cevre kirliliginin azaltilmasinda kullanilan polimerler

7/21/2019 cevre kirliliginin azaltilmasinda kullanilan polimerler

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YNOBPN GPCU\]C\AJCGM\OK @NKO]C\

VBOACU AJCGM\O EOA

-

E]UAC ]CX-

CPUC KUOOGG NXNO]IOAN\IGMNKSOONGIONG VBOACUOCU

Carc Lnenz\ckig iack

Eitirac ]czi Mngang8 Yrm. Mb. Mr. Aitjnt COCE

YNOBPN, 56>=


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iv

GMCKOCUKI\NO]AN O\]C\ .............................................................................................................. vii

CKO O\]C\ ........................................................................................................................ ix

XCODC O\]C\ ................................................................................................................... xi

>.

DU ..................................................................................................................... >3

5.

DCGCO EODOCU............................................................................................... >0

5.>

\umn Mbno \n`szokonr......................................................................................... >0

5.>.> zga brdngik eiocikocr................................................................................. >05.>.5

zocacycg sn`szokonr....................................................................................... >9

5.>.95.5

Kbndonsybg vc @obkonsybg Ackngizanonr....................................................... >9

5.5.> Cocktrbstntik ctkiocia........................................................................................... 565.5.5 Jimrbhcg en ......................................................................................................... 565.5.5.5.= Yk gtrnoiznsybguyon kbndonsybg ...................................................................... 5>5.5.3

Vboiacr kprs ..................................................................................................... 5..= ]crs bsabz ............................................................................................................. 3:4.5.5 Cocktrik pbtngsiycoi uyduongnrnk uyduongng acaerng prbscsocri ......................... 394.4.= AEU (Acaerng eiybrcnktrocr)............................................................................ 0>4.3 Acaerng Eiybrcnktrocrig (AEU) Nvngtnhonr vc Mcznvngtnhonr........................ 0.> \v acaerngonrg ackngizans vc uyduonan nongonr......................................... 00

4.4.5

Caosiybg tipi sv acaerngonr............................................................................. 00


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4.4.6. MCGCY\CO NOIAN ........................................................................................ 46

>6.> Mcgcyig Nanl ...................................................................................................... 46>6.5 ]cbri ....................................................................................................................... 46>6.6.= Kuoongong Kiaynsnoonr.......................................................................................... 45>6.3 Mcgcyig Ynpo .................................................................................................... 45>6.0 Jcsnponanonr vc sbguonr ...................................................................................... 4>.

DCGCO \BGSONU PC GCUOCU................................................................ 4=

KNYGNKONU ......................................................................................................................... 40


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vii

KI\NO]AN O\]C\

NVNA Ngybgikpboinkrionaim

LN \coobznsctnt

LGAU Knrebg gkoccr angyctik rczbgngs

LVNA Kntybgikpboinkrionaim

MNMANL Minomiactionabgyuakobrr

MAN Miactionaig

MEV Mietio`tnont

CLJ Cpikobrnjimrig

CVI Cpikobrnjimrig

CMN Ctiocgminaig

JNN Jnobnsctik nsit

A@ Aikrbìotrnsybg

AEU Acaerng eiybrcnksiybgonr

G]S Gc`cobactrik euongkok eiriai

GMAN Gitrbzbmiactionaig

G@ GngbìotrnsybgV\\ Vboistircgso`ngnt

VCMB] Vboi (ctiocgmibksitiyb`cg)

VNA Vboinkrionaim

VMNMANL Vboiminomiactionabgyuakobrr

VPN Vboivigio Nsctnt

pKn zbcocktrik gbktns

VNG Vboinkriobgitrio

VN Vboinaim

VC\ Vboictcrso`bg

V]@C Vboitctrnòbrbctiocg

VPM@ Vboivigioimcgòbrr

VC Vboictiocg

VV Vboiprbpiocg

VJE Vboijimrbksietrnt


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viii

UCNLJ

\CL

Kiaynsnoonrg Knym, Mccrocgmirioacsi, Yctkiocgmirioacsi vc

\grongans

Abockocr nyran krbantbdrn`isi

]JA ]rijnobactng

S@ Sotrn`iotrnsybg

PBL Sulu brdngik eioccg


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ix

CKO O\]C\

ckio 5.> Jaik nsimig kiaynsno dstcriai [5Q........................................................................ >4

ckio 5.5 @uovik nsimig ynps [>Q .............................................................................................. >:

ckio 5.< Actno iybgonr jaik anmmcocr zcrigc tutugans (Ebotb,>993 )............................. >9

ckio 5.= Nmsbrec pboiacr zigliri abmcoi................................................................................. 56

ckio 5.3 Gcdnti` ykocrig pbziti` pboicocktrboitocroc `obkuonsybgugmn cocktrbstntik ynan

abmcoi (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664) ..................................................................... 55

ckio 5.0 Vnrtikoocr zcrigmc ngybgik pboiacrocrig kntybgik ynanonron nmsbrpsiybg vc

`obkuonsybg ackngizans.................................................................................. 5


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x

ckio


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xi

XCODC O\]C\

izcodc 5.>. @uovik vc jaik nsimig knrontroans ( Ebotb, >993 ) ...................................... >:

izcodc . Enz kntybgik pboicocktrboitocr iig yk ybugouu (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664) .... \u nrta nongonrgmn naur kbgsngtrnsybgonr (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664)........... =:

izcodc 4.> A@ PC S@ acaerng rctiai iig kuoongong antcrynoocr..................................... 06

izcodc 4.5 \u nrtagmn kuoongong enz UB vc G@ acaerngonr vc zcooikocri. (Oi, @ngc, Jb

vc Antsuurn,566: ) ........................................................................................... 0>

izcodc 4.< Jnvn eiociai (> Guaugc eiociaocri ............................................................................................. 46.5 GEE ebynsgg 0>: gamc ioca dracmcg glc ioca drmktcg sbgrnki

nesbrsiybg mccrocri .......................................................................................... 4=


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xii

G\X

Eu eitirac tczigig jnzrongansgmn engmng sbgugn knmnr mcstcigi csirdcacycg, tcz

mngangoaz yrtcg snyg jblnaz Yrm. Mb. Mr. Aitjnt coceiyc, eudgc knmnr eiodi

eirikiaocrigi eizocroc pnyonng ta jblnonraznvc eizocrc snr`cttikocri cack iig niococriaizc

krngonraz ebr eioiriz.

cvrc kiroioiigig nznotoans kbgusugmn jca yctkioiocrig vc jca mc ta tbpouaug

eioigocgacsigi mioiybr vc eu noangg dcoclcktc eu kbgu zcrigmc nonlnk

nrknmnonrazn ynrmalboansg ait cmiybruz.


