cells organization of living organisms hooke english philosopher used primitive microscopes under...
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CELLSCELLS
Organization of Living OrganismsOrganization of Living Organisms
Hooke
English philosopher
Used primitive microscopes under coarse adjustment to view specimens.
Coined the term “cell” in the 1600’s
LEUWENHOEKLEUWENHOEKAnton Von Leuwenhoek studied pond water Anton Von Leuwenhoek studied pond water
to observe its living contentsto observe its living contents
SCHLEIDEN & SCHWANNSCHLEIDEN & SCHWANNMattias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann Mattias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann
determined the first point of the cell theory: determined the first point of the cell theory: All organisms are made up of cellsAll organisms are made up of cells
Cell TheoryCell Theory
1.1. ALL organisms are made of one or more ALL organisms are made of one or more cellscells
2.2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living thingsfunction of living things
3.3. ALL cells arise from preexisting cellsALL cells arise from preexisting cells
Cells specialize and Cells specialize and are grouped into are grouped into tissuestissues
Different tissues Different tissues combine to form combine to form organsorgans
Several organs form Several organs form systems to carry out systems to carry out life functions life functions
Prokaryotic vs. EukaryoticProkaryotic vs. EukaryoticSmallSmall
Simple Simple
No nucleus (DNA/RNA float No nucleus (DNA/RNA float in cell)in cell)
GrowGrow
Reproduce Reproduce
Respond to environmentRespond to environment
Ex: bacteriaEx: bacteria
LargeLarge
ComplexComplex
Have nucleus (contains Have nucleus (contains DNA/RNA)DNA/RNA)
Have organellesHave organelles
GrowGrow
ReproduceReproduce
Respond to environmentRespond to environment
Ex: plants, animals, fungi, Ex: plants, animals, fungi, insects etcinsects etc
Cells = The basic structure of life!Cells = The basic structure of life!
Cells have specific structures that perform Cells have specific structures that perform specific jobs called ORGANELLES specific jobs called ORGANELLES
Organelles are floating in the jellylike Organelles are floating in the jellylike substances in the cell called CYTOPLASMsubstances in the cell called CYTOPLASM
OrganellesOrganelles1.1. NucleusNucleus2.2. MitochondriaMitochondria3.3. VacuolesVacuoles4.4. RibosomesRibosomes5.5. Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum6.6. LysosomeLysosome7.7. Golgi BodyGolgi Body8.8. Cell MembraneCell Membrane9.9. ChloroplastChloroplast10.10. Cell WallCell Wall11.11. CiliaCilia12.12. FlagellumFlagellum13.13. CentrioleCentriole
bacteriacellsbacteriacells
Types of cellsTypes of cells
animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells
Prokaryote- no organelles
Eukaryotes- organelles
Cell size comparisonCell size comparison
Bacterial cell
Animal cell
micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
most bacteria 1-10 microns
eukaryotic cells 10-100 microns
Why study cells?Why study cells?Cells Cells Tissues Tissues Organs Organs Bodies Bodies bodies are made up of cellsbodies are made up of cells cells do all the work of life!cells do all the work of life!
What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live…What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live… ““breathe” breathe”
gas exchange: Ogas exchange: O22 in vs. CO in vs. CO22 out out
eateattake in & digest foodtake in & digest food
make energymake energyATPATP
build moleculesbuild moleculesproteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acidsproteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids
remove wastes remove wastes control internal conditionscontrol internal conditions
homeostasishomeostasis respond to external environmentrespond to external environment build more cellsbuild more cells
growth, repair, reproduction & developmentgrowth, repair, reproduction & development
The Work of LifeThe Work of Life
ATP
Cells have 3 main jobsCells have 3 main jobs make energymake energy
need energy for all activitiesneed energy for all activities
need to clean up waste produced need to clean up waste produced while making energywhile making energy
make proteinsmake proteinsproteins do all the work in a cell, proteins do all the work in a cell, so we need lots of themso we need lots of them
make more cellsmake more cellsfor growthfor growth
to replace damaged or diseased cellsto replace damaged or diseased cells
The Jobs of CellsThe Jobs of Cells
Our organellesdo all thesejobs!
ATP
OrganellesOrganellesOrganelles do the work of cellsOrganelles do the work of cells each structure has a job to doeach structure has a job to do
keeps the cell alive; keeps you alivekeeps the cell alive; keeps you alive
Model Animal Cell
They’re likemini-organs!
