2.4K by modem

2G

IS-95A/J-Std008

1250 kHz.20-35

First CDMA,Capacity,Quality

14.4K

2G

IS-95B

1250 kHz.25-40

•Improved Access

•Smarter Handoffs

64K

2.5G or 3?

IS-2000:1xRTT

1250 kHz.50-80 voice

and data

•Enhanced Access

•Channel Structure

153K307K230K

3G1xEV:DO,DV

HDR or1Xtreme1250 kHz.

Many packetusers

Faster data rates on

dedicated 1x RF data

carrier

2.4 Mb/s(HDR)

5 Mb/s(1Xtreme)

3G

IS-2000:3xRTT

F: 3x 1250kR: 3687k

120-210 per 3 carriers

Faster data rates on

shared 3-carrier bundle

1.0 Mb/s


The CDMA2000 Standards Documents

■ Although the standards are dry reading, they are the prime source of authoritative detail on each new technology.

■ The CDMA IS-2000 Standard is broken into six major sections• Section 1 is housekeeping, document conventions.• Section 2 presents a high overview of Radio Transmission

Technology, physical layer• Section 3 includes key features and functionality of the Media

Access Control Layer• Section 4 includes key features and functionality of the Link

Access Control Layer• Section 5 includes key features and functionality of the Upper

Signaling Layer, Layer 3• Section 6 includes analog overlay compatibility

■ You can download current and past versions of these documents free from the website of the Third Generation Partnership Project Two, www.3gpp2.org.


The RF Side of 3G NetworksThe RF Side of 3G Networks

CDMA2000


A Story of Two Hotels

■ A sector on an IS-95 CDMA BTS runs like a discount hotel today

• There's a Sign outside, a covered entranceway, Lobby

• Only Two kinds of rooms: one king bed or two doubles

• There are no meeting rooms or ballrooms

■ New 1xRTT CDMA BTS sectors are like a convention resort!

• Twice as big in square feet• Sign, Entranceway, Lobby• Restaurants, Bars, Nightclub• Guest rooms: one king bed

or two doubles, maybe suites• Meeting Rooms with

adjustable walls -- for use as Classrooms, Auditorium, Ballrooms, Banquets, Parties, Meetings

BTS

PILOT

SYNCPAGINGTRAFFIC

ACCESS

TRAFFIC

F-TRAFFIC

BTS

F-PilotF-SyncPAGINGF-BCHF-QPCHF-CPCCHF-CACHF-CCCH

F-DCCHF-FCH

F-SCHF-SCH

R-TRAFFIC

R-Pilot

R-CCCH

R-DCCHR-FCH

R-SCH

R-EACHR-ACH or


CDMA2000 Capabilities Overview■ Basic operation compatible w/existing IS-95B systems■ 1xRTT independent I & Q modulation doubles capacity■ 3xRTT provides flexible multicarrier upgrade capability■ 1xEV DO, 1xEV DV offer even faster data rates■ New transmission modes offer faster data rates

• Voice and data to more than 144K in unrestricted general mobile use (1xRTT)

• Up to ~384 kbps packet or circuit data at medium speeds (1xRTT gives 307k, 3xRTT & 1xEV more)

• Up to 2 Mbps data rates when fixed in favorable locations (1xEV and 3xRTT both exceed 2Mbps)

IS-95A/J-Std008

IS-95B

1xRTT

3xRTT

Technology Data Capabilities

Up to 14.4 kbps using one traffic channel for supplemental dataUp to 115.2 kbps using 1 traffic channel and up to 7 supplemental

code channels supporting 14.4 kbps eachUp to 153.6 kbps (RC3) or 307.2 kbps (RC4); only RC3 avail. today;

Uses fundamental & supplemental channels, advanced rate and quality of service management

Up to 1.0386 Mbps (RC9) using fundamental channel for voice and supplemental channel(s) for data; advanced QoS and rate mgt.

SPEED LIMIT14.4

kbps

TRUCKS9.6kbps

SPEED LIMIT

307kbps

TRUCKS

153Kbps

USE I & Q LANES


Mobile Improvements in 1xRTT

■ Reverse Link Pilot transmitted by mobile in advanced modes• synchronous demodulation improves reverse link budget

■ 1x Mobile transmits continuous waveform, no blind rate detection• Not like today's mobile and its TX data burst randomizing

BTS

W0W32W1

W17W25W41

W3

PIlotSync

PagingOther�s Fundamental Channel

My Fundamental ChannelOther�s Fundamental Channel

Supplemental Channel (shared)(sometimes others’, sometimes mine)

BASE STATION

W53Fundamental Channel

IS-95 MOBILE

uses Walsh Codes as “symbols” of its informationsince it only transmits one kind of channel at a time

W14 W23 W51 W07 W11 W16 W00 W63 W47 W13 W23

W0W4

W1, 2W6,8

Pilot and Power ControlFundamental ChannelSupplemental ChannelAccess, DCCH, others

1xRTT MOBILEUses steady Walsh codes as channelsmuch like a base station doessince it may transmit multiplechannels simultaneously


Other 1xRTT Improvements and Capabilities

■ Improved convolutional encoding for more robust channels

• Much better protection against FER■ Faster power control on forward link

• Finally the mobile can say what it wants 800x per second

■ Forward Link Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (OTD)

• Complex, but can give diversity gain■ Quick-paging channel improves slotted-

mode paging, increases battery life• Quick Paging Channel indicator bits

wake up mobiles to receive pages■ Auxiliary pilots support beam-forming and

smart antennas• Expect advanced smart antenna

products in 3-5 years

RC3 RC4W25

W0

Pilot and Power Control BTS

IQIQ

Orthogonal Transmit Diversity

11 12 14 14 151098765432102047 16

QUICK PAGING CHANNEL SLOT

PAGING CHANNEL SLOT

80 ms

80 ms

1.28 s

GENERALPAGE MESSAGE

PAGEINDICATORS

100 ms20msQPCH

PCH

Auxiliary Pilot

BTS

Fundamental ChannelAuxiliary Pilot ChannelAux PCH allows mobile to adjust FCH steering


CDMA2000 Compatibility with IS-95B & IS-95

■ CDMA2000 systems still support operation of IS-95 mobiles just like today• IS-95B radio interface operation is still fully supported• IS-707 data services standard still fully implemented• Familiar vocoders in widespread use are still supported

– IS-127 8K EVRC– IS-733 13K vocoder

• IS-637 SMS supported• IS-683 Over-The-Air (OTA) Activation fully supported• IS-98 and IS-97 BTS and Mobile specs still apply• Pilot, Sync and Paging channels of IS-95 are still retained as Common

Broadcast Channels in CDMA2000■ IS-2000 can be deployed in overlay mode with existing IS-95 carriers■ This compatibility allows operators to immediately implement CDMA2000

without waiting for widespread deployment of special CDMA2000 mobiles


Same Spectrum, Multiple Uses

■ IS-95 and IS-2000 1xRTT can operate using single RF carriers and multiples in any combination that will fit in operator’s licensed spectrum

■ IS-2000 3xRTT operates using groups of three carriers each on the forward link, and triple-wide single carriers on the reverse link

■ Only 3 groups of forward 3xRTT carriers and three reverse 3xRTT carriers are possible in a single 30 MHz. block (15 MHz. uplink, 15 MHz. downlink)

• There's not enough room for the last carrier of the fourth 3x group, so only 3 groups will fit in a 15 MHz. PCS licensed block

FORWARD LINKREVERSE LINK

f1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011

15 MHz. 15 MHz.

IS-95/BBTS








f1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011

15 MHz. 15 MHz.

1xRTTBTS







3xRTT


f1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 43x MC 1 3x MC 2 3x MC 3 3x MC 4

5 MHz.

15 MHz.

5 MHz.

15 MHz.

BTS


Spreading Rates andRadio ConfigurationsSpreading Rates andRadio Configurations

Physical Layer


Spreading Rates and Radio Configurations

■ Spreading Rate refers to the chip rate of the waveform which spreads the CDMA signal, determining its spectral width and its processing gain

• Spreading Rate 1 is 1,228,800 chips per second, same as current IS-95 operation. It makes signals about 1.25 MHz. wide, which can carry certain amounts of data per sector

– This is called 1xRTT, 1x Radio Transmission Technology• Spreading Rate 3 is 3 times Spreading Rate 1, or 3,686,400

chips per second. It makes signals about 3.75 MHz. wide which can carry larger amounts of data per sector

– This is called 3xRTT, 3x Radio Transmission Technology– 3xRTT is not likely ever to be implemented commercially

■ Radio Configuration refers to the coding arrangements and how the channels and their data rates are established

• There are several Radio Configurations for 1xRTT and several more for 3xRTT. Each one has its own characteristics


Spreading Rates & Radio ConfigurationsRadio

Configuration

RC1

RC2

RC3

RC4

RC5

RC6

RC7

RC8

RC9

SpreadingRate

SR11xRTT1 carrier1.2288MCPS

SR33xRTT

Fwd:3 carriers

1.2288MCPSRev:

3.6864MCPS

Forward Link

Required. IS-95B CompatibleNo CDMA2000 coding features

Compatible with IS-95B RS2No CDMA2000 coding features

Quarter-rate convolutional or Turbo Coding, base rate 9600

Half-rate convolutional or Turbo Coding, base rate 9600

Quarter-rate convolutional or Turbo Coding, base rate 14400

1/6 rate convolutional or Turbo coding, base rate 9600

Required. 1/3 rate convolutional or Turbo coding, base rate 9600

¼ or 1/3 rate convolutional orTurbo coding, base rate 14400

½ or 1/3 rate convolutional or Turbo encoder, base rate 14400

DataRates

9600

14400

9600153600

9600307200

14400230400

9600307200

9600614400

14400460800

144001036800

Quarter rate convolutional or Turbo coding; Half rate convolutional or Turbo coding;base rate 9600

Quarter rate convolutional or Turbo Coding, base rate 14400

Required. ¼ or 1/3 convolutionalor Turbo coding, base rate 9600

¼ or ½ convolutional or Turboencoding, base rate 14400

Required. IS-95B CompatibleNo CDMA2000 coding features

Compatible with IS-95B RS2No CDMA2000 coding features

RC1

RC2

RC3

RC4

RC5

RC6

9600

14400

9600

153600

307200

14400230400

9600

307200

614400

14400

460800

1036800

Reverse LinkDataRates

RadioConfiguration


RC 1 RC 3 RC 5 RC 1 RC 3 RC 4 RC 6 RC 71x 1x 3x 1x 1x 1x 3x 3x

R=1/3 R=1/4 R=1/4 R=1/2 R=1/4 R=1/2 R=1/6 R=1/31200 1200 1200 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500

1350 13501500 1500

2400 2400 2400 24002700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700

4800 4800 4800 4800 4800 4800 4800 48009600 9600 9600 9600 9600 9600 9600 9600

19200 19200 19200 19200 19200 1920038400 38400 38400 38400 38400 3840076800 76800 76800 76800 76800 76800

153600 153600 153600 153600 153600 153600R=1/2 R=1/3

307200 307200 307200 307200 307200614400 614400

RC 2 RC 4 RC 6 RC 2 RC 5 RC 8 RC 91x 1x 3x 1x 1x 3x 3x

R=1/2 R=1/4 R=1/4 R=1/2 R=1/4 R=1/4or1/3* R=1/2or1/3*1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 18003600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 36007200 7200 7200 7200 7200 7200 7200

14400 14400 14400 14400 14400 14400 1440028800 28800 28800 28800 2880057600 57600 57600 57600 57600

115200 115200 115200 115200 115200230400 230400 230400 230400 230400

460800 460800 460800R=1/2

1036800 1036800

IS-2000 Physical Layer Radio ConfigurationsB

ased

on

Rat

e Se

t 1B

ased

on

Rat

e Se

t 2

* R=1/3 for 5ms frames

Reverse CDMA Channel Forward Traffic Channel

All the possible combinations


IS-2000 CDMA Code ChannelsIS-2000 CDMA Code Channels

Physical Layer


2G Today: IS-95 CDMA Channels

■ Existing IS-95A/JStd-008 CDMA offers one radio configuration using just the channels shown above

■ IS-2000 CDMA is backward-compatible with this IS-95, but offers additional radio configurations with additional channels

• These additional modes are called Radio Configurations• IS-95 Rate Set 1 and 2 are IS-2000 Radio Configurations 1 & 2

FORWARD CHANNELS

BTS

W0: PILOT

W32: SYNC

W1: PAGING

Wn: TRAFFIC

REVERSE CHANNELS

ACCESS

TRAFFIC


The Big Improvements in 1xRTT

■ the FUNDAMENTAL Channel (FCH) carries Voice and/or Low Speed Data just like today

■ New SUPPLEMENTAL Channel (SCH) carries high-speed data• High-speed data channels allocated on a burst-by-burst basis• Raw rates of 19.2, 38.4, 76.8, and 153.6 kbps and higher• Independent Forward and reverse supplemental channel rates• Airlink Dormant State is supported• voice on fundamental channel possible while dormant!

■ Signaling can be either on • Fundamental Channel (FCH) [bearer profile P1], or• Dedicated Control (DCCH) [bearer profile P2]• using a new 4 state MAC protocol to increase efficiency

■ Reverse Pilot Channel (RPCH) provides extra link budget margin ■ Fast Forward Power Control

• From old IS-95 max of 50 Hz to new constant 800 Hz!■ Enhanced Access Channels increase occupancy, more efficient


CDMA2000 SR1 CDMA Channels

■ Not all of these channels will be implemented immediately, and some may not be supported in commercial use any time soon.

■ All are defined in the Standard and have useful purposes and advantages

Includes PowerControl Subchannel

Enhanced Access Channel

CommonControl Channel

DedicatedControl Channel

Reverse FundamentalChannel (IS95B comp.)