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XC]

Sona, sngnyi, rctia vc tkctia nrt vc mbno knygnkonrg eioigsiz kuoonga cvrcyc znrnr

vcracktcmir. cvrc kiroioiiyoc alnmcoc ctacmc dcgco bonrnk ìziksco, kiaynsno,

ìzikbkiaynsno vc eiybobhik ygtcaocr kuoongoanktnmr. Eu ygtcaocrmc kuoongong

kiaynsnoonrg eirbu pboiacr csnsomr. cvrc kiroioiigig nznotoansgmn kiaynsnoygtcaocrmc zcooikoc òbkuonsybg vc kbndonsybg iocaocrigmc yksck vcria snonyng

pboicocktrboitocr kuoongor. Nyrln nrtan iocaocrigmc pboiacrik acaerngonr mn

kuoongoanktnmr. Eu noanmn zcooikoc, cgmstriyco knygnko ntkonron kirocgcg suonrg

nrtagmn kuoongong pboicoctrboitocr vc acaerngonr nrntroatr. Nyrln jnvn, tbprnk vc

rnmynsybg kiroioiigig nznotoans iig ynpong nrntranonrmng mn ksnln enjscmioaitir. ]cbrik

nrntranonrn ionvctcg mbno eir kntybgik eiybpboiacr bong kitbsng vc eir nmct kntybgik

pboicocktrboit ioc ngybgik knrnktcrmc jnzrongng ebyn zcotisigig rcgdigig dimcrioacsinoanonr ynpoatr. Vboiacrocr Gn`tbo Eouc Eonlk ebynsgg rcgk dimcriaigmc ctkioi eir

ckiomc kuoongoatr.

Ngnjtnr kcoiacocr8pboicocktrboit, cgmstriyco ntk su nrta, iac su nrta, kbndonsybg,

òbkonsybg, kitbsng


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NE\]UNL]

Iglrcnsigd b` trngspbrtntibg, igmustry, prbmultibg, lbgsuaptibg ngm lnrcocss usndc b` gnturno

sburlcs eclnac jnraùo `br gnturno cgvirbgacgt. ]jcrc nrc pjysilno, ljcailno,

pjysilbljcailno ngm eibobdilno actjbms wjilj nrc uscm `br ljnoocgdigd witj cgvirbgacgtno

pbooutibg. ]jcsc ljcailnos wjilj nrc uscm `br wnstc wntcr trcntacgt nrc dcgcrnooy pboyacrenscm. Cspclinooy, tjc ljcailno actjbms b` mclrcnsigd cgvirbgacgtno pbooutibg, tjcrc is uscm

jidj c`ìlicgt pboycocltrboimc ig òblluontibg ngm lbuduontibg trngsnltibg. Nosb, tjcrc is uscm

pboyacril-acaerngc `br trcntigd prblcsscs. Ig tjis stumy, pboycocltrboimcs ngm acaerngcs

rcscnrljcm wjilj nrc uscm ig wntcr trcntigd prblcss tjnt pbooutcm witj igmustrino soumdcs. Ig

nmmitibg, tjc stumy acgtibgs tjnt tjc rcscnrljcs wjilj is rcscnrljcm `br mclrcnsigd nir, sbio

ngm rnmintibg pbooutibg. Ig nmmitibg tb tjcbrilno stumics ig tjis stumy, Gnpjtbo Eouc Eonlk

mycstu`` wns mclbobrizcm ey usigd ljitbsng wjilj is gnturno lntibgil eibpboyacr ngm lntibgilpboycocltrboymc. Vboyacrs wcrc uscm c``cltivcoy `br mclbobrizntibg b` Gnpjtbo Eouc Eonlk

mycstu``.

Kcy wbrms8 pboycocltrboitc, igmustrino wnstc wntcr trcntacgt, mirigkigd wntcr trcntacgt,

lbnduontibg, obluontibg, ljitbsng


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DU>.

Vboiacrocr ynydg cgmstriyco uyduonanonrgg ynggmn cvrc kiroiigig nznotoansgmn mn

kuoongoanktnmronr. Kiaynsno nrtan nhng bonrnk pboicocktrboit pboiacrocr kuoongoanktnmr.

Vboicocktrboitocr mbno vc scgtctik boank zcrc ikiyc nyroanktnmronr.Mbno pboicocktrboitocr

eiybobhik knygnkomronr. \cgtctik pboicocktrboitocr isc yk muruaonrgn drc dcgco bonrnk

ngybgik, kntybgik vc gbg-iybgik bonrnk nmongmroronr.

Vboicocktrboitocr cgmstriyco ntk suonrg nrtoansgmnpnrtikoocr nrnsgmnkienonreytrocr

vc eyk òbkonr bouansg snonronr. ki vcyn mnjn `nzon pnrtiko pboicocktrboit enonrgn

tutugnrnk kpr boutururonr. Eyoclc òbkonr iriocir vc kcoac iocaigmc mnjn kbony

dimcrioirocr. Kiaynsno ygtca ioc ntk su nrtan tcsisocrigmc pboiacr kuoongazcooikoc sbg

yoonrmngcaoi ebyutonrn uonatr.