1. Cells need power1. Cells need power!!
Making energyMaking energy to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must…to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must…
take in food & digest ittake in food & digest it
take in oxygen (Otake in oxygen (O22))
make ATPmake ATP
remove wasteremove waste organelles that do this work…organelles that do this work…
cell membrane cell membrane
lysosomeslysosomes
vacuoles & vesicles vacuoles & vesicles
mitochondriamitochondria
ATP
FunctionFunction separates cell from outsideseparates cell from outside controls what enters or leaves cellcontrols what enters or leaves cell
OO22, CO, CO22, food, H, food, H22O, nutrients, wasteO, nutrients, waste recognizes signals from other cellsrecognizes signals from other cells
allows communication between cellsallows communication between cells
StructureStructure double layer of fatdouble layer of fat
phospholipid bilayerphospholipid bilayer receptor moleculesreceptor molecules
proteins that proteins that receive signalsreceive signals
Cell membraneCell membrane
lipid “tail”
phosphate“head”
Vacuoles & vesiclesVacuoles & vesiclesFunctionFunction moving material moving material
around cellaround cell storagestorage
StructureStructure membrane sacmembrane sac
small foodparticle
vesicle
vacuole filled w/ digestive enzymes
vesicle filled w/ digested nutrients
Food & water storageFood & water storage
plant cellsplant cells
contractilevacuole contractilevacuole
animal cellsanimal cells
central vacuole central vacuole
food vacuole food vacuole
FunctionFunction make ATP energy from cellular respirationmake ATP energy from cellular respiration
sugar + Osugar + O22 ATP ATP
fuels the work of lifefuels the work of life
StructureStructure double membranedouble membrane
MitochondriaMitochondria
in both animal & plant cellsin both animal & plant cells
ATP
MitochondriaMitochondria make energy from sugar + Omake energy from sugar + O22
cellular respirationcellular respiration
sugar + Osugar + O2 2 ATP ATP
ChloroplastsChloroplasts make energy + sugar from sunlightmake energy + sugar from sunlight
photosynthesisphotosynthesis
sunlight + COsunlight + CO22 ATP & sugar ATP & sugar ATP = active energyATP = active energy sugar = stored energysugar = stored energy
build leaves & roots & fruit build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugarsout of the sugars
Plants make energy two waysPlants make energy two ways!!
ATP
sugar
ATP
Mitochondria are in both cellsMitochondria are in both cells!!!!
2. Cells need workers = 2. Cells need workers = proteinsproteins!!
Making proteinsMaking proteins to run daily life & growth, the cell must…to run daily life & growth, the cell must…
read genes (DNA)read genes (DNA)build proteinsbuild proteins
structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws)structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) signals (hormones) & receptorssignals (hormones) & receptors
organelles that do this work…organelles that do this work…nucleus nucleus ribosomesribosomesendoplasmic reticulum (ER) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus
Proteins do all the work! Proteins do all the work!
cellsDNA proteins
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,because…one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,because…
proteins do all the work!proteins do all the work!
signals
structural
enzymes
receptors
NucleusNucleusFunctionFunction control center of cellcontrol center of cell protects DNAprotects DNA
instructions for building proteinsinstructions for building proteins
StructureStructure nuclear membranenuclear membrane nucleolusnucleolus
ribosome factoryribosome factory chromosomeschromosomes
DNADNA
Ribosomes on ER
Ribosomes Ribosomes FunctionFunction protein factoriesprotein factories read instructions to build proteins from DNAread instructions to build proteins from DNA
StructureStructure some some freefree in cytoplasm in cytoplasm some some attachedattached to ER to ER
FunctionFunction works on proteinsworks on proteins
helps complete the helps complete the proteins after ribosome proteins after ribosome builds thembuilds them
makes membranesmakes membranes
StructureStructure rough ERrough ER
ribosomes attachedribosomes attachedworks on proteinsworks on proteins
smooth ERsmooth ERmakes membranesmakes membranes
Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum
transport vesicles
vesiclescarrying proteins
FunctionFunction finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteinsfinishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins
like UPS headquarters like UPS headquarters shipping & receiving departmentshipping & receiving department
ships proteins in vesiclesships proteins in vesicles““UPS trucks”UPS trucks”
StructureStructure membrane sacsmembrane sacs
Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
DNA
RNA
ribosomes
endoplasmicreticulum
vesicle
Golgi apparatus
vesicle
proteinon its way!
