cells – chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 cell structure, membrane function, cell communication and the cell...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CELLS – Chapters 6, 7,
11, 12
Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis
![Page 2: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
CELLSare based on
Cell Theory
states that
1. all living things are made of cells
2. all cells come from other cells
3. Cells are the most basic unit of lifeCell
structures & function
Cell replication
Ch 6, 7, 11
Ch 12
![Page 3: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Endomembrane System
• Secreted or membrane-bound proteins only
• (Free ribosomes synthesis soluble cytosolic proteins)
![Page 5: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cells are dynamic!
• Cell division & growth• Metabolism– Building proteins and other cell parts (anabolism)– Catabolism– Repair of damaged cell parts– Chemical reactions to stay alive and maintain
homeostasis• Cell communication
![Page 6: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Membrane Structure & Function
![Page 7: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Critical components of selectively permeable membrane
• Phospholipids – barrier• Cholesterol – regulates fluidity• Transmembrane proteins – render selectivity– Receptors– Ion channels– Aquaporins – allow water to pass into/out of cell– Transport proteins
• Outer leaflet – Carbohydrates – cell identification– Extracellular matrix (ECM) – interaction with surroundings
![Page 8: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Types of molecular movement across the cell membrane
• Passive Transport–Diffusion– Facilitated Diffusion–Osmosis
• Active Transport• Bulk transport:
Endocytosis/Exocytosis/Pinocytosis
![Page 9: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Terms to know:• Concentration gradient – a form of stored energy• Solute• Solvent• Isotonic• Hypertonic• Hypotonic• Equilibrium
![Page 10: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Phrases to know• Passive transport
– Molecules move down/with their concentration gradient
– From high concentration to low concentration
• Active transport– Molecules move against
their concentration gradient– From low concentration to
high concentration– Requires input of ATP energy
from cell
![Page 12: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Passive transport - DiffusionIn the absence of any partitions, molecules will move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
![Page 13: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Diffusion across a cell membrane• What types of molecules can cross the
membrane barrier freely?Molecules of dye Membrane
(a) Passive transport of one type of molecule
Equilibrium
(b) Passive transport of two types of molecules
Equilibrium
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_diffusion_works.html
![Page 14: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Passive transport - Facilitated Diffusion• Requires a protein channel• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_facilitated_diffusion_works.html
![Page 15: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Passive transport - Osmosis• Movement of H2O through aquaporin proteins• Depends on water potential – the direction water molecules
will flow is determined by solute concentration on either side of the membrane
• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_osmosis_works.html
![Page 16: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Remember secondary and tertiary structure???
![Page 17: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Animalcell
Normal Lysing
Plasmolysis
Plantcell
Flaccid (wilts) Turgid (normal)
Plasmamembrane
(a) Isotonic solution (b) Hypotonic solution (c) Hypertonic solution
Shriveled
The effects of osmosis differ in plant and animal cells
![Page 19: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Active Transport• Moves solutes against their concentration
gradient via a transport protein• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the_sodium_potassium_pump_works.html
![Page 20: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Active transport – bulk transport via exocytosis, endocytosis & pinocytosis
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__phagocytosis.html
![Page 21: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
![Page 22: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Receptor-mediated endocytosis: cholesterol uptake
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp05/0502003.html
![Page 23: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Visual Summary 5.2
![Page 24: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Cell Signaling
• Cells communicate with one another for several reasons– Growth– Development– Stimulate immune response– Regulate gene expression– Relay/transmit signals in nervous system– Fight or flight response– Homeostasis (example: regulate blood glucose)
![Page 25: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Three stages of cell signaling• Reception, Transduction, Response• Animations: Ch 11
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__receptors_linked_to_a_channel_protein.html
![Page 27: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Ch 12 – Mitosis & the Cell Cycle
![Page 30: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Mitosis: duplicating cells• Occurs in somatic cells (body cells) throughout life– Wound healing– Growth– Repair/maintenance (skin, intestine, hair follicles,
replacement of uterine lining after menstruation)
![Page 31: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Results of (normal) Mitosis
• 2 genetically identical cells (“daughter cells”)
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__mitosis_and_cytokinesis.html
![Page 33: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Checkpoints regulate the cell cycle
![Page 34: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Interplay of Cyclin and Cdk proteins regulates progression through the cell cycle
![Page 35: CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649f3e5503460f94c5df62/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Normal cell division has 2 key characteristics:
• Density-dependent inhibition
• Anchorage dependency
• Cells that are not adhered to a surface will not proliferate
• Cells use cell signaling to detect growth factors and density signals