Vboicocktrboit kbvnocgt enonron eir nrnyn dcoai eireirigi tckrnr cmcg kiaynsno gitcocr

(abgbacr gitcocr) scrisigmcg boung eir kiaynsno ynpyn snjiptir. Vbziti` yko kntybgik

pboiacrocr mbrumng kbndongt bonrnk vcyn kbndongt ynrmals (òbkongt) bonrnk

kuoongoneioir. Eu tip pboicocktrboitocr nygznangmn ìotrnsybg ynrmalanozcacsi vc naurug

suyugug dimcrioacsigmc kiaynsno nrtongmrlbonrnk kuoongor. Yksz bong gbg-iybgik vc

gcdnti` yko bong ngybgik pboiacrocr kbndongt ynrmals, ìotrnsybg ynrmalsvc naurug

suyugug dimcrioacsigmc kuoongor(Ebotb, >993).

Cvsco vcyn cgmstriyco knygnko mk knoitcoi suonrmng iac suyu rctiai iig eiybobhik

ygtcaocr kuoongoansgg yng srn ìzikbkiaynsno ygtcaocrmc kuoongoanktnmr. Nrtan

knrebgou eiocikocrig eiybebzugans tcaco nornglnk igbrdngik anmmcocrig vnro gcmcgiyoc

ìzikbkiaynsno prbscmrocrig mc uyduongansgn dcrcksigia vnrmr. @izikbkiaynsno prbscsocr,

nskmn knong knt vc kboobimocrig kbndonsybg vc òbkonsybgu, knt zcrigmcki zgceioir

anmmcocrig nmsbrpsiybgu iocaocrigi icracktcmir. @izikbkiaynsno prbscsocrc nkti` knrebg

iocai, iybg mcitirili rcigcocr, brdngik kiroioikocrig bksimnsybg ioc ybk cmioacsi vc acaerng

tckgbobhiocri rgck bonrnk vcrioceioir. Jnì` kiroi suonrmn scmiangtnsybg sn`jns ijanocmioceioir. @obtnsybg (yzmrac) zcooikoc ybsugou suonr iig scmiacgtnsybg ycrigc

kuoongoneiocg eir sccgcktir. nauronr ecoiroi nyran prbscsocrigmcg comc cmioir, yksck su

icriigc snjip bomukonrgmng mbony mnjn yksck brngmn pboiacr kuoongoanktnmr.

\bg krk yomn pboiacrocr, suyug nrta iig òbkonsybg vc kbndonsybg prbscsocrigmc

nnmn srnongng zcooikocri gcmcgi iockuoongoanktnmr.

Mk kbndongtmbz dcrcksigiai

Mnjn kk naur jnlai

Nrtoa suyug iybgik ykgmc mnjn nzeir nrt


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Nrtoasumn mnjn nz noaigyua brng

% 53-

\n`szok knygn su iigmc zga bong tuzonr vcyn kio diei kboobimno tngclikocr jnoigmc

nso knong anmmcocr(sioikn, kio, aikrbeiyno jlrcocr vcyn nodocr) boneioacktcmir. Mnjn ynydg

bonrnk mbno brdngik eioccgocr; zbbpongktbg, ìtbpongktbg, enktcriocr, virs, kio jaik nsit

kbapocksocri, jaik nsitocr, prbtcigocr, pboisnkknritocr, ùovik nsitocr, vc eu yno nsitocr,

knrebgjimrntonr, naigb nsitocr, vc jimrbknrebgonr vcyn bk kk trcvocri, mbno bonrnk

igbrdngik tuzonrmn zga jnomc euouganktnmronr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

5.>.> zga brdngik eiocikocr

zoa brdngik eiocikocr 6.=3 aa ebyutugmn dzcgckocrc snjip acaerngmng dccg

zga brdngik knrebg(MBL) aiktnryon oor. 6. >>>3 ad/O nrnsgmn mccrocr noneioir

vc dcgco brtnonan 3, 43 ad/O mir. MBL mccrocri su nrtan cgmstrisi iig prbeocaocrmcgeirisimir. \uyug mczcg`cksiybgu iig kuoongong kobrug kngscrbhcg ctkisi vc mczcg`cksiybg

sbgrns boung yng rg prbeocai (MEVs)-kobrug jimrbknrebgonron eiocik bouturans-rcgk,

tnt vc kbku cstctik boanmgmn snok prbeocaocrigc gcmcg boneioir. Nyrln MBL

aikrbeiybobhik ebzugany tctikocr vc eugonr acaerngonrg kirocgacsigc vc su mnta

sistcaocrigmc kbrbzybgn gcmcg bour. Nkti` knrebg ìotrcocrigig dzcgckocrigi tknynrnk,

brdngik ntkonrg nmsbrpsiybgu cgdcoocgcrck tnt vc kbkumn mciikoik bouturneioir. Jaik

anmmcocr pKnonr


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nokbo, kigbg, ctcr, cstcr vc kctbg druponr). Eu anmmcocr gbrano pJ mccrocrigmc vcsnjip

bomukonr yzcy nkti` zcooikocrigmc gcdnti` yko kboobimocr vc ngybgik pboicocktrboitocr diei

mnvrngnrnk jimrb`beik nrbantik vcyn noi`ntik eodcocriyoc, pbonr boanyng ntkonron rgcig

pcstisit vcyn pboikobrou ei`cgioocr diei eiocikocroc ctkiociac dirceioirocr. Jaik anmmcocrig

dcgcooikoc actnoocroc knrnro kbapocksocri vnrmr. Ccr kk vc yko abockoocr iybg

mciiaiyoc jna sumng uznkontrorsn, eir sbgrnki suyug ecrrnkontroans nnans kbonyonr

vc eyk tbpnkonr knt mnjn jzo bouturuour. Nyrln dcocgcksco ygtcac drc snmclc % 53

nouan(np) ijtiyn vnrmr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

@ovik nsit, jaik nsitocr eigocrlc yook srcocr sbgulugmn bouanktnmr vc mbnmn tck

engn euougananktnmr. ]a eiocik drueu `uovik nsit bonrnk tngaongr vc eu yzmcg tck eir

kiaynsno `brao euouganz. Euougmuu brtna zcooikocrigc drc kbonyln mcitiigmcg kbony

kbapocks bouturur[>Q.