Reverse Supplemental Channel

Access Channel(IS-95B compatible)

R-TRAFFIC

REVERSE CHANNELS

R-Pilot

R-CCCH

R-DCCH

R-FCH

R-SCH

R-EACH

1

1

0 or 1

0 or 1

0 to 2

R-ACH or

1

Dedicated Control Channel

Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible



Broadcast Channel

Quick Paging Channel

Common Power Control Channel

Common Assignment Channel

Common Control Channels

Forward Traffic Channels

Fundamental Channel

SupplementalChannels IS-95B only

SupplementalChannels RC3,4,5

F-TRAFFIC

FORWARD CHANNELS

F-Pilot

F-Sync

PAGING

F-BCH

F-QPCH

F-CPCCH

F-CACH

F-CCCH

F-DCCH

1

1

1 to 7

0 to 8

0 to 3

0 to 4

0 to 7

0 to 7

0 or 1

F-FCH

F-SCH

F-SCH

Users:Users:0 to many0 to many

1

0 to 7

0 to 2

IS-95B only

How manyPossible:

BTS


The Channels at Phase One 1xRTT Launch

■ At initial 1xRTT launch, many IS-95 mobiles will still exist

■ IS-95 mobiles still get config. info. on the existing channel

■ F-BCH, F-CPCCH, F-CACH, F-CCCH and F-DCCH will be implemented later on carriers for 1xRTT mobiles only








R-TRAFFIC

REVERSE CHANNELS

R-Pilot

R-CCCH

R-DCCH

R-FCH

R-SCH

R-EACH

1

1

0 or 1

0 or 1

0 to 2

R-ACH or

1

BTS





Broadcast Channel






Fundamental Channel



F-TRAFFIC

FORWARD CHANNELS

F-Pilot

F-Sync

PAGING

F-BCH

F-QPCH

F-CPCCH

F-CACH

F-CCCH

F-DCCH

1

1

1 to 7

0 to 8

0 to 3

0 to 4

0 to 7

0 to 7

0 or 1

F-FCH

F-SCH

F-SCH

1

0 to 7

0 to 2

IS-95B only

Users:Users:0 to many0 to many

How manyPossible:


Forward Control ChannelsForward Control Channels

1xRTT


CDMA2000 1xRTT Forward Control Channels

■ Forward channels can be a mix of old IS-95B and new CDMA2000• the wireless Operator can choose which channels to implement

■ First-Phase Implementation, serving IS-95 and CDMA2000 mobiles:• F-Pilot and F-Sync same as IS-95B (+updated Sync message)• Paging channel same as IS-95B (incl. config., orders, assignments)• Optional: F-QPCH quick paging channel ‘flags’ for better battery life

■ Second-Phase Implementation, serving only CDMA2000 mobiles: • F-Pilot and F-Sync identical to IS-95B (+updated Sync message)• Paging channel now carries ONLY pages• F-BCH carries configuration• F-CCCH common control channel carries orders & assignments• F-QPCH quick paging ‘flags’ for deeper mobile sleep, longer battery• F-CPCCH common power control channel: more ‘polite’ access• F-CACH common assignment channel for improved access


F-QPCH: The Quick Paging Channel

■ The Quick Paging Channel indicator bits tell 1xRTT mobiles whether they need to wake up during the next Paging Channel slot

■ Each sector can have up to three F-QPCH walsh codes assigned• Walsh Code 80 (128-bit) (if there is only one, this must be it)• Walsh Code 48 (128-bit) (this must be second, if used)• Walsh Code 112 (128-bit) (this must be third, if used)

■ QPCH and PCH slots are 80 ms long; QPCH slots begin 100 ms before the corresponding PCH slot

11 12 14 14 151098765432102047 16

PAGING CHANNEL SLOT

80 ms

80 ms

1.28 s

GENERALPAGE MESSAGE

100 ms20ms

Mobile hashes using IMSI to recognize indicator bits it should monitor. If the bits are on, the mobile wakes up and

listen to the next PCH slot – somebody watching those bits will be paged.

QUICK PAGING CHANNEL SLOT Mobile listens for first General Page Message, beginning in this slot.

There will be a page for some mobile watching those indicator bits.


1xRTT Access Procedures

■ IS-2000 adds two new Access methods, for three ways to access:■ Basic Access Mode:

• (Existing Aloha Method from IS-95)• no closed-loop power control• Mobiles may suffer collisions• Mobile Power control is by successive trial and error, which is not very

efficient■ Power Controlled Aloha Mode

• The mobiles’ R-ACH is power controlled by the new F-CPCCH• Better power control, but still subject to collisions

■ Power Controlled Reservation Mode• The mobiles’ R-CCCH channel is Power Controlled• Access to system on R-CCCH is Reservation-based (no collisions)• This Maximizes feasible occupancy level of access channels

MSProbing

Success!


New Channels Improve 1xRTT Access

BTS

FORWARD CHANNELS REVERSE CHANNELS

F-Pilot

F-Sync

PAGING

F-BCH

F-QPCH

F-CPCCH

F-CACH

F-CCCH

R-Pilot

R-CCCH

R-EACH

1 1

1

0 or 1

1




Broadcast Channel








Access Channel(IS-95B compatible) R-ACH or

F-TRAFFIC

F-DCCH

F-FCH

F-SCH

F-SCH

0 to many



Fundamental Channel



R-TRAFFIC

R-DCCH

R-FCH

R-SCH

0 or 1

0 to 2




1

1 to 7

0 to 8

0 to 3

0 to 4

0 to 7

0 to 7

0 or 1

1

0 to 7

0 to 2


Power Controlled Reservation Access Mode

■ Reservation Access Mode procedures:• On R-EACH, mobile asks permission to transmit • The associated F-CACH gives permission• Mobile transmits on R-CCCH during scheduled slot• F-CPCCH gives power control during R-CCCH transmission• F-CCCH gives acknowledgment and TCH assignment, if needed

R-EACH

R-CCCH

F-CACH

BTS

Enhanced Access Probe

Early Acknowledgment Channel Assignment Message

Acknowledgment

F-CPCCH

EACH HEADEREACH PREAMBLE

MESSAGE CAPSULE CACH PREAMBLE

Enhanced Access DataCCCH HEADERCCCH PREAMBLEPower Control Bits

F-CCCH


The F-CACH

■ F-CACH modes:■ Power Controlled access

mode• F-CACH provides fast

acknowledgments to mobiles during access for power control

■ Reservation Access Mode• Transmits an abbreviated

address for each mobile that is allowed to transmit on the R-CCCH

• This reduces collisions during the access process

BTS

FORWARD CHANNELS

F-Pilot

F-Sync

PAGING

F-BCH

F-QPCH

F-CPCCH

F-CACH

F-CCCH

1

1




Broadcast Channel





F-TRAFFIC

F-DCCH

F-FCH

F-SCH

F-SCH



Fundamental Channel



0 to many

1 to 7

0 to 8

0 to 3

0 to 4

0 to 7

0 to 7

0 or 1

1

0 to 7

0 to 2


The F-CPCCH

■ Common Power Control Channel tightly controls power of mobiles accessing the system using R-EACH or R-CCCH

■ One CPCCH can transmit power control data for up to 24 reverse channels (each is either an R-EACH or an R-CCCH)

• 12 channels of power control on the I channel, 12 on the Q channel

■ The CPCCH increases system capacity by better control of mobile power during access mode

BTS

FORWARD CHANNELS

F-Pilot

F-Sync

PAGING

F-BCH

F-QPCH

F-CPCCH

F-CACH

F-CCCH

1

1




Broadcast Channel





F-TRAFFIC

F-DCCH

F-FCH

F-SCH

F-SCH



Fundamental Channel



0 to many

1 to 7

0 to 8

0 to 3

0 to 4

0 to 7

0 to 7

0 or 1

1

0 to 7

0 to 2


IS-2000 using the new F-BCH and F-CCCH

■ Broadcast Channel F-BCH• 40 ms frames with slots of 40,

80, or 160 ms• Carries only Overhead

messages transmitted at 19.2, 9.6, or 4.8 kbps

■ Common Control Channel• Uses 20, 10, or 5 ms frames• Transmits signaling messages

at 9.6, 19.2, or 38.4 kbps• Handles all other signaling

directed to mobiles• Free to operate at higher data

rates to improve throughput

BTS

FORWARD CHANNELS

F-Pilot

F-Sync

PAGING

F-BCH

F-QPCH

F-CPCCH

F-CACH

F-CCCH

1

1




Broadcast Channel





F-TRAFFIC

F-DCCH

F-FCH

F-SCH

F-SCH



Fundamental Channel



0 to many

1 to 7

0 to 8

0 to 3

0 to 4

0 to 7

0 to 7

0 or 1

1

0 to 7

0 to 2


In-Call Administration on the F-DCCH

■ The optional Dedicated Control Channel is paired up with an FCH (forward fundamental channel)

• also relates to any F-SCHs used in the call

■ Transmits signaling and possibly power control information about the FCH

■ Uses either 5 ms or 20 ms frames■ Data rate always matches rate of

the associated FCH■ F-DCCH can use discontinuous

transmission during periods with no data is to be transmitted

■ F-DCCH can offload messaging which otherwise would have been required to go over F-FCH

BTS

FORWARD CHANNELS

F-Pilot

F-Sync

PAGING

F-BCH

F-QPCH

F-CPCCH

F-CACH

F-CCCH

1

1




Broadcast Channel





F-TRAFFIC

F-DCCH

F-FCH

F-SCH

F-SCH



Fundamental Channel



0 to many

1 to 7

0 to 8

0 to 3

0 to 4

0 to 7

0 to 7

0 or 1

1

0 to 7

0 to 2


1xRTT Channel Generation1xRTT Channel Generation


SR1 F-Pilot Channel (IS-95 Compatible)

■ The backward-compatible IS-95 Pilot, Sync, and Paging Channels are applied to the I channel of the complex short code spreader.

■ No input is applied to the Q channel

■ This produces parallel BPSK modulation for these channels just like IS-95

This complex scrambling operation is

part of every 1xRTT channel. 1xRTT base

stations use new channel elements, each

of which contain this new circuitry

Walsh 128Generator

I

Q

I Short Code

QShort Code

FIRLPF

FIRLPF

I

II

Q QQ

OrthogonalSpreading

ComplexScrambling

+

-

+

+

Nothing Connected

19.2 ksps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcpsThe Pilot:All Zero Data

Σ

Σ

BTS


SR1 F-CPCCH Generation and Coding

■ No convolutional or turbo coding is used on the power control data■ Time offset of each power control subchannel is determined by the

long code offset of the reverse channel of the associated mobile

Different Bits carried on logical Q

Different Bits carried on logical I

OffsetCalculation

User Long Code Mask

Long CodeGenerator

Long CodeDecimator

Gain

Walsh 128Generator

I

Q

I Short Code

QShort Code

FIRLPF

FIRLPF

I

II

Q QQ

OrthogonalSpreading

ComplexScrambling

+

-

+

+

1228.8 kbps

9.6 ksps

9.6 ksps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

Gain

OffsetCalculation

Pwr Ctrl Bits for R-CCCH0Pwr Ctrl Bits for R-CCCH1

Pwr Ctrl Bits for R-CCCH11

Pwr Ctrl Bits for R-CCCH12Pwr Ctrl Bits for R-CCCH13

Pwr Ctrl Bits for R-CCCH23

MU

XM

UX Σ

ΣBTS

These are the power control bits transmitted by the base station to adjust the power of mobiles when

transmitting on the reverse common control channels


F-QPCH Quick Paging Channel Coding

The bit flags are encoded into symbols and repeated, to protect against transmission errors

These are the bits that serve as “flags” to tell certain groups of mobiles to “wake up” and start listening to the paging channel in an upcoming slot.We have pages for some of you!!

The stream of symbols is divided into two parts: one on logical I and one on logical Q

2.4 or 4.8kbps

Channel PageIndicators

2x/4xSymbol

Repetition

GainSerial toParallel

Walsh 128Generator

I

Q

I Short Code

QShort Code

FIRLPF

FIRLPF

I

II

Q QQ

OrthogonalSpreading

ComplexScrambling

+

-

+

+

9.6 ksps

9.6 ksps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

19.2 ksps

ChannelIndicator Data

4.8 or 9.6kbps

Σ

Σ

BTS


Forward Traffic ChannelsForward Traffic Channels

1xRTT


Spreading Rate 1 Forward Traffic Channels

■ In IS-95B mode (RC 1 or 2) F-Traffic channels include:• 1 F-FCH forward fundamental channel for primary data at 9600

or 14400 bps using IS-95B coding• 0 to 7 F-SCH forward supplemental channels for high speed

data using IS-95B coding■ In CDMA2000 mode (RC3, 4, 5) F-Traffic channels include:

• 1 F-FCH forward fundamental channel• 1 or 2 F-SCH supplemental channel

■ In CDMA2000 mode, F-DCCH dedicated control channels may be associated with F-Traffic channels to carry signaling and power control data

• Power control bits can be either on F-FCH or F-FDCCH


SR1, RC1 9,600 bps F-FCH (IS-95-Compatible)

Same sym

bols go on both I and Q!

PowerControl

Puncturing

Data Bits

8.6 kbps

+CRC &Tail bits

9.6 kbps

1/2 rateConv Encoder Interleaver

User Long Code Mask

Long CodeGenerator

Long CodeDecimator

Power CtrlDecimator

PCPunc

Pwr CtrlBits

GainGain

19.2 ksps

I Short Code

QShort Code

FIRLPF

FIRLPF

II

QQ

OrthogonalSpreading

1228.8 kbps /W

800 bps

800 bps

19.2 ksps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

SymbolRepetition Σ

ΣBTS Walsh 64Generator

1228.8 kcps


SR1, RC2 14,400 bps F-FCH (IS-95-Compatible)

Same sym

bols go on both I and Q!

PowerControl

Puncturing

Data Bits

13.35 kbps

+CRC &Tail bits

14.4 kbps


User Long Code Mask

Long CodeGenerator

Long CodeDecimator

Power CtrlDecimator

PCPunc

Pwr CtrlBits

GainGain

19.2 ksps

I Short Code

QShort Code

FIRLPF

FIRLPF

II

QQ

OrthogonalSpreading

1228.8 kbps /W

800 bps

800 bps

19.2 ksps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

SymbolRepetition

SymbolPuncturing

28.8 ksps

2 of 6

Σ

ΣBTS Walsh 64Generator

1228.8 kcps


Channels of the Higher 1xRTT Configurations

BTS

FORWARD CHANNELS REVERSE CHANNELS

F-Pilot

F-Sync

PAGING

F-BCH

F-QPCH

F-CPCCH

F-CACH

F-CCCH

R-Pilot

R-CCCH

R-EACH

1 1

1

0 or 1

1

1 to 7

0 or 1

0 or 1

0 or 1

0 or 1

0 to n




Broadcast Channel








Access Channel(IS-95B compatible) R-ACH or

F-TRAFFIC

F-DCCH0 or 1

F-FCH

F-SCH

F-SCH

0 to many

1

0 to 7

0 to 2



Fundamental Channel



R-TRAFFIC

R-DCCH

R-FCH

R-SCH

0 or 1

0 to 2




1


SR1, RC3 F-FCH (9,600 bps)


Complex scrambling ensures that the

physical I and Q phase planes contain equal

amplitudes at all times. This minimizes the

peak-to-average power levels in the signal.

