cellular transport. introduction to cell transport cell transport= moving materials in and out of a...
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Cellular Transport
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Introduction to Cell Transport
• Cell transport= moving materials in and out of a cell
• All living cells need to be able to:– Take in oxygen and nutrients– Get rid of wastes
• The cell membrane separates the inside of the cell from the outside.– It allows some things to enter and blocks other things
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Cell Membrane Structure
Phospholipid Bilayer- double layer of phospholipids enclosing the cell
1. Bilayer:• Exterior and interior surface: heads• Between: tails
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Phospholipid Bilayer
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Membrane Proteins
• Membrane proteins can be used to:– transport materials thru the membrane– serve as chemical signals or receptors of chemical signals.
• Membranes also can contain cholesterol (animal cells) and glycoproteins.
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Fluid Mosaic Model
• Describes the cell membrane as a fluid rather than a solid.– Phospholipids and some proteins are able to move – This is able to change its shape and form.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qqsf_UJcfBc
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Selective Permeability
• The cell membrane regulates what can pass in or out of the cell.– this maintains a stable internal environment
(homeostasis) – Factors that determine a substances’ ability to
pass thru the membrane:• Size• Shape• Composition• Polarity (polar or nonpolar)• Charge (positive or negative)
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Solutions
• Solution= combination of solute and solvent
– Solute= Substance being dissolved– Solvent= thing substance is dissolved in• Universal solvent= water
*Solute dissolves in the solvent
Example: Saltwater
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Concentration
• Amount of solute compared to the amount of solvent– Low concentration of solute• Lesser amount of solute dissolved
– High concentration of solute• Higher amount of solute dissolved
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Particle Movement
• Brownian motion- constant random motion of all particles.
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Passive Transport
Movement that does not require energy– No energy needed from the cell
• Types:– Diffusion– Facilitated Diffusion– Osmosis
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DiffusionMovement from high to low concentration.– Concentration Gradient= A difference in
concentration• (A concentration gradient is when there is a difference
in concentration within a system)
– Particles will move until concentration is equal throughout the system (Dynamic Equilibrium)
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Diffusion Animation
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Facilitated Diffusion
• Diffusion of particles with the help of membrane proteins.1. Carrier proteins• change shape to move large molecules thru the lipid
bilayer.
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Facilitated diffusion of Glucose
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2. Ion channels– A tube for dissolved ions to pass thru the lipid
bilayer.• Ex. Na+ ion channel
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Osmosis
The diffusion of water.– High to low concentration of water– Water will move in the opposite direction of the
solute
Types of solutions:1. Hypertonic solution- lower concentration of
water outside the cell.• water will rush out of the cell
– Causes wilting in plant cells.
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Hypotonic Solution
Solution with a higher concentration of water than the cell.– water will move into the cell causing it to swell• Can cause bursting of animal cells
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Isotonic solution
Equal concentration of water in the solution and the cell.– net movement of water and solute is equal– cell is in dynamic equilibrium w/ the solution
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7-QJ-UUX0iY
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Osmosis in plant cells
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Osmosis of red blood cells
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Osmotic pressure
Which way will the water move?
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How Cells Deal with Osmosis
• How do cells like paramecium that live in water, not blow up?– Contractile vacuoles – organelles that remove
water from the cell.
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Questions
1. Can things always diffuse in and out of the cell when they want to? – In your answer, use the words:• selectively permeable• passive transport.
2. Give a short description (in your own words) of the three types of passive transport.
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Active Transport
• Movement of substances that requires cell energy. – Movement from low to high concentration– Necessary to maintain homeostasis
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Proteins Pumps
• Proteins that force particles to move– Energy is used to change the shape of the protein.
– ex. Na+/K+ ion pump• Uses energy to keep a high concentration of Na+
outside the cell and K+ inside the cell.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-imDC1txWw
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Na+/K+ ion pump
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Endocytosis
• Ingesting large particles or large amounts of solution.– membrane pinches off around material creating a
vacuole – Types• Pinocytosis- ingesting large amounts of fluid or solutes.• Phagocytosis- ingesting large particles or whole cells.
– ex. White blood cells, Ameoba
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Exocytosis
Release of large particles from the cell– excretory vesicles fuse w/ the cell membrane
releasing the material outside the cell.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DuDmvlbpjHQ
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Endocytosis and Exocytosis
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Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis
• Which is endocytosis? Exocytosis?