ckio 5.> Jaik nsimig kiaynsno dstcriai [5Q


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>:

ckio 5.5 @uovik nsimig ynps [>Q

izcodc 5.> @uovik vc jaik nsimig knrontroans(Ebotb, >993 )

zcooik @uovik Nsit Jaik

Nsit

Cocacgtno ngnoiz

L =3.4 30.5

J 3.= =.4

B ==.: .9 6.:

]ipik druponr(acq/d)

]a nsitocr >6.< 0.4

ULBBJ :.5


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5.>.5 zocacycg sn`szokonr

Nso jnomc euougng kboobimno tngclikocr ta mbno suonrmn euougng gcaoi eiocikocrmir,

ebyutonr >6 aa vcyn mnjn notgmn euougneioir. Eu jnomc euougng tngclikocrig uznkontroans

dcrckir, gk aikrbeiyno boneioclckocri diei aikrbponr zcrigc mc tbponyneioir. Eugu

cgdcoocack iig mczcg`cksiybg kiaynsnoonr kuoongor. ]ipik nskmn euougng kntonr iig 5566

ad/O sco yn mn gcjir suonrgmn eu mccr 36666 ad/O boneioir. Eu anmmcocr gcaoi omc

eiybobhik vc brdngik icric snjiptir (>-56%) nan dcgcooikoc igbrdngik eiocikocr (sioikn,

noaigyua sioiknt, mcair vc angdngcz bksit) eioccgocri euougur. Eugonrg yk mbno

brdngik anmmcgig nmsbrec cttii kntang, tuzououk vc su iigmc euougng iki mccroikoi

kntybgonrg kbgtrboyoc ecoirocgir. Jaik anmmcocr pnrtikoocri yzcy actno kntybgonryon

nmsbrec cmceioir. Vnrtikoocrig yzcy pbtngsiycoi nmsbrpsiybg vc kbndonsybgu ctkiocycg cg

gcaoi pnrnactrcmir. \u icrisigmcki tuzououk kbndonsybg jzg vc dcrckoi kbndongt

aiktnrg ctkiocrvc mk tuz brnggmn kbndonsybg ynvnonr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

ckio 5.< Actno iybgonr jaik anmmcocr zcrigc tutugans(Ebotb,>993 )

5.>.


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ckio 5.=Nmsbrec pboiacr zigliri abmcoi

Eugn drc pboiacr scdacgtocri nyr kntcdbrimc bomuu vnrsnyor.

Yzcyc eno ziglirocr(ziglir ksa)

zcoti iigc uzngng kuyrukonr

Yzcyc eno ziglir ksaonr nrnsgmn knong jnoknonr

Eu eir mcgdc mzcgocacsi bomuu ecoirtioir, eugn drc iok tcanstng sbgrn eirnz znang noneioir.

Szug zigliroi pboiacrocr iig eirkn sngiycmc tnanaongans ankuomr. Szug ziglirocrig

enongansgmn `obkuonsybg kigctii iig bk gcaoi eir `nktrmr.

Kuyruk vc mgdocrig knpsna mbonysyon nmsbrec cmiocg pboiacrig knogo, zl (su) vc

yzcy ioc pboiacr scdacgtocrigig ctkiociaigmc mbrumng ctkioimir. Dcgcooikoc ctkiociaocr

bomukn zny`tr vc ziglirocr zl icrisigmc uzngronr eu gbktnmn pboicocktrboitocr gcaoi eir

iybgik kuvvct ctkisi boneioir. Eirkn gcaoi nmsbrpsiybg ctkisi vnrmr (Ebotb vc Drcdbry,

5664).

5.5.> Cocktrbstntik ctkiocia

Vboicocktrboitocr zt yko eir yzcyoc knrontkonrgmn ckia mnjn do bonlnktr. Ensit eir

i`nmcyoc zt ykocr nrnsgmn ckia mnjn domr. Jnttn mk abocko nropboicocktrboit

nmsbrpsiybgu tnanacg eitceioir, yzcyig yk gtrnoizc cmioaitir. Xt yko pboicocktrboitocr,

kuyruk vc jnoknonr (obbps) boanmng mnjn mz eir kbg`idrnsybgmn euouguronr. zcooikoc

yksck yk ybugouu pboiacrocr iig. Eurnmn tuz ctkisi mc gcaoimir. rgcig scoobz

zcrigmc nmsbrec cmioai kntybgik pboicocktrboit tuz icrisigmc nyroan dstcrceioir.

5.5.5

Jimrbhcg en

rgcig VNA vcpboictiocg bksit yzcyocrc uydug J enyon enongneioir. rgcig bksitocr,


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sioikn jimrbksi druponryon pboinkrionaim icrisigmcki naim druponrgn enongneioir.

5.5.


