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I. Introduction

Cessna, the popular choice when it comes to training planes. When confronted with the question, what is the best trainer aircraft, Cessna wins almost all the time. Is it because of the known durability, the beautiful simplicity, the first class safety standard, a solid IFR platform, and of course the modest cost of operation. With so many other training aircraft pitted against it, Cessna aircraft has since been known to dominate the flight training field, although faced with fierce competition and rivalries. Cessna aircraft is still holding its own. For those starting pilots, the Cessna served as a stepping stone. After getting their feet wet with what was often the first airplane they ever flew, they would move up to bigger, more advanced, and complex aircraft with the knowledge and understanding they received from the training aircrafts of Cessna. Their aircrafts are the pinnacle of performance, agility, and durable strength among other training aircrafts.

II.A Cessna 152 172 Timeline

1950The Model 305A won the contract with the Army Field Forces and the Army Air force for a single-engine liaison airplane, designated the L-1, later nicknamed the Bird Dog.

1952An experimental Model 180 was flown and certified.

1956The Land-O-Matic tricycle-geared models 172 and 182 were introduced.

1956Cessna won a contract with the US Air force for 170 Model 172 aircraft, as the Cessna T-41A.

1965The Model 150 Learn To Fly campaign increased sales drastically, and more than 3,000 Model 150s were sold.

1970The new nationwide Cessna Pilot Center network was initiated.

1975The Cessna Pawnee Division reached a production milestone of 100,000 single-engine airplanes.

1995In May, the Independence ground breaking signalled the restart of the single- engine production.

II. B History and Specifications1934-1936Work on the model C-34 began. In 1935 and 1936, the C-34 won the Detroit News Trophy Race for the Worlds Most Efficient Airplane. Cessna also won permanent possession of the trophy.

Cessna 152TheCessna 152 is anAmericantwo-seat, fixedtricycle gear,general aviationairplane, used primarily forflight trainingand personal use.DevelopmentFirst delivered in 1977 as the 1978 model year, the 152 was a modernization of the provenCessna 150design. The 152 was intended to compete with the newBeechcraft SkipperandPiper Tomahawk, both of which were introduced the same year.Additional design goals were to improve useful load through a gross weight increase to 1670lbs (757kg), decrease internal and external noise levels and run better on the then newly introduced100LLfuel. As with the 150, the great majority of 152s were built at theCessnafactory inWichita, Kansas. A number of aircraft were also built byReims AviationofFranceand given the designation F152/FA152. Production of the 152 was ended in 1985 when Cessna ended production of all of their light aircraft; by that time, a total of 7,584 examples of the 152, includingA152andFA152 Aerobat aerobaticvariants, had been built worldwide.In 2007 Cessna announced that it would build alight sportsuccessor, designated theModel 162 Skycatcher,although production ended in 2013.

DesignPowerplantAll Cessna 152s were manufactured with aLycoming O-235engine. The Lycoming provided not only an increase in engine power over the Cessna 150, but also was more compatible with the newer100LLlow lead fuel. Cessna 152s produced between 1977 and 1982 were equipped with Lycoming O-235-L2C engines producing 110hp (82kW) at 2550rpm. This engine still suffered some lead-fouling problems in service and was succeeded in 1983 by the 108hp (81kW) O-235-N2C which featured a different piston design and a redesigned combustion chamber to reduce this problem. The N2C engine was used until 152 production ended in 1985.

AirframeThe airframe is of mainly metal construction. being primarily of2024-T3 aluminiumalloy with riveted skin. Components such as wingtips and fairings are made fromglass-reinforced plastic. The fuselage is asemi-monocoquewith vertical bulkheads and frames joined bylongeronsrunning the length of thefuselage. The wings are of a strut-braced design and have a 1degreedihedralangle. The tapered (outboard) portion of each wing has one degree of washout (the chord of the tip section has one degree lower angle of attack than the chord at the end of the constant-width section). This allows greateraileroneffectiveness during a stall.