protein finishedprotein
Making Proteins
TO:
TO:
TO:
TO:
nucleus
central vacuolestorage: food, water or waste
mitochondriamake ATP in cellular respiration
chloroplastmake ATP & sugars in photosynthesis
cell wallsupport
cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
Golgi apparatusfinish & ship proteins
nucleuscontrol cellprotects DNA
endoplasmic reticulumprocesses proteinsmakes membranes
lysosomedigestion & clean up
ribosomesmake proteinscytoplasm
jelly-like material around organelles
nucleolusmake ribosomes
3. Cells need to make more 3. Cells need to make more cellscells!!
Making more cellsMaking more cells to to replacereplace, , repairrepair & & growgrow, ,
the cell must…the cell must…copy their DNAcopy their DNAmake extra organellesmake extra organelles
divide the new DNA & new divide the new DNA & new organelles between 2 new organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells“daughter” cells
organelles that do this work…organelles that do this work…nucleus nucleus centriolescentrioles
CentriolesCentriolesFunctionFunction help coordinate cell divisionhelp coordinate cell division
only in animal cellsonly in animal cells
StructureStructure one pair in each cellone pair in each cell
cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place
mitochondriamake ATP energy
from sugar + O2
nucleusprotects DNAcontrols cell
ribosomesbuilds proteins
ERhelps finish proteinsmakes membranes
Golgi apparatusfinishes, packages & ships proteins
lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recyclingvacuole & vesicles
transport inside cellsstorage
centriolescell division
Cells have 3 main jobsCells have 3 main jobs make energymake energy
need food + Oneed food + O22
cellular respiration & photosynthesiscellular respiration & photosynthesis
need to remove wastesneed to remove wastes make proteinsmake proteins
need instructions from DNAneed instructions from DNA
need to chain together amino acids & “finish” need to chain together amino acids & “finish” & “ship” the protein& “ship” the protein
make more cellsmake more cellsneed to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cellsneed to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells
Cell SummaryCell Summary
Our organellesdo all thosejobs!
DiffusionMove from HIGH to LOW concentration directly through
membranesimple diffusion
no energy needed help through a protein
channelfacilitated diffusion (with help)
no energy needed
HIGH
LOW
DIFFUSIONDIFFUSION
Collisions between molecules cause them Collisions between molecules cause them to continually spread apartto continually spread apart
Movement occurs until molecules are Movement occurs until molecules are equally distributed = equally distributed = EQUILIBRIUMEQUILIBRIUM
Simple vs. facilitated diffusion
inside cell
outside cell
lipidinside cell
outside cell
H2O
simple diffusion facilitated diffusion
H2O
protein channel
Active TransportActive Transport
Movement of molecules from Movement of molecules from low to highlow to high concentration (riding a bike uphill)concentration (riding a bike uphill)
Must use Must use ENERGY or ATPENERGY or ATP to move to move moleculesmolecules
Move in and out until the molecules reach Move in and out until the molecules reach EQUALIBRIUMEQUALIBRIUM
OsmosisOsmosis
Diffusion of Diffusion of WATERWATER across a cell across a cell membranemembrane
HighHigh to to lowlow concentration concentration
Cells are 98% water and 2% dissolved Cells are 98% water and 2% dissolved mineralsminerals
OsmosisOsmosis
If the liquid that surrounds the cell has the If the liquid that surrounds the cell has the samesame concentration of water as the cytoplasm no net concentration of water as the cytoplasm no net diffusion occurs in either direction (molecules diffusion occurs in either direction (molecules move at equal rates)move at equal rates)
If the water concentration is If the water concentration is low low and solute is and solute is highhigh the cell membrane will shrink the cell membrane will shrink
If the water concentration is If the water concentration is highhigh and solute is and solute is lowlow the cell membrane will expand.. Cell will the cell membrane will expand.. Cell will burstburst
OsmosisOsmosis
If the liquid outside of the cell has a high If the liquid outside of the cell has a high concentration of water (less solute) than concentration of water (less solute) than the cytoplasm, water will diffuse into the the cytoplasm, water will diffuse into the cellcell
If the liquid outside of the cell has a lower If the liquid outside of the cell has a lower concentration of water (more solute) than concentration of water (more solute) than the cytoplasm water will diffuse out of the the cytoplasm water will diffuse out of the cellcell
Keeping Water Balance
Cell survival depends on balancing water uptake & water loss