PowerControl

PuncturingFull RateData Bits8.6 kbps

+CRC &Tail bits

9.6 kbps


User Long Code Mask

Long CodeGenerator

Long CodeDecimator

Power CtrlDecimator

PCPunc

Pwr CtrlBits

GainGain

Serial toParallel

Walsh 64Generator

I

Q

38.4 ksps

I Short Code

QShort Code

FIRLPF

FIRLPF

I

II

Q QQ

OrthogonalSpreading

ComplexScrambling

+

-

+

+Power control informationmay be carried as shown

or on the F-DCCH

1228.8 kbps /W/2

800 bps

800 bps

19.2 ksps

19.2 ksps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

38.4 ksps

Σ

ΣBTS


SR1, RC4 F-FCH (9,600 bps)






PowerControl


+CRC &Tail bits

9.6 kbps


User Long Code Mask

Long CodeGenerator

Long CodeDecimator

Power CtrlDecimator

PCPunc

Pwr CtrlBits

GainGain

Serial toParallel

Walsh 128Generator

I

Q

19.2 ksps

I Short Code

QShort Code

FIRLPF

FIRLPF

I

II

Q QQ

OrthogonalSpreading

ComplexScrambling

+

-

+


or on the F-DCCH

1228.8 kbps /W/2

800 bps

800 bps

9.6 ksps

9.6 ksps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

19.2 ksps

Σ

ΣBTS


SR1, RC5 F-FCH (14.4 kbps)






PowerControl

Puncturing

Full RateData Bits

13.35 kbps

+CRC &Tail bits

14.4 kbps

1/4 rateConv Encoder

Interleaver

User Long Code Mask

Long CodeGenerator

Long CodeDecimator

Power CtrlDecimator

PCPunc

Pwr CtrlBits

GainGain

Serial toParallel

Walsh 64Generator

I

Q

I Short Code

QShort Code

FIRLPF

FIRLPF

I

II

Q QQ

OrthogonalSpreading

ComplexScrambling

+

-

+


or on the F-DCCH

1228.8 kbps /W/2

800 bps

800 bps

19.2 ksps

19.2 ksps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

38.4 ksps

Puncture4/12

38.4 ksps

Σ

ΣBTS

57.6ksps


SR1, RC3 F-SCH (152,400 bps)






PayloadData Bits

152.4 kbps

+CRC &Tail bits

153.6 kbps


User Long Code Mask

Long CodeGenerator

Long CodeDecimator


Walsh 4Generator

I

Q

614.4 kspsI

Short Code

QShort Code

FIRLPF

FIRLPF

I

II

Q QQ

OrthogonalSpreading

ComplexScrambling

+

-

+

+

1228.8 kbps /W/2

307.2 ksps

307.2 ksps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

614.4 ksps

614.4 ksps

Σ

ΣBTS


SR1, RC4 F-SCH (307,200 bps)






PayloadData Bits

304.8 kbps

+CRC &Tail bits

307.2 kbps


User Long Code Mask

Long CodeGenerator

Long CodeDecimator


Walsh 4Generator

I

Q

614.4 kspsI

Short Code

QShort Code

FIRLPF

FIRLPF

I

II

Q QQ

OrthogonalSpreading

ComplexScrambling

+

-

+

+

1228.8 kbps /W/2

307.2 ksps

307.2 ksps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

614.4 ksps

614.4 ksps

Σ

ΣBTS


SR1 Forward Channel Complex Spreading

BTS

ΣWhen

Enabled, Rotate by 90°

(Output -Qin +jIin)

BasebandFilter

Cos 2πfct

Sin 2πfct

S(t)

Σ

Σ

BasebandFilter

WalshFunction

QOFsign

YQ

YI

Iin

Qin

WalshrotnPNI

PNQ

I

Q

Enable

Complex Multiplier

+

-

+

+

+

+

Walsh function = ±1 (mapping: �0�⇒⇒⇒⇒+1, �1� ⇒⇒⇒⇒-1)QOFsign= ±1 sign multiplier QOF mask (mapping: �0�⇒⇒⇒⇒+1, �1� ⇒⇒⇒⇒-1)

Walshrot = �0� or �1� 90°-rotation-enable Walsh functionWalshrot = �0� means no rotation

Walshrot = �1� means rotate by 90°The null QOF has QOFsign = +1 and Walshrot = �0�

PNI and PNQ = ±1 I-channel and Q-channel PN sequencesThe null QOF is used for Radio Configurations 1 and 2


Channel Coding for Protection:Convolutional vs. Turbo CodesChannel Coding for Protection:Convolutional vs. Turbo Codes


Data Protection: Convolutional vs. Turbo Coding■ In CDMA, bits are protected against transmission errors using channel

coding, turning them into symbols before transmission. After reception, the decoding process to recover the bits is highly tolerant of bad symbols. The correct bits can be recovered despite symbol errors

■ Many different channel coding methods are available to convert bits into symbols. CDMA voice applications have always used Convolutionalencoders; CDMA2000 also introduces Turbo coding

■ Voice is a real-time streaming application and lost frames can’t be retransmitted, there is only one chance to pass the voice frames through. We adjust the power of voice channels trying to achieve an FER of about 1% or 2%; anything higher produces gives bad-sounding speech.

■ Data applications are more forgiving of lost frames. The main objective is throughput: a few bad frames can be retransmitted to fix errors, and throughput remains nearly as good as before.

■ Turbo coders are a class of coders that work better for larger groups of symbols, such as our large frames high CDMA2000 data rates

• Their design is experimental; optimal algorithms are not yet known■ CDMA2000 gets its best results using a mixed selection of coding types:

• Adjust voice channel powers to achieve target 1-2% FER; use Convolutional coders

• Adjust data channel powers at approx. 5% FER with Turbo coding, using packet retransmission to correct lost frames


CDMA Convolutional Coders


The CDMA2000 Turbo Coder

■ The IS-2000 general turbo coder is shown at right

■ The turbo coder produces five output streams - the original stream plus four others using a combination of feedback shift register and interleaving techniques

• A fifth-rate Turbo Coder■ Puncturing reduces the

output rate to 3 times original■ This turbo coder has

approximately 0.5 db better error performance than a convolutional encoder of similar rate

Interleaver

144 kbpsInput + D

+

+D D

++ +

+

+ D

+

+D D

++ +

+

144 kspsOutput

144 kspsOutput

144 kspsOutput

144 kspsOutput

144 kspsOutput


Walsh in the Fast Lane(Supplemental Channels F-SCH & R-SCH, that is)

Walsh in the Fast Lane(Supplemental Channels F-SCH & R-SCH, that is)

CDMA2000

Disclaimer: Any relationship perceived between Joe Walsh and any Walsh Codes living or dead is purely Orthogonal.


Faster Data, Shorter Walsh Codes, Complications

■ New cdma2000 channels operate at substantially faster data ratesthan current IS-95 channels

■ These faster symbol rates require shorter Walsh codes, so the Walsh codes can occur as rapidly as the symbols being transmitted

■ It’s worth a re-visit to the basics of Walsh codes to understand the implications of this change

• Shorter faster Walsh codes do carry faster symbols, but with less spreading gain

• When a Walsh code of a particular length is in use, none of its descendents (longer lengths) or its ancestors (shorter lengths) can be used for any other purpose

• With so many Walsh codes in use and so many new channels, we must even face the possibility we’ll run out and have to use other codes to carry any additional traffic


Walsh Codes in 1xRTT

Data Rates are different, butChip Rates must stay the same!

2G VOICE AND DATAOne Symbol of Information

64 chips of Walsh Code1,228,800 walsh chips/second

19,200 symbols/secondDATA

SYMBOLS

WALSHCODE

3G 153.6 kb/s DATA One Symbol of Fast Data

4 Chips of Walsh Code 1,228,800 walsh chips/second

307,200 symbols/secondDATA

SYMBOLS

WALSHCODE


Basics of IS-95�s Most Famous and Popular Channelization Sequences: The Walsh Codes

■ 64 “Magic” Sequences, each 64 chips long■ Each Walsh Code is precisely Orthogonal with

respect to all other Walsh Codes and their opposites too!

• it’s simple to generate the codes, or• they’re small enough to use from ROM

WALSH CODES# ---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence ------------------------------------------0 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101012 00110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100113 01100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001104 00001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011115 01011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110106 00111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111007 01101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010018 00000000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111119 0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010

10 001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100001100111100110011 011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001011001101001100112 000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111000013 010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010010114 001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100001115 011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001011016 000000000000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111117 010101010101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101018 001100110011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110019 011001100110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100120 000011110000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000021 010110100101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010122 001111000011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001123 011010010110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011024 000000001111111111111111000000000000000011111111111111110000000025 010101011010101010101010010101010101010110101010101010100101010126 001100111100110011001100001100110011001111001100110011000011001127 011001101001100110011001011001100110011010011001100110010110011028 000011111111000011110000000011110000111111110000111100000000111129 010110101010010110100101010110100101101010100101101001010101101030 001111001100001111000011001111000011110011000011110000110011110031 011010011001011010010110011010010110100110010110100101100110100132 000000000000000000000000000000001111111111111111111111111111111133 010101010101010101010101010101011010101010101010101010101010101034 001100110011001100110011001100111100110011001100110011001100110035 011001100110011001100110011001101001100110011001100110011001100136 000011110000111100001111000011111111000011110000111100001111000037 010110100101101001011010010110101010010110100101101001011010010138 001111000011110000111100001111001100001111000011110000111100001139 011010010110100101101001011010011001011010010110100101101001011040 000000001111111100000000111111111111111100000000111111110000000041 010101011010101001010101101010101010101001010101101010100101010142 001100111100110000110011110011001100110000110011110011000011001143 011001101001100101100110100110011001100101100110100110010110011044 000011111111000000001111111100001111000000001111111100000000111145 010110101010010101011010101001011010010101011010101001010101101046 001111001100001100111100110000111100001100111100110000110011110047 011010011001011001101001100101101001011001101001100101100110100148 000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111000000000000000049 010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010010101010101010150 001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100001100110011001151 011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001011001100110011052 000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000000011110000111153 010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101010110100101101054 001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011001111000011110055 011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110011010010110100156 000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000000000001111111157 010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101010101011010101058 001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011001100111100110059 011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110011001101001100160 000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111000011111111000061 010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010010110101010010162 001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100001111001100001163 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110

EXAMPLE:Correlation of Walsh Code #23 with Walsh Code #59

#23 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110#59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001Sum 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111

Correlation Results: 32 1�s, 32 0�s: Orthogonal!!

Unique Properties:Mutual Orthogonality


General Development of the Walsh Codes

■ All Walsh codes can be built to any size from a single zero by replicating and inverting

■ All Walsh matrixes are square -- same number of codes and number of chips per code


10 001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100001100111100110011 011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001011001101001100112 000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111000013 010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010010114 001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100001115 011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001011016 000000000000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111117 010101010101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101018 001100110011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110019 011001100110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100120 000011110000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000021 010110100101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010122 001111000011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001123 011010010110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011024 000000001111111111111111000000000000000011111111111111110000000025 010101011010101010101010010101010101010110101010101010100101010126 001100111100110011001100001100110011001111001100110011000011001127 011001101001100110011001011001100110011010011001100110010110011028 000011111111000011110000000011110000111111110000111100000000111129 010110101010010110100101010110100101101010100101101001010101101030 001111001100001111000011001111000011110011000011110000110011110031 011010011001011010010110011010010110100110010110100101100110100132 000000000000000000000000000000001111111111111111111111111111111133 010101010101010101010101010101011010101010101010101010101010101034 001100110011001100110011001100111100110011001100110011001100110035 011001100110011001100110011001101001100110011001100110011001100136 000011110000111100001111000011111111000011110000111100001111000037 010110100101101001011010010110101010010110100101101001011010010138 001111000011110000111100001111001100001111000011110000111100001139 011010010110100101101001011010011001011010010110100101101001011040 000000001111111100000000111111111111111100000000111111110000000041 010101011010101001010101101010101010101001010101101010100101010142 001100111100110000110011110011001100110000110011110011000011001143 011001101001100101100110100110011001100101100110100110010110011044 000011111111000000001111111100001111000000001111111100000000111145 010110101010010101011010101001011010010101011010101001010101101046 001111001100001100111100110000111100001100111100110000110011110047 011010011001011001101001100101101001011001101001100101100110100148 000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111000000000000000049 010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010010101010101010150 001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100001100110011001151 011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001011001100110011052 000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000000011110000111153 010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101010110100101101054 001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011001111000011110055 011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110011010010110100156 000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000000000001111111157 010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101010101011010101058 001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011001100111100110059 011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110011001101001100160 000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111000011111111000061 010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010010110101010010162 001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100001111001100001163 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110

WALSH CODES# ----------- 32-Chip Sequence -------------0 000000000000000000000000000000001 010101010101010101010101010101012 001100110011001100110011001100113 011001100110011001100110011001104 000011110000111100001111000011115 010110100101101001011010010110106 001111000011110000111100001111007 011010010110100101101001011010018 000000001111111100000000111111119 01010101101010100101010110101010

10 0011001111001100001100111100110011 0110011010011001011001101001100112 0000111111110000000011111111000013 0101101010100101010110101010010114 0011110011000011001111001100001115 0110100110010110011010011001011016 0000000000000000111111111111111117 0101010101010101101010101010101018 0011001100110011110011001100110019 0110011001100110100110011001100120 0000111100001111111100001111000021 0101101001011010101001011010010122 0011110000111100110000111100001123 0110100101101001100101101001011024 0000000011111111111111110000000025 0101010110101010101010100101010126 0011001111001100110011000011001127 0110011010011001100110010110011028 0000111111110000111100000000111129 0101101010100101101001010101101030 0011110011000011110000110011110031 01101001100101101001011001101001

WALSH# ---- 16-Chips -------0 00000000000000001 01010101010101012 00110011001100113 01100110011001104 00001111000011115 01011010010110106 00111100001111007 01101001011010018 00000000111111119 0101010110101010

10 001100111100110011 011001101001100112 000011111111000013 010110101010010114 001111001100001115 0110100110010110

WALSH# 8-Chips 0 000000001 010101012 001100113 011001104 000011115 010110106 001111007 01101001

WALSH# 4-Chips 0 00001 01012 00113 0110

WALSH# 2-Chips 0 001 01

WALSH# 1-Chip0 0

64x64

32x32

16x16

8x84x42x2

Walsh Level MappingThe Walsh Codes shown here are in logical state values 0 and 1.Walsh Codes also can exist as physical bipolar signals. Logical zero is the signal value +1 and Logical 1 is the signal value -1.Mapping: Logical 0,1 > +1, -1 Physical

Walsh Code NamesW1232 = “Walsh Code #12, 32 chips long.”


Walsh Code Trees and Interdependencies

■ Entire Walsh matrices can be built by replicating and inverting -- Individual Walsh codes can also be expanded in the same way.

■ CDMA adds each symbol of information to one complete Walsh code■ Faster symbol rates therefore require shorter Walsh codes■ If a short Walsh code is chosen to carry a fast data channel, that walsh

code and all its replicative descendants are compromised and cannot be reused to carry other signals

■ Therefore, the supply of available Walsh codes on a sector diminishes greatly while a fast data channel is being transmitted!

■ CDMA2000 Base stations can dip into a supply of quasi-orthogonal codes if needed to permit additional channels during times of heavy loading

0110

1001

0110

0110

0110

0110 0110 0110 0110

0110 0110 1001 1001

10010110 10010110

10010110 1001 011010010110 1001 0110 10010110 1001 0110

10010110 1001 0110 1001 0110 10010110

10010110 10010110

10010110 10010110

10010110 10010110

100101101001 0110

0110 0110 1001 1001

0110 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001

0110 01101001 1001

0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110

0110 0110 0110 0110 1001 1001 1001 1001

W34

W38

W78

W716

W1116

W316

W1516

W732

W2332

W1532

W3132

W2732

W1132

W1932

W332 W364

W3564

W1964

W5164

W1164

W4364

W2764

W5964

W764

W3964

W2364

W5564

W1564

W4764

W3164

W6364


Walsh Code Families and Exclusions■ Consider a forward link supplemental

channel being transmitted with a data rate of 307,200 symbols/second

• Each symbol will occupy 4 chips at the 1x rate of 1,228,800 c/s.