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pcr`brangs snonanktnmr. Nouan drc mnjn pnjnomr nglnk mnjn dcgi eir pJ nrnogmn

kuoongoneioir. Eirbk nrntranmn droatr ki, pboicocktrbt iig bptiaua mbznh mccri, yk

gtrnoiznsybgugn iakng snonyng vcyn zctn pbtngsiycoigig s`rn ynkg ynmn cit bomuu

mccrmir. Nyrln yksck yk ybugouumccrigc snjip pboicocktrboitocrig mnjn ctkioi bomuu

syocgceioir. Ensit eir i`nmcyoc mnjn yko eir yzcyc snjiptir. Nsogmn mk abocko nro

vc yksck yk ybugouumccrigc snjip pboiacrocr rgcig pboi-MNMANL, mnjn c`ckti`tir,

mnjn neuk `obk bouturur. Enz kntkonr enz muruaonrmn kbndongt bonrnk eioigir vc `obkonrg

pjtonansg snonronr nglnk euongkok ynrntr vc eu oitcrntrmc kneuo dracaitir. Yksck

yk ybugouugn snjip pboicocktrboitocr gcdnti` yko pnrtikoocrig zcrigc zny` yko

eodcocrigmc tutugur nglnk eurnmn enkn eir tnga brtnyn knr cocktrbstntik ynanKnspcr

(>94>) vc Drcdbry (>94


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5->6 gG nrnsgmnmr. Eugug gcmcgi pboiacr ziglirocrigig csgck

boansgmng knygnkongr, csgck ziglir dcocg kuvvcti ecrtnrn` cmceioir nglnk dcrioacyc izig

vcrioirsc kbpanonr dzocgir. mcno eir òbkuonsybg iig % 3 ynmn mnjn nnmn boneioir. tac yko iki pnrtiko nrnsgmnki

iybgik dlc enomr.

ckio 5.4 n) Kpr òbkuonsybgu e) Nmsbrponga pboiacr ziglirocrigig ycgimcgstneioiznsybgugug cantik dstcriai

zctoc, kpr òbkonsybgu jnkkgmn u ybruaonrynponeioir

Yksck abocko nro, oigccr pboiacrocr cg ctkioi;


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Vboicocktrboitocrig, bptiaua eir yk ybugouu vnrmr; actno iybgonrgg vnro iybgik

kuvvct nsgmng gcaoimir.

bk do òbkonr kpr bouturneioir nglnk yuankonrg kroans jnoigmc kbonyln ycgimcg

eyac boanyneioir (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

5.5.0 Kigctik nmng iglcocgacsi

Vboiacr òbkuongtonrpnrtikoocrig euougmuu zcotiyc mbznhongmgmn, citoi iocaocroc

enontor. Nnmnki ckiomcki diei iocrocr.

ckio 5.: Vnrtikoocrig pboiacrocrc tutugnrnk nmsbrpongans

N) Knrtran8Cg entn euougng vc src nsgmng gcaoi eir iocamir. Vboiacr ecooi eir

brngmn kbgsngtrc bonrnk mbznhongr. Ecoiroi eir jzmn knrtranyn zcg dstcrioir nksi tnkmirmc

mzcgoi boanyng eir tutugan dcrckocir vc pnrtikoocr eirmcg `nzon pboiacroc tutugup ycgimcg

stneioizc bour. Gcmcgi kt knrtran bonrnk ecoirtioceioir. Yksck eir treongs mcrclcsi

istcgir, nglnk eu pboiacr ziglirocrigmc kcsac ctkisi ynrntneioir. @obkuonsybgug ecoirocyili

ctkcgigig knrtran ctkisi bomuu kneuo cmioir. Knrtran ctkiocri kbgsngtrc sspngsiybgonr

iig mnjn gcaoimir. Kt knrtran euongkontranyn gcmcg boanktnmr.

E) Nmsbrpsiybg8Knt pnrtiko brng nrttkn pboiacr mbznhmnnrtnlnktr. Nglnk knrtranyon

nmsbrpsiybg nrnsgmn mn ecoiroi eir iodi acvluttur. Yksck abocko nroko pboiacr zigliroi

pboicocktrboitocr kcsacyc anruzn knonln iig vc knrtran jzgg abockocr nrpany

ctkiocmii dz ggc nogmgmn eu iki nma eireirigc enaomr. Yksck kbgsngtrnsybgou

zcotiocrmc nmsbrpsiybg eir sngiycmc eioc tnanaongneioir.

L) Xiglirocrig ycgimcg mzcgocgacsi 8 Knran vc nmsbrpsiybg iocai dcrckoctiktcg sbgrn

tbpnkonrg zcrigc tutugng pboiacr ziglirocri boung kcsac nkonr, knrtran ctkisi diei

gcmcgocroc ycgimcg mzcgocgacyc enonr nyrln snrkng mnoonrgg ctkisiyoc ycgi eir

kbg`bransybgn ergr.

M) @obkuonsybg8 ]utugan iocaigmcg sbgrn òbkonrg bouans iig cocktrbstntik ckia vc

kpr ackngizanonrgg ynrmayon dcrckoccg vc kbgsngtrnsybg aiktnrgln mcicg eir


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53

prbscstir. Yksck knt kbgsngtrnsybgugmn mnjn ybug tbpnkonan dzocgclcktir. ]a

`obkuonsybg ackngizanonrgmn rcnktr iigc kcsac nk uyduongr gcmcgi isc tbpnkonr

nrnsgmnki nrpanonrg nrtronrnk mnjn jzo tutugan snonanktr, tutugan eu enkamng jz

ecoirocyili nnanmr.

Yuknrmn ecoirtiocg mbno brdngik anmmcabocko nro dcgi bong 36,666 vc mnjn zcrigc

kneiocg pboiacr ecgzcri jaik anmmcocrimc icracktcmir. Eu anmmcocr ynponr dcrci

jimrb`ioik vc jimrb`beik ctkiociaocr kurneioir. Nyrln eugonr pJ mccrocrigc ctki cmceiomii

diei tnmkonr ngybgik ykocroc kntybgik pboicocktrboitocr nrnsgmn ctkiocia acymngn

dctirceioirocr. Yksck abocko nrokopboicocktrboitocr ioc dimcrioacsi nyrln jimrb`beik mbno

brdngik anmmc antcrynoocrigig sumng nrta mnjn kbony boanktnmr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry,5664 ).

ckio 5.9 Vboiacrocrig nmsbrpsiybgmn mnvrng [6->66 nrnsgmn boneioir.


