cellular compounds macromolecules. a. overview most matter in your body that is not water is made of...
TRANSCRIPT
CELLULAR COMPOUNDS
Macromolecules
A. Overview • Most matter in your body that is not water is made
of organic compounds→Organic compounds contain carbon (C)
CH
H
H
H
→Very large carbon compound molecules (up to thousands of C atoms) necessary for life are polymers of smaller monomers called macromoleculesoMonomer: singular molecule that may join other
monomers to form a polymeroPolymer: substance made up of two or more like
molecules to form a more complex molecule
CCCC C
H
H
H
H
H
HC H
H
H
H
C
H
H
H H
H
C
HH
H H H
H
• Four classes of organic compounds found in living things:→carbohydrates→lipids→proteins→nucleic acids
B. Carbohydrates (4 calories per gram)oComposed of C, H, O in C1H2O1 ratio
♦Simplest kind of carbohydrate is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide–Mono = 1–Di = 2–Tri/poly = 3 or more
HC OHC
H
O
♦ building blocks of simple sugars or monosaccharides such as glucose (C6H12O6) is a major source of energy in cells
Glucose
– common table sugar is glucose joined to fructose to make a disaccharide sucrose
oLargest kind of carbohydrates are called polysaccharides (MANY sugars)
♦ 3 kinds of polysaccharides:– starch: used by plants for energy>potatoes>corn>wheat
– glycogen: used by mammals & stored in liver>60,000 glucose
molecules bound together
– cellulose: made by plants to form cell walls > indigestible in humans (known as fiber)~wood~fruit~cotton
C. Lipids (9 calories per gram)oNonpolar molecule composed of large fatty
acid chains of C with H bonds and few O
CCCC C
H
H
H
O
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
H H
H
C
HH
H H H
HO
C
H
♦Typical fat contains 3 fatty acid chains bonded to a glycerol (glycerin) molecule–Glycerol is a 3-carbon molecule (C3H8O3)
that acts like the backbone holding 3 fatty acids together
Glycerol
oBeneficial for 3 reasons:♦ Energy storage (in bonds between C and H
atoms)♦ Insulation (adipose tissue)♦ Protective coatings (membranes)
H
C
H
HH
H
H
CATP
o 4 major types of lipids:♦ Fats–Vegetable oils (corn, olive)–Animal fat and oils (fish)
♦ Phospholipids–Cell membranes
♦Waxes–Ear wax–Beeswax
♦ Steroids–Testosterone–Estrogen
oAll lipids can be classified in 3 ways:♦Saturated fatty acids = all C single bonds,
solid
♦Unsaturated fatty acids = C-C double bond, liquid♦Monounsaturated (1 double bond)♦Polyunsaturated (>1 double bond)♦Trans fat (1 double bond)
D. Proteins (4 calories per gram)oComprised of C, H, O, N, sometimes SoMade of many amino acids strung
together by peptide bond
O
C
H
S
N
♦ 20 types of amino acids, so are thousands of types of proteins
♦ properties of amino acids determines its shape, pH, folding– some are polar, some are
nonpolar; some are electrically charged, others not
o Specialized proteins have important functions:♦Enzyme promote and speed up chemical
reactions♦Collagen is found in skin, hair, nails, tendons,
bones
♦Antibodies aid in defense against infection♦Hemoglobin carries oxygen from lungs to
body tissues in blood
E. Nucleic acids (0 calories)oComplex biomolecules that stores
information in form of a code; polymers made of smaller subunits called nucleotides♦Nucleotides comprised of C, H, O, N,
and PO
C
H
P
N
o 3 MAJOR COMPONENTS:♦ phosphate♦ Sugar (ribose)♦ Base
o Two types of nucleic acids:♦ DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
–Ribose containing nucleic acid without oxygen
♦ RNA (ribonucleic acid)
–Ribose containing nucleic acid with oxygen
My Macromolecules• What should your macromolecules intake be?
– Nutrition pyramid (2010)• Mypyramid.gov
– My plate (2011)• Choosemyplate.gov
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