• A 4-chip walsh code will be used for this channel

■ If Walsh Code #3 (4 chips) is chosen for this channel:

• Use of W34 will preclude other usage of the following 64-chip walsh codes:

• 3, 35, 19, 51, 11, 43, 27, 59, 7, 39, 23, 55, 15, 47, 31, 63 -- all forbidden!

• 16 codes are tied up since the data is being sent at 16 times the rate of conventional 64-chip walsh codes

■ The BTS controller managing this sector must track the precluded walsh codes and ensure they aren’t assigned


10 001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100001100111100110011 011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001011001101001100112 000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111000013 010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010010114 001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100001115 011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001011016 000000000000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111117 010101010101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101018 001100110011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110019 011001100110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100120 000011110000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000021 010110100101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010122 001111000011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001123 011010010110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011024 000000001111111111111111000000000000000011111111111111110000000025 010101011010101010101010010101010101010110101010101010100101010126 001100111100110011001100001100110011001111001100110011000011001127 011001101001100110011001011001100110011010011001100110010110011028 000011111111000011110000000011110000111111110000111100000000111129 010110101010010110100101010110100101101010100101101001010101101030 001111001100001111000011001111000011110011000011110000110011110031 011010011001011010010110011010010110100110010110100101100110100132 000000000000000000000000000000001111111111111111111111111111111133 010101010101010101010101010101011010101010101010101010101010101034 001100110011001100110011001100111100110011001100110011001100110035 011001100110011001100110011001101001100110011001100110011001100136 000011110000111100001111000011111111000011110000111100001111000037 010110100101101001011010010110101010010110100101101001011010010138 001111000011110000111100001111001100001111000011110000111100001139 011010010110100101101001011010011001011010010110100101101001011040 000000001111111100000000111111111111111100000000111111110000000041 010101011010101001010101101010101010101001010101101010100101010142 001100111100110000110011110011001100110000110011110011000011001143 011001101001100101100110100110011001100101100110100110010110011044 000011111111000000001111111100001111000000001111111100000000111145 010110101010010101011010101001011010010101011010101001010101101046 001111001100001100111100110000111100001100111100110000110011110047 011010011001011001101001100101101001011001101001100101100110100148 000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111000000000000000049 010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010010101010101010150 001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100001100110011001151 011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001011001100110011052 000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000000011110000111153 010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101010110100101101054 001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011001111000011110055 011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110011010010110100156 000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000000000001111111157 010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101010101011010101058 001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011001100111100110059 011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110011001101001100160 000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111000011111111000061 010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010010110101010010162 001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100001111001100001163 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110

0110W34

Which Walsh Codes get tied up by another?Wxxyyties up every YYth Walsh Code starting with #XX.


Forward Link Walsh Codes in 1xRTT

9,6004,8002,400sps

307200sps

153,600sps

76,800sps

38,400sps

19,200sps

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

128 chips4 chips

8 chips16 chips

32 chips64 chips

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

73516240

3120

1571131359114610212480

311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160

54

12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640

0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63

QPC

HQ

PCH

QPC

HTX D

ivPIlot

19.2k

Paging 7

Paging 3

Paging 5

Paging

PCH

6

PCH

2

PCH

4

SyncPilot

38.4k

38.4k38.4k

38.4k

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

76.8ksps

This way of arranging Walsh codes is called �bit reversal order�. It shows each Walsh Walsh code�s parents and children. Remember, we cannot use any Walsh code if

another Walsh code directly above it or below it is in use.


IS-95 Busy SectorSnapshot of Walsh Usage


IS-95 Today Typical Usage:Pilot, Paging Sync, up to 61 Voice Users

But if the users are highly mobile, forward power may exhaust at typically 30-40 users.In fixed-wireless or �stadium� type applications, all walsh codes may be usable.

9,6004,8002,400sps

307200sps

153,600sps

76,800sps

38,400sps

19,200sps

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

128 chips4 chips

8 chips16 chips

32 chips64 chips

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

73516240

3120

1571131359114610212480

311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160

54

12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640

0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63

QPC

HQ

PCH

QPC

HTX D

ivPIlot

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

Paging

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k19.2kSyncPilot

38.4k

38.4k38.4k

38.4k

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k ???????Traffic Channels

Voice or Data9.6k/14.4k

76.8ksps

38.4k


Mixed IS-95 / 1xRTT RC3 Voice Typical Usage: Pilot, Paging Sync, up to 61 Voice Users

FCHs of 1xRTT RC3 users consume less power, so more total users are possible than inIS-95. The BTS will probably have enough forward power to carry calls on all 61 walsh codes!

9,6004,8002,400sps

307200sps

153,600sps

76,800sps

38,400sps

19,200sps

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

128 chips4 chips

8 chips16 chips

32 chips64 chips

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

73516240

3120

1571131359114610212480

311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160

54

12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640

0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63

QPC

HQ

PCH

QPC

HTX D

ivPIlot

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

Paging

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k19.2kSyncPilot

38.4k

38.4k38.4k

38.4k

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

F-FCHs mixedRC1,2,3 Voice

76.8ksps

??


A Possible 1xRTT RC3 BTS Dynamic State:1 F-SCH, 27 Voice IS-95/1xRTT RC3 Users, 16 Active Data Users

The data users can rapidly share the one F-SCH for 153 kb/s peak, ~9Kb/s avg. user rates.But so many active data users F-FCHs consume a lot of capacity, reduce number of voice users!

9,6004,8002,400sps

307200sps

153,600sps

76,800sps

38,400sps

19,200sps

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

128 chips4 chips

8 chips16 chips

32 chips64 chips

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

73516240

3120

1571131359114610212480

311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160

54

12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640

0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63

QPC

HQ

PCH

QPC

HTX D

ivPIlot

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

Paging

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

SyncPilot

38.4k

38.4k38.4k

38.4k

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

F-SCH 153K RC3

F-FCHs 9.6kRC3 Data

F-FCHs 9.6kRC3 Voice


76.8ksps


A Possible 1xRTT RC3 BTS Dynamic State:1 F-SCH, 39 IS-95/1xRTT RC3 Voice Users, 4 Active+12 Dormant Data Users

But it takes seconds to move various data users from Dormant to Active!Data users will get 153 kb/s peak, ~9 kb/s average, but latency will be high.

9,6004,8002,400sps

307200sps

153,600sps

76,800sps

38,400sps

19,200sps

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

128 chips4 chips

8 chips16 chips

32 chips64 chips

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

73516240

3120

1571131359114610212480

311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160

54

12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640

0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63

QPC

HQ

PCH

QPC

HTX D

ivPIlot

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

Paging

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

SyncPilot

38.4k

38.4k38.4k

38.4k

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k




F-FCH

sD

ata

F-SCH 153K RC3

76.8ksps


Slightly Improved 1xRTT RC3 BTS Dynamic State:1 F-SCH, 37 IS-95/1xRTT RC3 Voice Users, 4 Active+12 Control-Hold Data Users

Instead of sending 16 data users to Dormant State, let them time-share 2 F-DCCH for Control Hold state. Data users will get 153 kb/s peak, ~9 kb/s average, good latency.

Not yet available or implemented.

9,6004,8002,400sps

307200sps

153,600sps

76,800sps

38,400sps

19,200sps

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

128 chips4 chips

8 chips16 chips

32 chips64 chips

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

73516240

3120

1571131359114610212480

311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160

54

12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640

0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63

QPC

HQ

PCH

QPC

HTX D

ivPIlot

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

Paging

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

SyncPilot

38.4k

38.4k38.4k

38.4k

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k




F-FCH

sD

ata

F-SCH 153K RC3

F-DC

CH

s

76.8ksps


Heavy Data 1xRTT RC3 BTS Dynamic State:2 F-SCH, 21 IS-95/1xRTT RC3 Voice Users, 4 Active+12 Control-Hold Data Users

16 data users time-share 2 F-DCCH for Control Hold state. Data users get 38.4, 76.4,or 153.6 kb/s peak, ~19 kb/s average, good latency. But only 21 voice users!

9,6004,8002,400sps

307200sps

153,600sps

76,800sps

38,400sps

19,200sps

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

128 chips4 chips

8 chips16 chips

32 chips64 chips

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

73516240

3120

1571131359114610212480

311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160

54

12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640

0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63

QPC

HQ

PCH

QPC

HTX D

ivPIlot

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

Paging

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

SyncPilot

38.4k

38.4k38.4k

38.4k

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k



F-FCH

sD

ata

F-SCH 153K RC3

F-DC

CH

s

F-SCH 153K RC3

76.8ksps


1xRTT Busy SectorWalsh Code Usage


1xRTT RC3 BTS with Different User Data Rates:3 F-SCH, 37 IS-95/1xRTT RC3 Voice Users, 4 Active+12 Control-Hold RC3 Data Users

16 data users time-share 2 F-DCCH for Control Hold state. Data users get 38.4, 76.4, or 153.6 kb/s peak, ~9 kb/s average, good latency.

9,6004,8002,400sps

307200sps

153,600sps

76,800sps

38,400sps

19,200sps

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

128 chips4 chips

8 chips16 chips

32 chips64 chips

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

73516240

3120

1571131359114610212480

311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160

54

12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640

0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63

QPC

HQ

PCH

QPC

HTX D

ivPIlot

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

Paging

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

SyncPilot

38.4k

38.4k38.4k

38.4k

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k




F-FCH

sD

ataF-SCH

76K RC3F-D

CC

Hs

F-SCH

38K

F-SCH

38K76.8ksps


1xRTT RC4 Voice Only:Pilot, Paging Sync, up to 118 Voice Users

Wow! 118 users! But RC4 users F-FCHs consume as much power as old IS-95 calls.BTS may run out of forward power before the all walsh codes are used.

9,6004,8002,400sps

307200sps

153,600sps

76,800sps

38,400sps

19,200sps

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

128 chips4 chips

8 chips16 chips

32 chips64 chips

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

73516240

3120

1571131359114610212480

311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160

54

12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640

0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63

QPC

HQ

PCH

QPC

HTX D

ivPIlot

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

Paging

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

SyncPilot

38.4k

38.4k38.4k

38.4k

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

F-FCHs 9.6k RC4 Voice



F-FCHs 9.6k RC4 Voice???????

76.8ksps


1xRTT RC4 Voice and Data:1 F-SCH, 80 1xRTT RC4 Voice Users, 4 Active+12 Control-Hold RC4 Data Users

16 data users time-share 2 F-DCCH for Control Hold state. Data users will get 38.4,76.4, 153.6 or 307.2 kb/s peak, ~19 kb/s average, good latency. But fwd power may exhaust!

9,6004,8002,400sps

307200sps

153,600sps

76,800sps

38,400sps

19,200sps

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

128 chips4 chips

8 chips16 chips

32 chips64 chips

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

73516240

3120

1571131359114610212480

311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160

54

12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640

0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63

QPC

HQ

PCH

QPC

HTX D

ivPIlot

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

Paging

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

SyncPilot

38.4k

38.4k38.4k

38.4k

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

F-SCH 307K RC4



F-FCHs 9.6k RC4 Voice????

F-FCH

sF-D

CC

Hs

76.8ksps


Mature 1xRTT Mixed-Mode Voice and Data:1 RC3/RC4 Shared F-SCH, 20 RC3 Voice Users, 38 RC4 Voice Users,

4 Active+12 Control-Hold RC3 and RC4 Data Users16 data users time-share 2 F-DCCH for Control Hold state. Data users will get

38.4, 76.4, 153.6 or 307.2 kb/s peak, ~9 or 19 kb/s average, good latency. Fwd power tight!

9,6004,8002,400sps

307200sps

153,600sps

76,800sps

38,400sps

19,200sps

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

128 chips4 chips

8 chips16 chips

32 chips64 chips

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

73516240

3120

1571131359114610212480

311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160

54

12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640

0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63

QPC

HQ

PCH

QPC

HTX D

ivPIlot

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

Paging

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k

19.2k19.2kSyncPilot

38.4k

38.4k38.4k

38.4k

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

76.8ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH153.6 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

F-SCH307.2 ksps

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

38.4k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k

F-SCH 153K RC3or

F-SCH 307K RC4







F-FCH

sF-D

CC

Hs

Or Combinations

????

76.8ksps


What if we run out of Walsh Codes?Quasi-Orthogonal Functions

■ 1xRTT has 128 Walsh codes available• but so many new types of channels, and

variable length codes, can cause Walsh code shortages on some sectors!