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50

ckio Kunrtcrgcr Miactionaigbctio nkriont vcyn actnkriont kbpboiacri (Ebotb,>993)

Kunrtcrgizc naigbnkriont kbpboiacrocrigig yk ybugouu % 3 mnkiknmr. pJ = ikcg stneio

jnomcmir. pJ :. 3 ikcg, Nkrionaim eiriaocri iig jimrboiz canrcsi dzocgacz. Eugug zcrigc

ynpong mnjn ycgi eir noanmn gtrpJ 4 scviycsigmc % 0 yk ybugouugn snjip nz iybgik

pboiacr cstcr jimrboizigmc 55 nyok ynr ar vcracsi gdroatr. % 993).

.5 Minoiomiactionabgyua kobrr pboiacrocri

Abgbacrig i`t iocvoi boansgn rnacg minoiomiactionabgyua kobrrg pboiacriznsybguyon

sumn zgr eir pboiacr rctioceioir. \crecst-rnmikno pboiacriznsybgu ec ycoi eir jnokn

rctack iig sikoiznsybg ackngizans icrir. Vboiacr mk brtn abocko nrokomr vc

pirboimigyua abgbacrocrigmcg bouur. Ynydg bonrnk, pboiMNMANL bonrnk eioigir vc su


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54

scktrgmc dcgic eir kuoonga nong vnrmr. Vboiacriznsybg yn iigmc su ckoigmcki tcrs

aikrb sspngsiybgonrmn dcrckocir. Nkrionaitoc yksck abocko nro kbpboiacrocr

ynpneioir. Unstdcoc kbpboiacrigig prntik uyduonans naur nrtonrgmn uyduongr. %o->6 abo

nkrioik nsimig , 5-prbpngmibo ioc cstcroctirioacsiyoc comc cmiocg MNMANLn,

zcooikoc nrt mrt mccroi scryua iybgonr vnrogmn Nkrionaim abgbacrocri nongr. Micr

yksck abocko nroko comcocr kbpboiacriznsybg ynkonaonr; 993).

ckio


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5:

mccrigmcg mbonytilnri nmng bk kuoongo mcioocrmir. Vriacr naigocroc jnzrongng rgcig

actionaig, yksck abocko nrozny` enzik ynponr comc cmioacsigmc kuoongor vc eugmng

mbony knt nyra ynpank nanlyon aigcrno cgmstrisigmc, etionaigc vc sikobjckznaigig

kuoongonrnk jnzrongng pboiacr trocri jaik anmmc kcotacsigmc, ikiglio naigocr dcgcooikoc

priacr naigocroc knrtronrnk rgcig, G, G-miactio->,< prbpiocgminaig vcyn mictiocgtrinaig

ecgzcri ynponrnk comc cmiocrck CLJ ioc kunrtcrgizc cmiocrck kobrb druponrgg tcrsiycr

naigocroc gkocb`ioik ycr mcitiracocri sbgulu pboictcr pboiacr baurdns comc cmioir vc

yksck abocko nrosnongr(Ebotb, >993).

ckio 858> brnggmn knrag icrir. Eu yzmcg

kntybgik knrnktcri pJ ioc enaomr. % =6 naigb druponryon prbtbgongmgmnpJ 0, % 06 ioc

prbtbgongmgmn pJ = livnrgmnmr. Oigccr pboictiocgiaig kristnoigmir vc slnk sumn

zgrkcg sbuk sumn zgaczocr. 5-bksnzboig ioc ebr tri`oourimig jnokn noansgg

nrmgmng noknoig jimrboiziyoc comc cmioirocr. Eu pboiacr mk abocko nrokomr nglnk, 5-

`cgio 5-bksnzboig vc nsimik nrtonronpboi (G-ecgzbyoctjyocgciaigc) jimrboiziyoc brtn abocko

nropboiacrocr comc cmioir (Ebotb, >993).


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59

ckio


29/76


30/76

Eyoc eir ynpmn abo yzmcsi enkagmn :6-:3 bong yksck yk ybugouumccrigc snjip, %

5-4 nrnsgmn tcpkiacyc diracai kobrbactio druponr vc % >6->< jimrboizc boau druponr

icrir. Noi`ntik naigocr kuoongoansyon nokio druponr = knrebgn knmnr enongronr vc cg ctkioi

rgocrigi vcrirocr. Jctcrbsikoik ynpmnkiocrc drc mnjn vcriaoi ynp comc cmioir. Naignsybg %

06 naignsybgon comc cmiocg yksck yk ybugouu mccri kio òbkonsybgugmn akcaaco

zcooikocr dstcrir. Micr eir kbgu isc naignsybgmn jimrbksinokio tcrsiycr naig kuoongayon

kunrtcrgcr nabgyua pboiacrocri ioc nzbt zcrigmc eir vcyn iki jimrbksi nokio comc cmioir (Ebotb,

>993).

.: Kuntcrgizc pboivigiopirimigocr

>-vigio 5 vcyn =-vigio, 5-actio 3- vigio trcvocri kuoongonrnk comc cmiocg vc òbkuonsybg

nanlyon kuoongong iok pboiacrocrmcg bong, kunrtcrgizc abgbacr vcyn pboiacrigkunrtcrgiznsybguyon comc cmiocg pboiacrocrmir. Mk abocko nro vc yksck yk

ybugouumccrigc snjip ynponr knt ntk icrcg ntk su nrtagmn, yksck abocko nro

vc yksck yk ybugouumccrigmckiocr mbno vc ntk su nrtagmn òbkuongt bonrnk kuoongor

(Ebotb, >993).

ckio -actio-=-vigiopirimig) kntybgu

.9

Vboivigionaig

Vboivigio`branaimig comc cmiocrck jimrboiz cmioacsi pboivigionaig bouturan actbtonrgmng

eirisimir noknoi brtnamn gcrcmcysc (% >66) brnggmn mga snongr, nsitoi brtnamn isc

mga % 03 mc knor gcmcgi ziglir zcrigmc yk eirikacsigmcg iocri dcoacktcmir. Comc

ctack iig micr eir ynkonamn VNA vc sbmyua jipbkobrit kuoongonrnk yrtocg Jb`àng

tcpkiacocrimir. Do eir noknoi vc mk slnkoktn dcrckoctiriocg eu tcpkiacocrmc % 96

brnggmn mga snongr(Ebotb, >993).