Flying ControlsDual controls are available as optional equipment on the Cessna 152and almost all 152s have this option installed.The Cessna 152 is equipped with differential ailerons that move through 20degrees upwards and 15degrees downwards. It has single-slottedflapswhich are electrically operated and deploy to a maximum of 30 degrees. Theruddercan move 23degrees to either side and is fitted with a ground-adjustabletrim tab. Theelevatorsmove up through 25degrees and down through 18 degrees. An adjustable trim tab is installed on the right elevator and is controlled by a small wheel in the center of the control console. The trim tab moves 10degrees up and 20degrees down relative to the elevator chordline. Landing GearThe Cessna 152 is equipped with fixedtricycle landing gear. The main gear has tubular steel legs surrounded by a full-length fairing with a step for access to the cabin. The main gear has a 7ft 7in (2.3m) wheelbase. The nosewheel is connected to the engine mount and has an oleo strut to dampen and absorb normal operating loads. The nosewheel is steerable through eightdegrees either side of neutral and can castor under differential braking up to 30 degrees. It is connected to the rudder pedals through a spring linkage. The braking system consists of single disc brake assemblies fitted to the main gear and operated by a hydraulic system. Brakes are operated by pushing on the top portion of the rudder pedals. It is possible to use differential braking when taxiing and this allows very tight turns to be made. The 152 is also fitted with a parking brake system. It is applied by depressing both toe brakes and then pulling the "Park Brake" lever to the pilots left. The toe brakes are then released but pressure is maintained in the system thereby leaving both brakes engaged. The standard tires used are 600 X 6 on the main gear and 500 X 5 on the nosewheel. [footnoteRef:1] [1: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_152]

Cessna 172Design and DevelopmentMeasured by its longevity and popularity, the Cessna 172 is the most successful aircraft in history. Cessna delivered the first production models in 1956. As of 2012, Cessna, and its partners, had built around 60,000.The Skyhawk's main competitors have been theBeechcraft MusketeerandGrumman AA-5 series(neither in production), thePiper Cherokee, and, more recently, theDiamond DA40 The Cessna 172 started life as a tricycle landing gear variant of thetaildraggerCessna 170, with a basic level of standard equipment. In January 1955, Cessna flew an improved variant of the Cessna 170, aContinental O-300-A-powered Cessna 170C with larger elevators and a more angular tailfin.Although the variant was tested and certified, Cessna decided to modify it with a tricycle landing gear, and the modified Cessna 170C flew again on 12 June 1955.]To reduce the time and cost of certification, the type was added to the Cessna 170 type certificate as the Model 172.Later, the 172 was given its own type certificate, 3A12.The 172 became an overnight sales success, and over 1,400 were built in 1956, its first full year of production.Early 172s were similar in appearance to the 170s, with the same straight aft fuselage and tall landing gear legs, although the 172 had a straight tailfin while the 170 had a rounded fin and rudder. Later 172 versions incorporated revised landing gear and the swept-back tailfin, which is still in use today. The final aesthetic development, in the mid-1960s, was a lowered rear deck allowing an aft window. Cessna advertised this added rear visibility as "Omni-Vision." Cessna has not changed the airframe configuration since then, except for updates inavionicsandengines, including theGarmin G1000glass cockpitin 2005. Production halted in the mid-1980s, but resumed in 1996 with the 160hp (120kW) Cessna 172R Skyhawk. Cessna supplemented this in 1998 with the 180hp (135kW) Cessna 172S Skyhawk SP.Operational HistoryA Cessna 172 was used in 1958 to set theworld record for flight endurance; the record still stands.On December 4, 1958 Robert Timm and John Cook took off fromMcCarran Airfieldin Las Vegas, NV in a newly built Cessna 172, registration number N9172B. Sixty-four days, 22 hours, 19 minutes and 5 seconds later, they landed back at McCarran Airfield on February 4, 1959. The flight was part of a fund-raising effort for theDamon RunyonCancer Fund. Food and water were transferred by matching speeds with a chase car on a straight stretch of road in the desert, and hoisting the supplies aboard with a rope and bucket. Fuel was taken on by hoisting a hose from a fuel truck up to the aircraft, filling an auxiliary belly tank installed for the flight, pumping that fuel into the aircraft's regular tanks and then filling the belly tank again. The drivers steered while a second person matched speeds with the aircraft with his foot on the vehicle's accelerator pedal.Engine oil was added by means of a tube from the cabin that was fitted to pass through the firewall. Only the pilot's seat was installed. The remaining space was used for a pad on which the relief pilot slept. The right cabin door was replaced with an easy-opening, accordion-type door to allow supplies and fuel to be hoisted aboard. Early in the flight, the engine-driven electric generator failed. A Champion wind-driven generator (turned by a small propeller) was hoisted aboard, taped to the wing support strut, and plugged into the cigarette lighter socket; it served as the aircraft's source of electricity for the rest of the flight. The pilots decided to end the marathon flight because with 1,558 hours of continuously running the engine during the record-setting flight, plus several hundred hours already on the engine beforehand (considerably in excess of its normal overhaul interval), the engine's power output had deteriorated to the point where they were barely able to climb away after refuelling. The aircraft is on display in the passenger terminal atMcCarran International Airport. Photos and details of the record flight can be seen in a small museum on the upper level of the baggage claim area.After the flight, Cook said: Next time I feel in the mood to fly endurance, I'm going to lock myself in our garbage can with the vacuum cleaner running. That is, until my psychiatrist opens up for business in the morning.