■ When no more Walsh codes are available, Quasi-Orthogonal Functions can be used

• QOFs are generated by multiplying Walsh Codes with a quasi-orthogonal mask

• Following Walsh Spreading, the I and Q channels are rotated 90 degrees gated by another Walsh Code

■ Each set of QOFs is self-orthogonal among its members

• there is slight non-orthogonality between different QOF sets including the original walsh codes, but not at troublesome levels

• Short PN imperfections are just as bad, and they aren’t troublesome

■ Manufacturers didn’t implement QOFs in their initial CDMA2000 products, but all are expected eventually to support QOFs

The Original Walsh Codes“Set 0”

Quasi-OrthogonalFunctions

“QOF Set 1”


“QOF Set 2”


“QOF Set 3”


Masks for Quasi-Orthogonal Functions

■ There are four mask conditions used to create Walsh and QOF functions

• 0: Walsh Codes (perfectly orthogonal)

• 1-3: QOF functions (approximately orthogonal)


Walsh Code/Quasi Orthogonal Implementation

This block builds theQOFs

ΣWhen

Enabled, Rotate by 90°

(Output -Qin +jIin)

BasebandFilter

Cos 2πfct

Sin 2πfct

S(t)

Σ

Σ

BasebandFilter

WalshFunction

QOFsign

YQ

YI

Iin

Qin

WalshrotnPNI

PNQ

I

Q

Enable

Complex Multiplier

+

-

+

+

+

+

Walsh function = ±1 (mapping: �0�⇒⇒⇒⇒+1, �1� ⇒⇒⇒⇒-1)QOFsign= ±1 sign multiplier QOF mask (mapping: �0�⇒⇒⇒⇒+1, �1� ⇒⇒⇒⇒-1)

Walshrot = �0� or �1� 90°-rotation-enable Walsh functionWalshrot = �0� means no rotation

Walshrot = �1� means rotate by 90°The null QOF has QOFsign = +1 and Walshrot = �0�

PNI and PNQ = ±1 I-channel and Q-channel PN sequencesThe null QOF is used for Radio Configurations 1 and 2

BTS


Forward Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (OTD)

Forward Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (OTD)


SR1 Forward Orthogonal Transmit Diversity

■ Forward link receive space diversity is not possible on phones due to space limitations

■ Forward Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (OTD) divides the transmitted symbol stream into two streams before Walsh spreading

■ Each signal is then transmitted by a separate antenna at the BTS


SR1, RC4 Orthogonal Transmit Diversity Coding

■ The DEMUX splits the data into four streams at 1/4 the input rate■ Symbol repetition doubles the symbol rates of each channel■ The channels are then spread by a 128-bit Walsh code■ The resulting signal appears to have been spread by a 256-bit Walsh code■ Each carrier is transmitted on a different spatially-separated BTS antenna

PowerControl


+CRC &Tail bits

9.6 ksps


User Long Code Mask

Long CodeGenerator

Long CodeDecimator

Power CtrlDecimator

PCPunc

Pwr CtrlBits

GainGain

Demux

I1

Q119.2 ksps

Walsh 128

FIRLPF I

Power control informationmay be carried as shown

or on the F-DCCH

1228.8 kbps /W/2

800 bps

800 bps

4.8 ksps

Antenna One

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

19.2 ksps

SymbolRepeat

(++)

SymbolRepeat

(+-)

SymbolRepeat

(++)

SymbolRepeat

(+-)

Walsh 128

ComplexPN

SequenceScrambling

ComplexPN

SequenceScrambling

FIRLPF Q

1228.8 kcps

FIRLPF I

1228.8 kcps

FIRLPF Q

1228.8 kcps

Antenna Two

4.8 ksps

4.8 ksps

4.8 ksps

I2

Q2

9.6 ksps

9.6 ksps


1xRTT Reverse Channels1xRTT Reverse Channels


CDMA2000 SR1 CDMA Reverse Channels■ IS-95 mobiles never transmit

more than one kind of channel at a time

■ A 1xRTT mobile can transmit up to five different channels simultaneously, all within its own signal using one long code offset

■ An IS-95 mobile transmits the content of its single channel in the form of a string of walsh codes which are symbols of the information being sent

■ A 1xRTT mobile uses steady walsh codes as individual channels of information, the same way a base station does on the forward link








R-TRAFFIC

REVERSE CHANNELS

R-Pilot

R-CCCH

R-DCCH

R-FCH

R-SCH

R-EACH

1

1

0 or 1

0 or 1

0 to 2

R-ACH or

1


SR1 Reverse Channel Complex Spreading

W22

I-channelShort Code

Q-channelShort Code Q

ComplexScrambling

+

-

+

+

1228.8 kcps

W416

1228.2 kcpsR-FCH Gain

Scale

W12 or W14 or W28 or W68

1228.2 kcps

R-SCH-1or

R-EACHor

R-CCCH

GainScale

W816

1228.2 kcpsR-DCCH Gain

Scale

W24 or W68

1228.2 kcpsR-SCH 2 Gain

Scale

User LongCode Mask

Σ

Σ

Long CodeGenerator

1-chipDelay

DecimateBy 2

R-Pilot +Power

Control

Σ

Σ I1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

1228.8 kcps

W416 means Walsh Code #4 at 16-chip length


Reverse Link Modulation

■ After construction of the composite baseband signal including all the active reverse channels, the I and Q signals are now ready for modulation

■ Modulation is performed in the same was as IS-95

■ Notice that although I and Q carry independent contents, all the reverse channels are complex-spread and occupy both I and Q due to the complex scrambling shown on the preceding page

Σ

BasebandFilter

BasebandFilter

PassbandFilter

Cos 2πfct

Sin 2πfct

S(t)

I

Q


SR1 RC3 R-FCH Generation & Coding

■ This is the fundamental channel for SR1 RC3, with frames 20 ms long when it is carrying voice information

■ CRC and tail bits are added■ The data is passed through a R1/4 convolutional encoder,

providing very powerful protection against bit errors■ The resulting symbols are block-interleaved against bursty fades■ Symbol repetition then brings the rate from 38.4 ksps to 76.8 ksps■ Each of the phone’s reverse channels has a different walsh code;

the R-FCH always uses Walsh code #4 at 16-chip length

8.6kbps

ChannelCoder

1/4 RateConvolutional

Encoder

OrthogonalSpreading

38.4 ksps

R-FCHData Bits

9.6 kbps

1 FrameBlock

InterleaverX2 SymbolRepetition

Walsh CodeGenerator

SpreadFactor =16

1228.8 kcps76.8 ksps

38.4 kspsAdd CRC& Tail Bits


Reverse Link Walsh Codes in 1xRTT

■ A 1xRTT mobile may transmit several channels at the same time – for example, R-FCH and Pilot and R-SCH.

• the mobile uses steady walsh codes as channels much like a BTS■ All mobiles use the same Walsh codes for the same functions■ notice the two possible speeds of R-SCH 1 and R-SCH 2

614400sps

307200sps

153600sps

76800sps

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

2 chips4 chips

8 chips16 chips

Code#

Code#

Code#

Code#

73516240

3120

1571131359114610212480

availableFCH

R-SCH 2½ speed

R-SCH 1 (1/2 speed)R-SCH 2 (max speed)

DCCHif

used

10

R-SCH 1 (max speed)If a Walsh Code is used, the other walsh codes directly under it cannot be used.

Pilot& PwrCtrl


Reverse Channel Gain Settings

■ Because the spreading and coding gain of each channel is known, relative strength of each mobile's various channels is set in a default table

• Channel gain value changes can be downloaded to the phone if desired

■ Each code channel gain is set relative to the mobile’s pilot■ Gain parameters have resolution of 1/8 db■ The Phone maintains a table of Nominal Gains (see next page)■ Other parameters are supplied by the BTS


Mobile�s R-CCCH Power Settings

(0-64)


Mobile�s R-FCH, DCCH, and SCH Power Settings

(0-64)(0-64)


HPSK Modulation

■ Hybrid (some call it "Harmonized") Phase Shift Keying (HPSK)• Lowers the Peak-to-Average ratio (I.e., crest factor) of the reverse link

waveform transmitted by the mobile• This eases the performance requirements for the power amplifier of

the mobile, making it simpler, less costly, and more efficient using precious battery power

• This reduces the out-of-band radiation at the "skirts" of the CDMA signal by approximately 4 db (this was suggested during the standards process by Korean manufacturers)

■ IS-95 Uses OQPSK to reduce crest factors. Won’t that work here?• It works well when 1) there is only one waveform being transmitted,

and 2) only one carrier frequency being transmitted• IS-2000 uses multiple summed code channels which can drive

OQPSK signals through the origin; IS-2000 also uses multiple RF carriers which are independent waveforms

• HPSK is able to retain its crest factor when multiple channels are used


The HPSK Method of Operation

■ HPSK reduces the probability of zero transitions and symbol repeats from 1/4 to 1/8

• Decimate the Q code by 2, then XOR with the Walsh code #2

• Halves the Peak-to-Average power ratio of the signal!

W22 Q�Long CodeGenerator

1-chipDelay

DecimateBy 2

I

Q

I

I

Q

+1

+1

-1

-1

PossibleI Values

PossibleQ Values

Q Patterns

Q’Patterns

I/QPairs

1, 11

1, 1

1, 1

1, 1

1, -1 1, -1 1,1 ; 1, -11,1 ; -1, 1

-1,-1 ; -1, 1-1,1 ; -1, -11,1 ; -1, 1

1,-1 ; -1, -1-1,-1 ; 1, -1-1,1 ; 1, 1

-11-11-11-1

-1, 11, -1-1, 11, -1-1, 11, -1-1, 1

-1, 1-1, 11, -11, 1

-1, -1-1, -11, 1

•In each symbol change, zero crossings and symbol repeats are not allowed!•The next two-bit pair has a 1/4 chance of zero-crossing or symbol-repeat


HPSK Imposes Walsh Code Requirements

■ In order to preserve the reduction in zero crossings and reducedpeaks provided by HPSK, the Walsh codes selected for the various reverse channels from the mobile must avoid certain bit patterns.

• Basic requirement: The Walsh codes must be patterns which repeat bits at least twice before changing value. Examples:

– Walsh 1, 1, -1, -1 works since it repeats twice before changing


IS-95B Handoff ImprovementsSupported in 1xRTT

IS-95B Handoff ImprovementsSupported in 1xRTT


IS-95A Handoff: Inflexible, Threshold Driven

■ Mobile requests soft handoff with all pilots above T_Add• This occasionally leads to some

rigid, less-than-optimum decisions!■ Problem Situation 1

• One dominant, strong signal and a lot of weak ones:– Mobile asks for them all, but

only one is really needed!■ Problem Situation 2

• Heavy pilot pollution, many signals lurk barely below the threshold– Mobile may request one or two,

but ignore the others which could have helped call survive

Pilo

t Stre

ngth

(Ec/

Io, d

b)

-3

-20

All Six sectors in

soft handoff!

T_AddActive

Active

ActiveActiveActiveActive

Pilo

t Stre

ngth

(Ec/

Io, d

b)

-3

-20

Only One Sector in soft

handoff!

T_AddActive


IS-95B Handoff Improvements Are Supported in CDMA2000

■ A handoff process more intelligent than fixed thresholds• Handoff events driven by smarter, situation-influenced triggers

■ Candidate Set Removal:

■ Neighbor-to-Active transition:

■ Removal from Active Set:


The Data Side of 3G NetworksThe Data Side of 3G Networks


Network-Side Improvements in CDMA2000

■ We've just seen how new CDMA2000 RF improvements create a whole new type of channel which can carry fast data

• The RF link is no longer the bottleneck for mobile data!■ Many wireless operators' business plans expect data usage to

rapidly expand, reaching bit volumes roughly equal to voice calls within just a year or so after CDMA2000 commercial launch

• And voice traffic is still growing in the meanwhile!■ All this new fast data has to go through some kind of equipment

• The traditional voice circuit-switched plant can't handle it– It handles only circuit-switched 64 kb/s DS-0s, which would

be a big bottleneck for high speed data• A whole new back-side packet data network is needed to

bypass mobile data around the switch, into internet or VPNs■ Fortunately, existing LAN-style data technologies are up to the job,

and much more hardware-efficient than traditional switching


Understanding the foundation of 3G Networks:Core 2G CDMA Network Architecture

Access Manageror (C)BSC

Switch BTS

Ch. Card ACC

Σα

Σβ

Σχ

TFU1

GPSRBSM

CDSU

CDSU

SBSVocodersSelectors

CDSU

CDSU

CDSU

CDSU

CDSU

CMSLM

LPP LPPENET

DTCs

DMS-BUS

TxcvrA

TxcvrB

TxcvrC

RFFEA

RFFEB

RFFEC

TFU

GPSR

GPS GPS

IOC

PSTN

CDSU DISCOCDSU

DISCO 1

DISCO 2

DS0 in T1Packets

ChipsRFVocoder

A vocoder converts speech between DS-0 and packet forms

The selector assembles packets going to the BTS and disassembles packets coming from the BTS.

A channel element turns packet bits into CDMA chips to the mobile, and chips from the mobile into packets to the BSC.

ChannelElement


Existing 2nd Generation CDMA Voice Networks

■ 2nd Generation CDMA Networks were designed primarily to handle voice■ The CDMA voice conversation’s 20-ms frames are carried as packets

between mobile and the Selector• The selector assembles frames being sent to the mobile and

disassembles frames coming from the mobile• Frame contents normally include voice and occasional signaling; may

also include data if additional equipment is included (not shown)■ The vocoders in the BSC and the mobile convert the packet stream into

continuous DS-0 audio for the end-users• The MSC makes a circuit-switched connection for call

t1t1CIRCUIT-SWITCHED VOICE TRAFFIC

v CESEL

rf

t1Handset

BTS

(C)BSC orAccess Manager

Switch

PSTN

POINT-TO-POINT PACKETS

14400 bps max


Today's Data Turtle Race: How Data flows on a 2G CDMA Network

■ Additional hardware is needed to carry data on a 2G network■ Data to/from the user connects near the selector in the BSC

• Passed through the switch as 56kb/s data links in 64kb/s DS-0s■ Data connection to outside world handled by IWF Interworking Function

• Includes modems to convert data stream into DS-0 for dial-up uses• Can contain data routers to access IP or PPP networks• May include capability for FAX and other communications modes

t1t1 v CESEL

t1

GatewayServer

InternetVPNs

PSTN

IWFrf

CIRCUIT-SWITCHED VOICE TRAFFIC

BTS


Switch

BackboneNetwork

HandsetPOINT-TO-POINT PACKETS

PROPRIETARY SLOW IP TRAFFIC

DIAL-UP ACCESS14400 bps max


More about Today's InterWorking Function

■ The InterWorking Function (IWF) was introduced in 1998.• collocated with MSC• CDMA data calls can interwork with PSTN & packet data networks• based on industry standards IS-95, IS-707, IS-658 • initial data service offering is rather limited, but provides valuable experience using data

service without major capital investment. ■ IWF allows:

• Data transmission rates to 14.4 Kbps. (13,350 kbps considering overhead bits) • Traffic Primary mobile-originated; Mobile-terminated service available but rare

■ IWF provides circuit switched service, not packet-switched• No provision for multiple data calls to share a CDMA code channel• proprietary Quick Net Connect allows packet connection to a public packet data network

t1t1 v CESEL

t1

InternetVPNs

PSTN

IWFrf

BTS


Switch

BackboneNetwork

HandsetPOINT-TO-POINT PACKETS

PROPRIETARY SLOW IP TRAFFIC

DIAL-UP ACCESS

GatewayServer 14400 bps max



3G Data Capabilities: 1xRTT CDMA Network

■ For full-featured data access over a 3G network, a true IP connection must be established to outside Packet Data Networks

■ This requires a Packet Data Serving Node• ISP and operator-provided services are provided by external Home

Network and Home Agent servers• Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting provided by external server

■ The IWF (not shown above) is still maintained to allow old mobiles to use dial-up and WAP/wireless web keypad access

t1t1 v CESEL

rf

t1

R-P Interface

fiber - ATM PDSNForeign Agent

PDSNHome Agent

BackboneNetworkInternet

VPNs

PSTN

T TSECURE TUNNELSAuthenticationAuthorizationAccountingAAA


BTS(C)BSC/Access Manager

Switch

WirelessMobile Device


FAST IP PACKET TRAFFIC

Fast!


1xRTT CDMA Network Element Descriptions

AAA - Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting - may include both home and broker-provided functions

BSC - Base Station Controller: vocoders and packet routerBTS - Base Transceiver Station

radio equipmentHA - Home Agent, HN - Home Network

IP access for Mobile IP on home and roaming networksIWF - Interworking Function

provides necessary protocol conversions

MSC - Mobile Switching Centervoice/circuit-switched network hub

PDN - Packet Data Networkprivate, public, internet packet networks

PDSN - Packet Data Serving Noderoutes user data packets to/from destinations

PSTN - Public Switched Telephone NetworkVLR - Visitor Location RegisterHLR - Home Location Register

t1t1 v CESEL

t1

R-P Interface

fiber - ATM PDSNForeign Agent

PDSNHome Agent


VPNs

PSTN

T TSECURE TUNNELSAuthenticationAuthorizationAccountingAAA



Switch




rfFast!


