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INDIRA GANDHI CANALSubmitted By:-Mohit ChaudharyCE12B1014Introduction To CanalsAn artificial channel filled with water, designed for

NavigationIrrigation purposesHuman consumption

http://www.chinapage.com/canal.htmlTypes of CanalsBased On Discharge

Main canal Takes off from upstream

Branch canal takes off from main canal

Major distributary takes off from branch or main canal

Minor distributary lower discharge than major distributary

Field channel supply the water for irrigation

http://civilthought.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Layout-of-an-irrigation-canal-network.png2. Based on LiningUnlined Canal which has its bank and bed made of soil or natural material.

Lined Canal which is made of impervious material like concrete, bricks and boulders.

http://netnebraska.org/article/news/big-changes-proposed-platte-river-irrigation

http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/wetland/canal/canals.htmIndira Gandhi CanalIndira Gandhi (Rajasthan) Canal Project is the largest irrigation project of the world to provide irrigation to semi-arid and arid areas of Rajasthan and give a face lift to its economy and economic development.

The project objectives include drought proofing, providing drinking water, improvement of environment, afforestation, employment, rehabilitation, development and projection of animal wealth and increasing agricultural produce.

The canal was earlier known as Rajasthan Canal and its name was changed in 1984. Indira Gandhi Canal uses water released from Pong dam. Location

http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/indira-gandhi-canal.html#Starts from Harike Barrage Sultanpur

Enters into Rajasthan near Hanumangarh

Irrigates seven districts of Rajasthan: Barmer, Bikaner, Churu, Hanumangarh, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, and Sriganganagar.It comprises Rajasthan Feeder taking off from the Harike barrage across the Satluj River near its confluence with the Beas River in Punjab, the Rajasthan Main Canal and its distributaries.The Rajasthan Feeder extends for 204 km, the first 167 km of which lies in Punjab and Haryana and remaining 37 km in Rajasthan. It is fully lined masonry canal which is not utilized for irrigation. It feeds the Rajasthan Main Canal which is 445 km long and lies entirely in Rajasthan. Indira Gandhi Nahar Project was designed to utilize 9,367 Mm3/yr of the total 10,608 Mm3/yr allocated to Rajasthan from the surplus waters of the Ravi and Beas rivers.The canal has transformed the barren deserts of this district into rich and lush fields. Crops of mustard, cotton, and wheat now flourish in this semi-aridWater DistributionCommand Area

Effect of canal in nearby areasThe canal water is available for drinking and other domestic uses. Rapid rise in the population increase in the number of villages, new colonies and mandies. Change in socio-economic conditions of the people and spurt in all economic activities. Improvement in household income and expenditure structure. Change in attitude and life style of people resulting into greater urge for education and rise in mobility and communication. Increase in 'heterogeneity' of population, enhanced inters and intra community interaction and quicker diffusion and adoption of technology of irrigated farming. Control over drought conditions. Change in the fauna of the area and introduction of fisheries.Improvement in the micro-climate and decrease in the incidence of sand storms.Rise in ground water table at the rate of 0.8 meter per year.Two Stage Development ProjectStage -1feeder canal - 204 km Headwork discharge capacity - 460 m3/sec170 km of the feeder canal lie in Punjab and Haryana and 34 km in Rajasthan. Main canal - 189kmdistribution system 2950kmCulturable command area - 553 kha (out of which 46 kha are served by pumping to a 60 m lift, through four pumping stations)Intensity of irrigation 110%

In addition to this project , it has been proposed to install a total of 12.76 MW of mini hydro electric power stations, to utilize the available water fall in the canal. One such power station, with an installed capacity of 22 MW has already started functioning at the Suratgarh.

Stage 2

Main canal - 256 km Distribution system - 5,116 km 1,410 kha of CCA (873577 ha area in flow and 537018 ha under lift) utilising 4,930 Mm3/yr of water.Irrigation intensity 80%

Lift SchemeLand with Gentle upgraded slope

Cant be commanded by gravity channel

To supply water for irrigation and drinking purposes to upward slope land

INGP also have six lift scheme in stage 2

WaterLogging (Hard Pan)This occurs (as is common for salinization) in poorly drained soils where water can't penetrate deeply. For example, there may be an impermeable clay layer below the soil. It also occurs on areas that are poorly drained topographically.

The raised water table results in the soils becoming waterlogged. When soils are water logged, air spaces in the soil are filled with water, and plant roots essentially suffocate -- lack oxygen. Waterlogging also damages soil structure.

http://fertsmart.dairyingfortomorrow.com.au/wp-content

http://www.agry.purdue.edu/ext/cornCanal AutomationCanal Automation' is defined as A procedure or control method used to operate a canal by mechanical or electronic equipment that takes the place of human observation, effort and decision; the condition of being automatically controlled or operated.

Level monitoringFlow monitoringGate monitoring and operationsPower supply managementWireless monitoring

http://securityaffairs.co/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Scada.pngRajasthan Agriculture Drainage(RAJAD) Project @IGNPThe Command Area Development (CAD) authorities of the Indira Gandhi Nahar projects aim to have an improved sub-surface drainage and water management in the command area. An important part of water management is the automation and remote monitoring system on the canal. CAD authorities have initiated steps to install a voice communication radio network that would put all parts of the command area within 20 km of a base station. The voice communication network will consist of ten field base stations located at CAD offices throughout the command area. In addition there will be 11 mobile units for senior staff to allow them to keep in contact with all stations when they are away from their offices. A data communication network is also planned on the canal system to collect data related to water levels and flow rates.Effect of Canal Automationincreased crop production reduced water use better service to the water usersincreased power generation decreased power consumption labour savings easier management of the water system improved protection of the conveyance facilities reduced maintenance requirements more accurate and equitable distribution of water decreased flood damage less need for subsurface drainage better response to emergenciessocial benefits (user's satisfaction, less conflict) environmental protectionimproved co-ordination with power operations.

Referenceshttp://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6626e/x6626e06.htmhttp://people.oregonstate.edu/~muirp/waterlog.htmhttp://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/wetland/canal/canals.htmhttp://cgwb.gov.in/conjuctive_use.htmlhttp://waterresources.rajasthan.gov.in/4ignp.htmhttp://waterresources.rajasthan.gov.in/RTI/RTI_IGNP_2011/IGNP%201.pdfhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2012020122326/short-notes-on-indira-gandhi-canal-project.html

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