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32/76

G, G'-minokio ctiocgminaig

.>> \o`bgyua pboiacrocr

Yuknrmn enjscmiocg pboiacrocrmcg `nrko zcooic snjip boanyng bk ecgzcr ynponrmr.

Nkriobiobksi ctio miactio so`bgyua actbso`nt jbabpboiacri vc nkrionaitoc jnzrongng

kbpboiacrocri, nsctbg zl bonrnk kuoongoronr. Ksai `obkuongt ynpmnmronr(Ebotb, >993).

ckio 5 \bmyua pboistircg so`bgnt

.>5 Mbno pboiacrocr

Mbno bonrnk euougng pboiacrocr eirkn abmi`iknsybgon yn mn mbnsgmn euougansyon

kntybgik ykc snjip boneioir. Cg eioigcgi kitbsng diei, ksacg mcnsctioocgai kitig eir G -

nsctio- -M- doukbznaig vc -M-doulbsnaigc >8= rngmba kbpboiacrimir. Mbno brdngik anmmcknomrlmr. pJ gtrno scviycmc ikcg nz ykomr (% >4)eugug mgmnzny` enzik eir pboiacr


33/76

993).

ckio < Kitigig ynps [4Q

ckio = Kitbsng [:Q

Ginstn, M-doukbz eiriaocrigmcg boung eir pboiacrmir vc noknoig brtnamn G- (993).


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993).

ckio 0 Nkrionaim-nkrioik nsit kbpboiacri

Eu tr pboiacrocri comc ctacmc cski ygtca caosiybg pboiacriznsybgumur. NEN tipi eobk

kbpboiacr sur`nktng kuoongoansyon yksck pboiacriznsybg jz vc yksck abocko nro

comc cmioir. Yk ybugouu mccri pbtngtibactrik ygtcaoc ecoirocgceioir. Pcriocg eir pJ

mccrigmc yk ybugouunrtyon, kbpboiacriznsybg nrt vcyn iybgik d nrt euougneioir.

pKn (izbcocktrbgik gbktn) kbgsngtrnsybg vc nkriontgabo `rnksiybgug eir sbgulumur.

bk mk abocko nroko pboiacrocr, yksck yk ybugouu mccrigc snjiptirocr;

kcockocrig mnoansg gocrocr. Nkrioik nsit vcyn actnkrioik nsimig jbabpboiacriznsybgon

yn mn ybug nsit g-druponrgg jimrboiziyoc scgtczocgirocr. Nkriontonr dcgcooikoc sbutan

kuococrigmc actnkriontonr isc knygnan knzngonrgmn kcotac iigkuoongoronr

Anocik nsit pboiacrocri, anocik ngjimritig jbab vcyn kbpboiacrocrigig jimrboizc cmioacsiyoc

bouturuour. \ioiknonrg nyroansg gocacmc ynrnrongor.

Vboivigio jnobhcgr vc pboietnmicgig cocktrbkiaynsno knrebksionsybguyon nkrioik nsit comc

cmioceioir. x10->> nrns tilnri nano kuoongong `obkuongtonrmn cg iyi vcriai snonanktnmr.

bk mk yk ybugouu mccrigmc snjip pboiacrocr % 993).


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37/76

=L ctikctoi nkrionaim

kbpboiacrocri iig pJ vc slnkog eir `bgksiybgu bonrnk ecoirocgaitir(Ebotb, >993).


38/76


39/76

=6

Gbg-ybgik Vboiacrocr mcg nz jimrboiz bour (Ebotb, >993).

ckio >)


40/76

=>

ckio ckoigmcki ynponr viskbzitc nznorkcg eioc iybgik kuvvcti nrtnrnk ngti-pboicocktrboit zcooii

dstcrirocr. Eu zcooiigmcg mbony pctrbo knragmn eyk ynrnr snonronr. Nyrln suyug

sn`ontroans,ebyn vc actno iybgonrgg dimcriai diei kuoonga nongonr vnrmr(Ebotb, >993).

Na`btcrik kbpboiacrocr

Do enzik kntybgik abgbacrocrig (actnkrionaimbprbpiotriactionabgyua kobrim vcyn 5 -

(nkrionaimb) -5-actio prbpio tri actio nabgyua kobrim ) ioc do nsimik ngybgik abgbacrocrig

(sbmyua 5-nkrionaimb-5-actio prbpio so`bgnt) kbpboiacriznsybgu sbgugmn comc cmiocg ynp

nnmnki dieimir.

ckio 993).

Nyg tr eir ynp MNMANL vc zny` nsimik ngybgikoc kbpboiacri bouturmuugmn nnmnki

ynpyn ecgzcr eir `bra comc cmioir.


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=5

ckio


42/76

= Kbgvcksiybgco kcoac vc ìotrnsybg

ac suyu rctiaigmc, kntybgik pboicocktrboit yksck yk ybugouuvc brtn abocko nroko

eir VMNMANL diei actno tuzu ycrigc eiriglio pjtontrl bonrnk kuoongoneioir. Nyrln CLJ

vc MAN pboiacrocri mc eu ioca iig ctkioi notcrgntiòcrmir. Bptiaua nrtonr iig yk

ybugouu abocko nrogmng mnjn gcaoimir.Knrtran jz, iok yuank bouuau vc

yuank eyko nsgmng gcaoimir. Kbgvcgsiybgco ygtcaocrmc pboiacrocr snmclc

kbndongt bonrnk kuoongoanktnmr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Kbaeigc eir eiocia, 4ad/O noua 6. 50 ad/O yksck yk ybugouu kntybgik pboiacr

CDJ/MAN vc 6. 6> ad/O gtr VNA ìotrc ynrmalsyon suyug euongko 5>-5: G]S

nrnsgmnmr. Kbgu zcrigc nrntran enz nrntranlonr euongkok oiaitocrigi tnrtaonrmr.