PDSN Packet Data Serving Node

■ The Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) is a new network element to support packet data services

• The PDSN is the heart of the Packet Data Network• The interface between the 1xRTT radio network and the PDSN

is called the R-P interface■ Many network manufacturers offer competing PDSN solutions:

t1t1 v CESEL

t1

fiber - ATM

PDSNHome Agent


VPNs

PSTN

T SECURE TUNNELSAuthenticationAuthorizationAccountingAAA



Switch




rfFast!

PDSNForeign Agent

T

R-P Interface


Nortel and Lucent PDSNs

NORTELSHASTA PDSN

LUCENT/SPRINGTIDEPDSN


Ericsson and Motorola PDSNs

ERICSSONRXI 820 PDSN

ERICSSONAXC 706 PDSN

MOTOROLA PDSNCISCO 7500 ROUTER

MOTOROLA Access NodeCATALYST 6509


Other Manufacturers' PDSNs and DHAs

3COM DISTRIBUTED HOME AGENT

3COM PDSN

REDBACK PDSNIPmobile

AirGatewayPDSN


CDMA2000 Multi-Market Voice/Data Network

PSTN PSTN PSTN

RegionalDataCenter

Internet Private IPNetworks

Operator's Private Network

PDSNFA

SwitchBSC

PDSNFA

Switch

AccessMgr.

PDSN/FA

SwitchCBSC

PCF

RP InterfaceRP

RP

Voice Voice Voice

IP Data IP Data IP Data

HomeAgent Home

Agent

Nortel System Lucent System Motorola System

AAAServer


Functions of the PDSN

■ PDSN functions:• Provides logical links to the radio network (RN) across the radio-

packet (R-P) interface• Routes packets to/from external packet data networks

– Supports Simple IP and Mobile IP protocols– Uses a layer-2 tunneling protocol (L2TP) over a private IP

network to implement packet transfer between the BSC and the public packet data network

• Sets up, manages, and terminates PPP sessions for mobile users• Supports standard Internet routing protocols: maintains routing tables

and performs route discovery• Provides Foreign Agent functionality supporting the Mobile IP protocol• Initiates Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) for the

mobile station client to the AAA server• Receives service parameters for the mobile client from the AAA server• Collects usage data for accounting to be relayed to the AAA• Allows data users to roam seamlessly across the provider’s network

while appearing to the PDN as if they were at a fixed network address


Authentication, Authorization & Accounting

■ The AAA server provides Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting functions for packet calls in a 1xRTT network

■ AAA Functions:• Authentication

– PPP authentication (PAP and CHAP)– Mobile IP authentication (User ID and password)

• Authorization– Service profile for mobile, like an HLR stores users’ voice profiles– Security key distribution

• Accounting– Interface with external billing server– Links to enterprise systems for provisioning, packet data billing

• Address management■ All AAA transactions in some networks will initially be performed using

RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) protocol• New AAA protocols are expected to be standardized in the future


3G Network Typical Management InterfacesHLR

PolicyMgr

SvcProfile

PolicyMgr

SvcProfile

HLR

MobileSwitchingCenter

VLR BaseStationController

HA

DiffServNode

PDSN

DiffServNodeInter-

WorkingFunction

(IWF) ForeignAgent

ForeignAAA

HomeAAA

EMS

UserProvisioning

System

NetworkService

ProvisioningBillingSystem

EnhancedAccounting

Management

Service & Provisioning InterfacesFault & Performance Interfaces

Existing Element Upgraded for 3GNew Element for 3G

Existing Element - no upgrade required

Legend

To and From FCPS

PSTN

InternetOSSN

Palm

MobileClient

IS-2000 Air InterfaceIS-707A2 Data Devices

BTS

Through SMS(not shown)

IS-658 “L”

IOS V4A1/A2/A5

ANSI-41 E

Sub NEDRs

CDRs

RFC2002Mobile IP IP

Sub-EDRs

IS-2000 & IOS-V4 “R-P”IOS V4 A-10/A-11

UDRs

NEDRs

CDRs &IPDRs

IP/RADIUS

UDRsNEDRs

To and

FromFCPS


3G-1x Mobility Modes

■ Simple IP Service• Dynamically Assigned IP Addresses• CHAP Authentication• Local Mobility (dynamic IP address valid within PDSN

coverage area)• Uses Standard (MS-Windows) dial-up protocols in mobile /

laptop • Optional Private Network Access via L2TP

■ Mobile IP Service• Static (public or private) or Dynamically Assigned IP Addresses• MIP / AAA Authentication• Full Mobility Without Application Impact (even across MSCs)• Private Network Access via Corporate HAs• Secure Reverse Tunnels between FA and HA


Simple IP Architecture

■ In a Simple IP network, the mobile is able to connect to the external packet networks directly through the PDSN attached to the local BSC

■ The IP address for the internet connection is assigned by the local PDSN from the pool of addresses available to it

■ If the mobile moves into a different network, the data session ends• The mobile can establish an entirely new connection through the

new network, if desired

t1t1 v CESEL

t1

R-P Interface

PDSN

PSTN

TAuthenticationAuthorizationAccountingAAA



Switch




Simple IP• IP Based transport to data networks•Dynamic/static connection from local PDSN•No mobility beyond serving PDSN

InternetVPNs

rfFast!


Simple IP Call Flow Scenarios - 1■ Normal Session (Mobile Initiated)

• Mobile generates call with packet data Service Option• PCF assigned by MSC, PDSN assigned by PCF• PDSN begins PPP (LCP) negotiation with mobile• CHAP challenge is sent to mobile, mobile returns NAI and CHAP

secret• PDSN sends RADIUS Access-Request to AAA Server• AAA returns Access-Accept (and no L2TP LNS address attributes)• PDSN knows this is normal PPP situation, assigns IP address to

mobile via IPCP• PPP (LCP/NCP) negotiation completes, mobile exchanges bearer

data■ Session Transition to Dormancy

• No data has been exchanged for TD seconds (a per-mobile tunable value)

• MSC drops airlink connection to mobile, drops SVC on L-interface to PCF

• PCF maintains connection with PDSN over R-P interface• PPP states remain unchanged in mobile and in PDSN (upper layers

unaware of change)


Simple IP Call Flow Scenarios - 2

■ Re-activation after Dormancy (Mobile Initiated)• Dormant mobile has data to send, generates call with packet data SO• MSC routes SVC re-connection to previously assigned PCF• PCF and PDSN recognizes this as an existing PPP session (by

mobile’s IMSI)• PPP state and IP address are all unchanged during dormancy.• Mobile sends bearer data, PDSN forwards to backbone network.

■ Re-activation after Dormancy (PCF/PDSN Initiated)• PDSN receives packets from Internet, forwards to PCF• PCF determines mobile is dormant, buffers data for mobile• PCF initiates new SVC request to MSC with IMSI of dormant mobile• MSC pages mobile, mobile responds, MSC acknowledges connect to

PCF• PPP state and IP address are all unchanged during dormancy• PCF forwards bearer data to mobile


Simple IP Virtual Private Network

■ Simple IP VPN provides access to a private/corporate network from a mobile station.

■ VPNs provide an encrypted connection between distributed user sites over a public network.

■ A VPN provides an end-to-end tunnel between sites which guarantees the safe passage of packets of data through the Internet using encryption to protect the data payload as well as the source and destination address.

■ In contrast to Simple IP where the IP address is assigned by the PDSN, in this configuration a VPN gateway (such as the Nortel NetworksContivity server) assigns to the mobile node a dynamic or static publicly routable address.


Mobile IP

■ Subscriber’s IP routing service is provided by a public IP network

■ Mobile station is assigned a static IP address belonging to its Home Agent

■ Mobile can maintain the static IP address even for handoff between radio networks connected to separate PDSNs!

■ Mobile IP capabilities will be especially important for mobiles on system boundaries

• Without Mobile IP roaming capability, data service for border-area mobiles will be erratic

MOBILE IPIMPLICATIONS

•Handoffs possible between PDSNs•Mobile can roam in the public IP network•Mobile termination is possible while Mobile is in dormant or active mode


Mobile IP and Secure Tunneling: Mail Analogy

Mobile IP is a packet-forwarding arrangement that allows the mobile user to send and receive packets just as if they were physically present at their home agent location.

158766

158767

158768

158769

158770

158771

158772

158773

158774

158775

158776

158778

158779

158780

158781

158782

158783

158784

158785

158786

158787

158788

158789

158790

158791

158792

158793

158794

158795

158796

158797

FedE

x

FedE

x Secure TunnelingForward and Reverse

Encapsulation

HomeAgent

ForeignAgent

MobileUser

This box is the mobile user's

Postal address

Just likeHome!


Mobile IP Overview■ Mobile IP provides mobility to IP users

• allows a host to be reachable at the same address even as it moves across different networks; offers seamless roaming

• works with multiple access technologies, such as Ethernet, wireless LAN, PPP links, cellular, etc.

• completely transparent to applications ■ Three Fundamental Entities in Mobile IP

• Mobile Node• Home Agent - with mobile home location• Foreign Agent - serves as a default router for mobile node

■ Standards• RFC 2002 - 2006 + TIA IS-835• RFC 2344 - Reverse Tunneling• RFC 2794 - Mobile NAI Extension• Foreign Agent Challenge/Response


Mobile IP: Three Levels of Mobility

PDSN(FA)

MobileClient

PalmTo be or

not to be.That is

theQuestion.

HA

PDSN(FA)

PDSN(FA)

Radio Network(PCF)

M-IPR-PInterface

PPP

I. Usual Cellular Mobility II. PCF to PDSN Mobility III. IP Level Mobility

1

2

3

(Simple IP Mobility)

Radio Network(PCF)

Radio Network(PCF)


Mobile IP Architecture

HLRHome Access

Provider Network

VisitedAAA

MobileClient

L R-P

PDSNForeignAgent

PCF

VLR

HomeAAA

Home IPNetwork

HomeAgent

VisitedNetwork

HomeNetwork

Palm

Internet

Corporate Server

Tunnel

AAA - Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting PCF - Packet Control FunctionPDSN - Packet Data Service NodeVLR - Visited location RegisterHLR - Home Location RegisterHA – Home AgentRN – Radio Network

Broker AAA

BSC

Radio Network

MSC

Mobile IP• IP Based transport to data networks•HA Assigns dynamic IP address•User keeps same IP address across networks


Mobile IP Session, Step-by-Step (1)1. The mobile station accesses the radio network for a data session. This includes

getting the necessary fundamental and supplemental traffic channel. Procedures for this need is defined in IS-2000 and IS-707.

2. The BSC communicates over the RP interface as defined in IOS version 4.0, with the PDSN to initiate a data session. The underlying lower layers will support the PPP connection.

3. The PDSN initiates a PPP connection to the mobile station. Messages and procedures for this in based on the Point-to-Point Protocol RFC1661.

4. IPCP based on RFC1332 is used to configure the PPP link for IP communication. PPP can support other network layer protocols in addition to IP

5. PPP is established between the Mobile Station and the PDSN. The PDSN sends FA advertisements to the mobile station. (Or the mobile station may send an Agent Solicitation message following the PPP initialization.) The PDSN/FA informs the mobile station of its capabilities and care-of-addresses that are available for use. In these advertisement messages, the PDSN will indicate its ability to support reverse tunneling, that is used to download information from the HA to the FA.

6. Mobile station sends a MIP registration request (MIP RRQ) to the PDSN. This request has to be forwarded to the user’s HA so that the HA is made aware of the user’s location. In these registration requests, the mobile station can also specify reverse tunneling.

7. The PDSN extracts authentication information from the request and forwards to the local AAA server using Radius Protocol. The PDSN may also request for user profile for the user’s Home Agent address.


Mobile IP Session, Step-by-Step (2)8. The local AAA server verifies that the NAI and password and returns an

acknowledgement to the PDSN.9. The Foreign Agent (FA) function in the PDSN sends the MIP registration

request message to the Home Agent10. The home agent sends a response back to the PDSN(FA). Message

formats and procedures are based on RFC2002 – IP Mobility Support. The reply will include indication on whether the HA can support forward and reverse tunneling.

11. The PDSN sends the registration reply to the mobile station. Accounting is initiated to AAA server based on RFC 2139 standards.

12. Data flow between mobile station and PDSN. Interim accounting data may be collected and forwarded to the AAA server.

13. Mobile station terminates data/PPP connection by sending MIP de-registration request using procedures in RFC2002 PPP connection is torn down. Accounting is suspended

14. During the session PDSN collects statistics relevant to the session and forwards to the AAA server in a Usage Data Record (UDR) format


Home Agent & Foreign Agent

■ The Home Agent • Located within the MNs Home Network• Termination point for Mobile IP tunnels• Receive and route packets to/from the FA• Assign dynamic addresses for mobiles• provides Mobile IP functionality by maintaining IP sessions as users

move among cells■ Most operators will equip their own Home Agents allowing users to access

the outside network, such as the Internet while roaming■ Large users & Corporations may equip their own home agent in their

network linked to a wireless provider■ Using Mobile IP, their users will appear to be on their home corporate

network while using the wireless system■ Foreign Agent

• Located within PDSN• Maintains awareness of visiting MNs• Acts as a relay between the MN and it’s Home Agent (HA)• RADIUS Clients


Tunneling

■ All home agents and foreign agents must implement IP-in-IP Encapsulation for tunneling purposes.

■ A first IP packet is placed within the payload portion of a new IP packet. The Outer IP Header:

• Source Address and Destination Address are set to the entry-point and the exit-point of the tunnel

■ Tunnel Soft State• Path Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) of the tunnel• Length of the tunnel (hops)• Packet Fragmentation may be required

■ In addition, Mobile IP may implement • Minimum Encapsulation within IP - by removing redundant

information in the encapsulating (outer) and encapsulated (inner) IP headers

• Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) - support multi-protocol encapsulation


Tunneling Protocols

IPSEC, DES56, 3DES

IPSECEncryption

HMAC �MD5, HMAC-SHA-1

PAP, CHAPPAP, CHAP

Authentication

YesOptionalOnlyClient Initiated

IP (Layer 3)PPP (Layer 2)PPP (Layer 2)

Passenger Protocol

AH/ESPL2TPEncapsulation

UDP/IPUDP/IPCarrier Protocol

IPSecL2TPPPPOE


Mobile IP Authentication

■ Mobile IP authentication• Contains three parts:

– PDSN initiated access authentication and authorization– Home Agent initiated Mobile IP registration authentication– Foreign Agent and Home Agent Security Association.