III. Glossary

1. Aft - at, near, or toward the tail of an aircraft2. Ailerons - a hinged surface in the trailing edge of an airplane wing, used to control lateral balance3. Angle of Attack - the angle between the chord of an airfoil and the direction of the surrounding undisturbed flow of gas or liquid4. Cabin An aircrafts body5. Chord - Chord refers to the imaginary straight line joining the leading and trailing edges of an airfoil6. Climb When an aircraft gains altitude7. Elevators Part of an aircraft used for climbing or descending8. Fuselage The body of the airplane9. IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) A flight where instruments are highly relied upon10. Oleo Strut - Anoleo strutis an airoil hydraulic shock absorber used on the landing gear of most large aircraft and many smaller ones11. Omni-Vision - Intended to make the pilot feel visibility was improved on the notably poor-visibility Cessna line12. Powerplant The engine of the airplane13. Semi monocoque - relating to or denoting aircraft or vehicle structures combining a load-bearing shell with integral frames14. Stall Happens when an aircraft loses lift15. Sweptback- a "swept" wing root to wingtip direction angled beyond (usually aftward) the spanwise axis16. Tail Dragger Type of aircraft that has a landing gear on its tail17. Taxi Movement of the aircraft in the ground18. Tricycle Gear 3 landing gears where the nosewheel is in front19. Trim Tab Aircraft instruments that relieves yoke pressure20. Useful load Weight limit that can be carried by the airplane

IV. ConclusionIV.A Analysis of Cessna 152 172 Timeline

Cessnas rich history and early start gave the company the advantage in the flight training world. From the design, to the first glider, to the prototypes and now the modern Cessna 152s and 172s. Cessna is the worlds leading general aviation manufacturer, with a rich heritage and more than eight decades of engineering excellence. More than half the aircraft today are Cessnas. Cessna has many positive relationships with other aviation-industry leaders, making a more connected company in which a starting pilot will benefit from. Cessnas fleet of instructional single-engine aircraft was specifically designed to take you from student to pilot, from ground to sky. The technology they have achieved from the years of history simplifies the job of the student pilot which makes learning much more intuitive. The simplicity of the aircraft makes learning easier and the cost of flying one relieves the student pilot of financial burdens.

Through the years of engineering the design and the specifications of Cessnas training aircraft have been completely refined and continuously improved. The rich heritage of this company, gave a strong backbone of experience in the field. The errors and faults of the first prototypes have been removed to create one of the safest training aircraft in the field.

IV. ConclusionIV.B Analysis of History and SpecificationsCessnas training aircraft have been designed to provide the simplicity of flying while delivering complex lessons that a student pilot will need in the future. Safety is the top priority for Cessna when designing and manufacturing aircraft which makes it ideal for training. Everything from simple flying procedures to many standard emergency system help to prevent errors and make handling simple and smooth. Our aircraft are designed both to react effectively to dangerous situations and to avoid them altogether. Combining both active and passive safety features ensures that every new aircraft is designed and equipped to deliver on the trust that passengers place in both pilot and machine every single flight. The design of the aircraft, each area fulfils a function while its form remains noticeably simple. Everything from the cup holder to complexities of the Garmin instruments are intended to deliver its top performance on flight, every flight.

Cessnas aircraft are one of the best when it comes to general aviation, especially flight training. Rest assured that when flying or learning how to fly, the aircraft will deliver and exceed the expectations of the both the pilot in command and the student pilot. The history of development supplied and paved the way to the Cessna aircraft that we know now. It solidified the name Cessna in the aviation training field.