Active IP Session �Always On� Implications

■ Active IP Session Issues:• handset must have an active IP session to receive PUSH content

– may be in RF dormant mode but still have an active IP session.■ Advantages:

• allows for "push" info to be delivered to the MS at all times.• allows for a quicker return to an active transmit/receiver state• Provides opportunity for more new services to be integrated

■ Disadvantages:• Requires an active session for each user/sub 7X24 - worst case.• If take rates are high V4.0 IP addresses could exhaust

– V6.0 IP may not be available in implementation time frame• Large "PDSN farms" may be needed - ($$ and floor space)

■ Possible Alternatives:• Limit Always-On with rate structures

– Quality of Service features not available in first release of 3G• Use SMS to signal handset to establish session for push content

– Not within Standards, Requires development by handset vendors


Specific Required Network UpgradesSpecific Required Network Upgrades


Motorola

Nortel

Lucent

Known Network Upgrades Required for 1xRTTBTS

Metrocell:XCEM req’d.

Access Manager

ECP17 for 1xVoiceECP17-1 Simple IPECP18 Mobile IP

Switch (MSC)

BTSBSC

MTX101x voiceSimple IPMobile IP

Switch (MSC)

BTS4812 w/

New MCC

CBSC

SIG+16.1

Switch (MSC)

ESELEnhanced Selector

CiscoMGX8850

Catalyst6509 9600

NIB PGLI

ECU for Series I, II

CCU for Mod CellsPSU h/w

PHV4/5 Data S/W

PHV3/4Voice

Legacy

SCI-S SelectorComm. Intf. Supreme


3G 1x Nortel Upgrade Path

■ MTX-10 / NBSS-10.1• Software Upgrade: 3G Voice, Simple and Mobile IP.

Proprietary PDSN Interface on BSC, Open on PDSN• Hardware:

– BSC: 1XRTT Voice Enablers & 1X RTT Data Enablers, ESEL

– BTS: Metro upgrade via DMCEM cards, Legacy replacement/upgrade, Metro 6 CXR upgrade

■ IOS 4.0 11/05/01 • Nortel plans to include A1 and A2 interfaces in MTX-

10 to support IOS markets


3G 1x Lucent Upgrade Path

■ Release 17.0 • Software: 3G Voice• BTS Hardware: CCU-64 for Flexent ModCell, MicroCell

& Micro MiniCell; ECU-32 for Autoplex MiniCell■ Release 17.1

• Software: Simple IP, Voice/Data except for MicroMiniCell, Proprietary PDSN Interface

• MSC Hardware:additional PHVs as necessary for high speed data; Other: AAA Server, combined PCF/PDSN

■ Release 18.0 • Software: Mobile IP, Open Standard PDSN Interface• Other Hardware: separate PCF/PDSN on R-P interface

■ IOS 4.0 - Supported in Release 18.0 - A1 and A2 interfaces required


3G 1x Motorola Upgrade Path■ G16.0

• Software Upgrade: 3G Voice, Simple and Mobile IP, Open R-P Interface

• Hardware: • BSC: Motorola’s 3G feature set is compliant to IOS V4.0

and RP Interface (A1, A2, A10, A11)• BTS: MCC and BBX upgrade similar to adding carrier.

SC4812 - Add IS-2000 1X MCC Cards and upgrade BBX Transceiver Cards.

■ G16.1• Software Upgrade: Packet Backhaul for voice services• Hardware:

• BSC: CDU with CBSC capacity increase to 3000 erlangs

• BTS: For SC614 - Upgrade MAWI and add IS-2000 1X ASIC cards

■ IOS 4.0


3G 1x Samsung Upgrade Path

■ Software Upgrade Only to 3G-1X■ Higher Capacity BTS

• 108 CE versus 64• Upgradable to 9 carriers• Higher Power

■ IOS 4.0 Features Supported


1xRTT Deployment Newsand 1xRTT Device Availability

1xRTT Deployment Newsand 1xRTT Device Availability


CDMA2000 1xRTT Deployment■ 1xRTT has finally launched in US markets in

2002■ Verizon was first to market, launching 1xRTT

in seven regions in 1Q2002• IS-95 and 1xRTT RC3 voice services• 1xRTT RC3 data: “Express Network”• Verizon Lucent and Nortel markets have

launched; Motorola markets will follow around year-end 2002

■ Leap Wireless “Cricket” deployed RC3 in selected markets 1Q2002

• motivated solely by voice capacity gains, not planning to offer data

■ Sprint PCS launched 1xRTT nationwide in August 2002

• IS-95 and 1xRTT RC3 voice services• 1xRTT data services• “Picture phone” devices expected by

year-end 2002

Verizon

Sprint PCS


1xRTT Data Devices: Available At Last!1xRTT PCMCIA CARDS

Available Now!

1x PHONES: VOICE & DATA

Available Now!

1x CF CARDS

Available now!

Available Now!

POCKET-PC PDAsusing PCMCIA 1x CARDS

1x INTEGRATED PHONES-PDAS

Available now!

Palm OS

Avail. 3Q2002

PocketPC2002

Avail. 4Q2002

AudiovoxTheraToshiba2032

QCP7135

HandspringTreo


Competing Technologies: Data Devices

Mobitex®GPRS, EDGE, GAIT

802.11A, B, WIFI, WILAN

Infrared IRDA

BLUETOOTH

CDPD


CDMA2000 Protocol StackLayer Functions

CDMA2000 Protocol StackLayer Functions


cdma2000 Layering

■ Earlier sections of these courses have considered the physical layers, codes, and channels in detail

■ The beauty of cdma2000 is supported by the physical layer but the real flexibility comes from the Link and Upper Layers

■ The Upper Layers define the services and applications supported by cdma2000

• New services and applications will be developed and defined throughout the entire service lifetime of the 3G technology

• The layer features and definitions make it possible for application developers to plan and exploit standardized capabilities

■ The Link Layers give protocol support and perform the functions necessary to map the data transport needs of the upper layers into specific capabilities and characteristics of the physical layer


Definitions & LegendIPInternet ProtocolLACLink Access ControlMACMedium Access ControlOSIOpen System InterconnectPPPPoint-to-Point ProtocolQoSQuality of ServiceRLPRadio Link ProtocolTCPTransmission Control ProtocolUDPUser Datagram Protocol

CDMA2000 Structure: The Protocol Stack

New inCDMA2000!

Physical Layer

IPPPP

Packet DataApplication

Voice Services

Circuit Data Application

TCP UDP High SpeedCircuit NetworkLayer Services

LAC LAC Protocol

MAC

MACControl State

Best Effort Delivery RLP

Multiplexing QoS Control

OSI

Lay

er 2

Link

Lay

erO

SI L

ayer

s 3-

7U

pper

Lay

ers

OSI

Laye

r 1

Null LAC

Sign

alin

gSe

rvic

es


Protocol Stack and Managed ObjectsAp

plic

atio

nLA

CPL

ICF

PLD

CF

Instan

ce-S

pecif

icPL

DC

FM

UX

& Q

OS

SYSTEM MOBILE

Instance 3User Packet Data Traffic

SRBPSignaling

RadioBurst

Protocol

SRLPSignaling

RadioLink

Protocol

RBPRadioBurst

Protocol

RLPRadioLink

Protocol

PLDCF MUX and QoS Sublayer

CDMA2000 Physical LayerRLAC - Radio Link Access Protocol

Instance 2Layer 3 Signaling

Instance 1User Vocoder Bits

IS-95SignalingLayer 2


OtherSignalingLayer 2

PacketData

Layer 2

NullLayer 2

CircuitData

Layer 2

IS-95 2GLayer 3

Signaling

IS-2000UpperLayer

Signaling

OtherUpperLayer

Signaling

PacketData

Service

VoiceServices

CircuitData

Services

Instance 3User Packet Data Traffic

SRBPSignaling

RadioBurst

Protocol

SRLPSignaling

RadioLink

Protocol

RBPRadioBurst

Protocol

RLPRadioLink

Protocol



Instance 2Layer 3 Signaling

Instance 1User Vocoder Bits



OtherSignalingLayer 2

PacketData

Layer 2

NullLayer 2

CircuitData

Layer 2

IS-95 2GLayer 3

Signaling

IS-2000UpperLayer

Signaling

OtherUpperLayer

Signaling

PacketData

Service

VoiceServices

CircuitData

Services

Appl

icat

ion

LAC

PLIC

FPL

DC

FIns

tance

-Spe

cific

PLD

CF

MU

X &

QO

S

Frames full of Symbols


Functional Entity Definitions

■ Signaling• Performs Channel Assignment, Service Negotiation,

Handoff, etc■ Packet/Circuit/Voice PLICF

• Interacts with the Resource Control and the Peer PLICF to coordinate state transitions between the MS and BS

■ RMAC PLICF• Controls the behavior of the BS/MS when in Dormant State

■ MUX & QoS• realtime prioritization of the use of dedicated traffic

resources • Mux/de-Muxing of the logical channels from/to different

PLICFs based on the Service Reference


Example of Voice & Data Call In ProgressAp

plic

atio

nLA

CPL

ICF

PLD

CF

Instan

ce-S

pecif

icPL

DC

FM

UX

& Q

OS

SYSTEM MOBILE

Instance 3User Packet

Data Traffic

SRBPSignaling

RadioBurst

Protocol

RBPRadioBurst

Protocol

RLPRadioLink

Protocol



Instance 2Layer 3

Signaling

Instance 1User

Vocoder Bits


PacketData

Layer 2

IS-2000UpperLayer

Signaling

PacketData

Service

VoiceServices

Appl

icat

ion

LAC

PLIC

FPL

DC

FIns

tance

-Spe

cific

PLD

CF

MU

X &

QO

S

NullLayer 2

Instance 3User Packet

Data Traffic

SRBPSignaling

RadioBurst

Protocol

RBPRadioBurst

Protocol

RLPRadioLink

Protocol



Instance 2Layer 3

Signaling

Instance 1User

Vocoder Bits


PacketData

Layer 2

IS-2000UpperLayer

Signaling

PacketData

Service

VoiceServices

NullLayer 2

v SEL

Frames full of Symbols


T_active orRelease

States and Transitions In the Data Service

Initialization

Null

Reconnect

Dormant

Control Hold

Suspended

Packet ServiceRequest

Packet ServiceDeactivated

PPP TerminatedRelease Sent!


Service OptionConnected

Control Channel Exists


Control ChannelExists

Traffic channelExists

Active

T_hold

Control Channelexists

T_suspend

Have New Datato send!


System MAC/LAC Parameters

■ The answers to all these questions are determined by MAC & LAC layer processes and parameters

■ Each network manufacturer implements some subset of the MAC/LAC states and parameters specified in the IS-2000 standard

■ Each manufacturer has its own unique parameter set to control state transitions

■ Most networks begin operation using manufacturer-recommended defaults

• as networks and applications mature, parameters will be fully optimized

■ A basic knowledge of the manufacturers proprietary parameters gives very useful insights into configuration and performance issues

T_active orRelease

Initialization

Null

Reconnect

Dormant

Control Hold

Suspended

Packet ServiceRequest

Packet ServiceDeactivated




Control Channel Exists


Control ChannelExists

Traffic channelExists

Active

T_hold

Control Channelexists

T_suspend

Have New Datato send!

•How is data flow managed?•Can I keep my FCH all the time?•Will my connection drop in a fade?•When is an SCH turned on for me?•How long will my SCH burst last?•What is the data rate of my SCH?•If I can�t get a full-rate SCH, can I at least get a lower-rate SCH?•Which kinds of traffic have priority?•Do some users have higher priority?


MAC StatesState

R-CCCH

R-EACH

F-TRAFFICF-FCH

F-SCH

R-TRAFFICR-FCH

R-SCHSCH driven

by trafficSCH driven

by traffic

F-TRAFFIC R-TRAFFIC

intermittent

F-DCCH R-DCCH

CESELt1

R-P Interface

PDSN/Foreign Agent

PDSNHome Agent


VPNs T TSECURE TUNNELSAuthentication

AuthorizationAccounting

AAA

BTS

(C)BSC/Access Manager

CESELt1

R-P Interface

PDSN/Foreign Agent

PDSNHome Agent




AAA

BTS


CESELt1

R-P Interface

PDSN/Foreign Agent

PDSNHome Agent




AAA

BTS


SELt1

R-P Interface

PDSN/Foreign Agent

PDSNHome Agent



AuthorizationAccounting AAA

BTS


PAGING

R-CCCH

R-EACH

PAGING

intermittent

intermittent

ChannelElement

Selector/Svc Cfg (RLP) PPPIP

Session

ACTIVEexit timer:

a few seconds

CONTROLHOLD

(Optional State)exit timer: a few seconds

very fast return to active state

SUSPENDED(Optional State)

exit timer: a few secondsbetween data bursts

DORMANTexit timer: minutes, hours

between data bursts


Forward Link SCH Scheduling

■ The main bottleneck is the forward link itself: restricted by available transmitter power and walsh codes

■ Each connected data User has a buffer in the PDSN/PCF complex• When waiting data in the buffer exceeds a threshold, the PDSN/PCF asks

the BTS for an F-SCH. Its data rate is limited by:– Available BTS forward TX power; available walsh codes; competition

from other users who also need F-SCHs; and mobile capability• When the buffer is nearly empty, the SCH ends; FCH alone• Occupancy timers and other dynamic or hard-coded triggers may apply• QOS (Quality of Service) rules also may be implemented, giving

preference to some users and some types of traffic

CESELt1

R-PInterface

PDSN/Foreign Agent

BTS

(C)BSC/Access ManagerWireless

Mobile Device

data

FCH orFCH + SCH?

Buffer

BTSC

My F-SCHData Rate

PCF


Packet Data Service Call Control StatesThe mobile station performs a packet data service call control function

consisting of the following states:■ Null State:

• Call control functionality is in this state when packet data service has not been activated.

■ Initialization State: • In this state, the mobile station attempts to connect a packet data

service option. ■ Connected State:

• In this state, the packet data service option is connected. (Note: A connected service option is required for all ACTIVE packet data services to function.)

■ Dormant State: • In this state, the packet data service is disconnected.

■ Reconnect State: • In this state, the mobile station attempts to connect a previously

connected packet data service option.


Link Layer: Media Access Control (MAC)

■ The MAC Sublayer provides 3 important functions:

■ MAC Control State: Supports multiple instances of an advanced-state machine

• An instance for each active packet circuit or circuit data instance

■ Best-effort delivery: reasonably reliable radio transmission using RLP radio link protocol at a best-effort level of delivery

■ Multiplexing and QoS control• Enforcement of negotiated

QoS levels by mediating and prioritizing conflicting requests

Physical Layer

IPPPP

Sign

alin

gSe

rvic

es


Voice Services



LAC LAC Protocol

MAC

MACControl State



OSI

Lay

er 2

Link

Lay

erO

SI L

ayer

s 3-

7U

pper

Lay

ers

OSI

Laye

r 1

Null LAC


Just What IS the MAC Layer?

■ Located in OSI Link Layer 2, the MAC and LAC sublayers provide:• A wide performance range of upper layer services at speeds of 1.2

kbps to > 2 Mbps.• Multimedia services: combinations of voice, packet data, and circuit

data services operating simultaneously.• QoS control mechanisms: balance the varying QoS requirements

of the multiple concurrent users and services.■ The MAC Layer supports THREE important functions:

• Best Effort Delivery: Reasonably reliable transmission over the radio link via an RLP (Radio Link Protocol) that supplies a “Best Effort” level of reliability.

• Multiplexing and QoS control: Enforcement of negotiated QoS levels by mediating conflicting requests from the competing services and by the appropriate prioritization of access requests.

– Accomplished using PLICFs, Physical Layer Independent Convergence Functions

• Short Data Bursts: This capability is available when the mobile is in a Dormant Data Service instance.

■ Active, Control Hold, Suspend, and Dormant are the Packet Data Service States, since all the states do not reside in the MAC Sublayer.


cdma2000 MAC State Transitions

RC-Release.Indication(dtch)

AllocateAndLock.

Confirm(dtch)

RC-Release.Indication(dmch)

RC-Release.Indication(dtch,dmch)

RC-Release.Indication(SR)

AllocateandLock.Confirm(dtch, dmch,SR)

cdma2000MAC

! Traffic, PC, &Control ChannelsAssigned

! No DedicatedChannels

! No BS, MSCResources

! PPP StateMaintained

! Small Data Bursts

! No DedicatedChannels

! RLP & PPP StateMaintained

! "Virtual Active Set"! Slotted Submode

! PC & ControlChannelsAssigned

! Very Fast TrafficChannelReassignment

ControlHoldState

DormantState

SuspendedState

ActiveState

RC-Release.Indication(dtch,dmch,SR)

AllocateAndLock.Confirm(dtch, dmch)

RC-Release.Indication(dmch,SR)


Packet Data States

■ Active State• Dedicated traffic channels (e.g., fundamental or

supplemental) are allocated;• The Activity Timer starts when no traffic is exchanged and

reset when there is traffic to be exchanged; • Traffic channel is released when the Activity Timer expires.

■ Control Hold State• A dedicated control channel is maintained on which MAC

control commands (e.g., to begin a high speed data burst) can be transmitted.

• Power control is also maintained so that high speed burst operation can begin with minimum delay.


Active State

■ Active State is specified as part of the Traffic Channel Substate.■ Attributes in Active State of Traffic Channel Substate:

• The Call Control Instance is in the Conversation Substate.• Pilot_Gating_Use_Rate is set to ‘0’ (reverse pilot continuously

transmitted, NOT gated) – Important: If the mobile station has user data to send, then

the Pilot_Gating_Use_Rates must be ‘0’ to request continuous reverse pilot and user traffic transmission.

• Flow of data traffic is permitted by the Multiplex Sublayer.■ Packet data service processing can exist in two states:

• Inactive State: mobile does not provide packet data svcs.• Active State: mobile station provides packet data services

■ ACTIVE state is described in two parts: • in Layer 2 (MAC Layer) under RLP and Packet Data Svcs. text• in Layer 3 (Upper Layer Signaling) Traffic Ch. Substate text


Control Hold State■ Control Hold State: Now described, functionally, within the scope of

the IS-2000.5 (Upper Layer Signaling) document as part of the Traffic Channel Substate.

■ The following are the attributes when the mobile station is the Control Hold State of the Traffic Channel Substate:

• The Call Control Instance is in the Conversation Substate.• Pilot_Gating_Use_Rate is set to ‘1’ (i.e. the reverse pilot is gated at

some interval).• Flow of data traffic is blocked by the Multiplex Sublayer.

■ Within the Mobile’s Capability Information Record, which describes the features that are supported by the mobile, if the CHS_Supported field is set to ‘1’ then the mobile supports the Control Hold State. Otherwise, the mobile sets this field to ‘0’. (i.e. The Control Hold State is optionally supported by the Mobile Station.)

■ Main point: The Control Hold State is now only described within the Layer 3 (Upper Layer Signaling) Traffic Channel Substate text. It is no longer referenced within the MAC Sublayer of the IS-2000-A standard text.


Suspend State■ Suspend State: Not actually mentioned by name in the IS-2000-A

text, but implied in its functionality description, this packet data service state now available as part of IS-2000.5 (Upper Layer Signaling).

■ Simply stated, if the mobile station stores its Service Configuration Record (SCR), and the USE_SYNC_IDs is equal to ‘1’, the mobile station may include the Sync_ID field as part of it’s message. If this occurs while the mobile is in a Dormant Data Service instance, then the mobile is in the Suspended State.

■ Main Point: The Suspended State is only described within the Layer 3 (Upper Layer Signaling) Traffic Channel Substate text. It is no longer referenced within the MAC Sublayer text.

• Depending on whether the SCR (Service Configuration Record) is stored or not on the the mobile station, its packet data service state maybe as Suspended or Dormant.


Dormant State■ Defined within Layer 2 (MAC Sublayer) -- [IS-707.A-2 --Chapter 12:

High Speed Packet Data Service Option 33 text)]■ In the Dormant State, the Packet Service Option is disconnected, but

PPP link is still connected.■ Essentially, when the mobile station exits activity on the Traffic

Channel, it enters into the Call Control instance of Dormant. • Again, depending on whether the SCR (Service Configuration

Record) is stored or not on the mobile, its packet data servicesstate is categorized as Suspended or Dormant.

■ Main Point: While Active, Control Hold, and Suspend states are functionally defined in Layer 3 - Upper Layer Signaling, the Dormant state is only defined within the Layer 2 - MAC Sublayer.


Packet Data States (cont�d)

■ Suspended State• No dedicated channels to or from the user are maintained

• The state information for RLP is maintained

• The base station and the user maintain a “virtual active set” which permits either the user or the base station to know which base station can best be used (accessed by the user, or paged by the base station) in the event that packet data traffic for the user occurs.

• Supports a slotted substate that permits the user’s mobile device to preserve power in a highly efficient manner.


Service Configuration and Negotiation■ During Traffic Channel operation, the MS and BS communicate by

exchanging frames on the Forward and Reverse Traffic Channels ■ The MS and BS use a common set of attributes (i.e. a service configuration)

consisting of negotiable and non-negotiable parameters:• Forward and Reverse Multiplex Options• Forward and Reverse Traffic Channel Configurations

• Radio Configurations/other attributes of FWD/REV traffic channels.• Forward and Reverse Traffic Channel Transmission Rates

• can include all or just a subset of rates supported by the associated FWD/REV multiplex option

■ Multiplex Options: divide frames into primary, secondary, signaling bits■ Rate Set: defines the supported frame structures and transmission rates■ Service Option Connection: fully describes one traffic channel instance

• Includes service option, Forward traffic type, Reverse traffic type, and service option connection reference identifier (sr_id).

• Sr_id - Service Reference Identifier: A unique number assigned to each connected service option instance. Service Reference 1 (sr_id 1) is assigned to service instance 1, Service Reference 2 is assigned to service instance 2, and so on.


Packet Data Service State Parameters (1)■ Control Hold Mode: Within the Mobile’s Capability Information

Record, if CHS_Supported is set to ‘1’, then the mobile can alsoinclude the Gating_Rate_Set field which indicates the set of Reverse Pilot gating rates that it supports.

■ Active/Inactive Clarification: There are only TWO states defined for Mobile Station Packet Data Service processing -- Active and Inactive. However, as stated earlier, there are FIVE packet data service call control functions performed by the mobile:

• Null State ……………. (part of Inactive State processing)• Initialization State …… (part of Active State processing)• Connected State ……... (part of Active State processing)• Dormant State ……….. (part of Active State processing)• Reconnect State ……… (part of Active State processing)

■ Suspend State: Sync_ID: Service Configuration Synchronization Identifier. This is a 16-bit CRC computed over the entire Service Configuration information record and Non-negotiable Service Configuration information record and used for determining whether these two information records should be included in the Service Connect Message sent by the base station to the mobile station. (cont. …)


Packet Data Service State Parameters (2)■ Pilot_Gating_Rate: Reverse pilot gating rate on the Reverse Pilot Channel. ■ Pilot_Gating_Use_Rate: Reverse pilot gating rate enable indicator.

• indicates whether ‘1’ or not ‘0’ the Reverse Pilot Channel is gated• Gating allows the mobile to send the reverse pilot channel intermittently (i.e.

not continuously) in order to save battery power. Data is only transmitted when pilot gating is turned OFF.

■ SYNC_ID - Service Configuration Synchronization Identifier:• a 16-bit CRC computed over the entire Service Configuration information

record and Non-negotiable Service Configuration information record• used for determining whether these two information records should be

included in the Service Connect Message sent by the base station to the mobile station.

• mobile generates based on the configuration information and sends it to the base station in Origination Message or Page Response Message.

• base station computes based on records sent to the mobile• If the computed value matches the one sent by the mobile station, then

base station does not send these two information records over the air and expects the mobile station to start using the stored ones.

• (i.e. If SYNC_ID is used to help determine if the Mobile is using the it’s stored SCR’s. If so, then the mobile is in the Suspended State.)


Operation of PLICFs

■ What is a PLICF? • Physical Layer Independent Convergence Function, one of

the three sub-layers of the MAC layer ■ The PLICF for a data service instance incorporates all of the

state information for that instance only■ Each PLICF requests (from Resource Control) logical channels

as needed for proper operation■ Resource Control requests physical channels to support the

logical channels requested by PLICFs (from the Mux and QoS Sublayer)

■ If all of the logical channels that are associated with a physical channel have been released, then Resource Control performs the same resource release procedure for the associated physical channel


Resource Control

■ Acts as a central clearinghouse for all resource requests

■ Locks and Unlocks resources and harmonizes state transition across multiple PLICFs

■ Maintains a database to control the operating configuration of the mobile, including • the current logical to physical

channel mapping, and • the currently defined physical

channel configuration (e.g., dedicated vs. common control operation; number of active SCHs; DCCH vs. FCH; etc.).

CR1 CR2

dtch ✓✓✓✓

dmch ✓✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓

… � �

✔ = Locked

blank = unlocked

CR = Connection Reference


Resource Allocation States

Resource ExistsResource Does Not Exist

Resource Control RecievesLast Unlock for Resource r;

Resource Control SendsRC-ResourceReleased.

Indication (r) to allAssociated

Entities

Resource rNull State

Resource rAllocated andLocked State

Resource rAllocated and

Unlocked State

Resource ControlReceives

RC-Unlock.Request (r)

Resource ControlReceives

RC-AllocateAndLock.Request (r)

Resource 'r'is in use

Resource 'r' is not in use by this PLICF;other PLICFs may be using it

■ Resources are released only when all the services that using theresource do not need it

■ Example of resources are:• dtch: dedicated traffic channel• dmch: dedicated MAC channel• etc...


Multiple Services

■ Multiple services with different QoS requirements may be connected simultaneously.

■ The Resource Control coordinates between multiple services ■ State transitions within each PLICF are synchronized■ This synchronization is necessary because each state (e.g.,

Active, Suspended) has a certain set of attributes that correspond to the behavior of the BS/MS as a whole

• For example, in the Suspended - slotted substate the MS operates in slotted mode and RC assures that all the PLICFs transition to this state simultaneously.


QoS - Quality of Service Classes

■ The following five properties define a user's quality of service:■ Precedence

• Privilege level for special treatment during congested times■ Reliability

• Acknowledgment and protection schemes for best performance■ Delay

• Latency - critical for many internet-tuned IP applications■ Peak Throughput

• The maximum data rate a user is allowed to experience, even under ideal conditions

■ User Data Throughput• The actual average effective throughput for a given user

throughout their entire data session


QoS Classes and Objectives

■ This table shows the four main categories or classes of payload data and the types of applications which produce them

■ Each class has specific requirements relating to delay, accuracy of transmission, and order of transmission

■ The widely differing transmission requirements of the various classes are generally compatible

Class of Service

Conversational

Streaming

Interactive

Background

Typical ApplicationsVoice, Video Telephony, video

gamesStreaming Multimedia: meetings, seminars,

presentations

Web Browsing; Network Games

Background Email download;Non-critical telemetry

Main ObjectivesLow time delay, information delivered in same order sent

Preserve time relation of packets; delay is not very critical

Request/Response pattern; preserve data integrity

Destination is not expecting the data within a certain time. Preserve data integrity.


MAC Summary

■ cdma2000 MAC provides:• Management of logical resources (channels)• Logical to physical channel mapping• Coordination of resources between multiple services• Quality of Service and multiplexing for packet and circuit data• Best effort delivery for packet data


The LAC Sublayer

■ The Link Access Control (LAC) sublayer provides transport of data over the air interface between corresponding upper-level modules

■ The LAC uses a variety of protocols to deliver the appropriate QoS

■ Some upper layer entities need higher QoS than is provided directly by the MAC, so the LAC may use

• End-to-end reliable ARQs• ACKs-NAKs• Packet retransmission

Physical Layer

IPPPP


Voice Services



LAC LAC Protocol

MAC

MACControl State



OSI

Lay

er 2

Link

Lay

erO

SI L

ayer

s 3-

7U

pper

Lay

ers

OSI

Laye

r 1

Null LAC

Sign

alin

gSe

rvic

es


LAC Sublayer Operation■ Link Access Control (LAC) Sublayer: the upper sublayer of Layer 2

• implements data link protocol for transport and delivery of Layer 3 signaling messages

• Uses services provided by Layer 1 and MAC Sublayer■ LAC Signaling Planes:

• Data Plane (contains protocol, where PDUs are generated, processed, and transferred)

• Control Plane (where processing decisions are made). ■ LAC Sublayer provides:

• services to Layer 3 in the Data Plane. SDUs are passed between Layer 3 and the LAC Sublayer.

• proper encapsulation of the SDUs into LAC PDUs, which are segmented and reassembled and transferred as LAC PDU fragments to the MAC sublayer

■ Processing within the LAC Sublayer is done sequentially in the Data Plane, with processing entities passing the partially formed LAC PDU to each other in well established order -- (Note: sublayers are coordinated in the Control Plane).

■ Logical Channels: SDUs and PDUs are processed and transferredalong functional paths, without the need for the Upper Layers to be aware of the radio characteristics of the physical channels.


LAC Sublayer Functions on Dedicated Channels■ LAC Sublayer performs the following functions on dedicated channels:

• Delivery of SDUs to Layer 3 peer entities using ARQ techniques for reliability (see ARQ sublayer).

• Assembling and validating PDUs for carrying the SDUs • Segmentation of encapsulated PDUs into LAC PDU fragments of

sizes suitable for transfer by the MAC Sublayer • Reassembly of LAC PDU fragments into encapsulated PDUs • Access control through “global challenge” authentication• Address control to ensure delivery of PDUs based upon addresses

which identify particular mobile stations ■ Service Access Point (SAP): Layer 3-to-Layer 2, Layer 2-to-Layer 1,

and LAC Sublayer-to-MAC Sublayer exchanges use an interface known as a Service Access Point.

• At the SAP, Layer 3 and Layer 2 exchange SDUs and Message Control and Status Blocks (MCSBs) using a set of primitives.

– Primitive: An atomic, well-defined conceptual method of transferring data and control information between two adjacent layers or sublayers. It is conventionally represented as a function invocation, with the data and control information passed as parameters.