Yksck euongkok icrcg suonrmn (3-566 G]S) np kbndongt drcvi stocgaitir. Noua

tbzugug ctkioi eir ìotrnsybg vc kbndonsybg iig st oiaitig >5->3 ad/O bonrnk dzocgaitir.

CDJ/MAN pboiacrigc enkn eir rgcktc uzug zigliroi pboiacr mnjn ctkioi iocgacai eir su

ybugouugn snjiptir. % (6.=->) pboinoaigyuakobrr kuoongomgmn % 36-:6 tnsnrru`

snongr. Brdngikocr dimcriai iig vcriaoioii nrtatr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Vboicocktrboit ckocgacsiyoc nrtrong szac iocai igbrdngik kbndocgtoc ygctceioir. Nktnki

% 53oik eir nrt 6.< ad/O kntybgik pboiacr comc cmioir.@iotrc mgaznanggmnki% 04oik

eir nrt su knoitcsigmc dcoiia snonatr. Micr eir ngybgik pboiacr kuoonga sbgulugmn


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==

brtnyn kng ecgzcr sbguonrmng eirimc ìotrcgig mga gbktnsgn ynkg eir sbgu comc

ctaitir. Vboiacrig anoiycti igbrdngik kbndongtg nznoansyon tnanacg tconì cmioceioir.

Yctcrsiz dcri yknan uzug vc nr mbzmn kbndoc kiaynsno pboiacr ckocgacsi, naur

tbponrgg ebzuoansgn scecp boneioir(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Jaik anmmc nyroansgmn cg ctkioi ygtca tcrs bsabzmur vc VMNMANL diei igbrdngik

kbndoc vc kntybgik pboiacrocroc ynpor.

Mcgcysco noanonrmn yksck yk ybugouuvc abocko nrogmnkikunrtcrgcr nabgyua

pboiacrocri mbno suyu pnrtikoocrigc nyrneioir. Knboigc VMNMANL ckocgmiigmc % >0 mnjn

`nzon nyran dzkr. Mbno brdngik anmmc knromgmn kk eir SP nesbrec cmioir.

Ynydg ckiomcuyduongng ygtca isc np vc pboiacr knrag eiroiktc kuoonganktr.Noua

iigmc ki bptiaua mbzn uonank iig VMNMANL kuoongor(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Kntybgik pboiacrig mbno brdngik anmmc dimcriai iig kuoongong iocaocrmc abocko nro

yksck VMNMANL euougur. Nyrln tilnri pboiacrocrmc bk ctkioi eir ckiomc euougur.

VMNMANLg ctkisi abocko nro nznomkn nznor. Eu kbuoonrmn LVNAg mnjn iyi

notg droacktcmir. kiyc kntongng mbno brdngik anmmcgig vc yk ybugouumrocg

pboiacrocrmc LVNA mnjn ctkioimir. Mk yk ybugouuvc abocko nroggnz boansgn

knrok `nrko eir ackngizan dcoitirioaitir. \u iig nrntrong sbguonrmn Noua % (:0->66)

nrnsgmn ecgzcr sbguonr vcraitir(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

=.>.5 Mbrumng ìotrnsybg

Gbrano ckiomc nong kbgvcksiybgco sistca kigctik bonrnk vcriaoi boanatr. Bptiaua

ebyutn uonank iig enz znangonr yuank eyacsigc izig vcrioir. Anoiycti nznotank iig

scmiansybg nnans ybktur. Kntybgik pboicocktrbtonr actno tuzonrgn drc nvngtnhn snjiptir.

gk knt ckocgacsi boanmng mbnoontran srcligi ctkiocyceioir. gbrdngik kbndocgti

yuankontrank mnjn `nzon ycr knponr. Jzoln enskuyduongans ycrig nznoansgn ybo nnr.

Vboiacrocr ìotrc bongonr jnri yuankongan nvngtnh snonr. Dcri yknan eodcsigmcki ntk

aiktnr nznor. Vboiacr abocko nrogmn ngn mcikcg bonrnk dstcriocaczocr. Ckocgcg

knrag ybugouu vc znang ctkiocycg pnrnactrcocri yuank `brantgg pnrtiko ebyutu

ìotrcocacmcg glc ecoirocgir. Ccr mbrumng yuank ìotrnsybg kuoongosnym kntybgik

pboiacroc eiroiktc eyk aiktnrmn jaik anmmc icrclckti eu mn juaik anmmcgig dimcriai

iig ck ioca ynpoans dcrcktirir eugug iig ckbgbaik mciomir. gk actno iybgonr

aakg bomuu knmnr nz aiktnrmn kuoongoanomr. VMNMANLonr mbnoontran srcligmc

mnjn `nzon kuoongor(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).


44/76

=3

>->6 ad/O sn` su nodocri ioc kntybgik pboiacrocr kbndoc cmioceioir. yi jlrcgig knomroans

aakgkcg kntybgik pboiacrocrig dcrcktiigmcg `nzon isc mbrumng `iotrcocac iocai ioc

mcgdcocac snongr. Yksck yk ybugoukou pboiacr tcrlij cmioir. Eu nanon igbrdngik

kbndocgtocr kuoongorsn jlrc acaerng vc eioccgocri rnjntsz cmcrck rgg kbkusugug vc

tnmgg mciacsigc scecp bour. Anvi-ycio nodocr tbksig rctir, eugonr snon znrnromr. Nkti`

knrebg ygtcaiyoc nmsbrpsiybg vcyn bksimnsybg kuoongonrnk dimcrioir (Ebotb vc Drcdbry,

5664).

=.>.6dr/O noua kuoongorsn % 93oik nznoan dzocgir. Eugugon ecrnecr snmclc

nouaon yksck aiktnrmn mbno brdngik anmmc dimcrioir. Nr aiktnrmn pboiacr kiroioiig

ycgimcg mispcrsiybg boansgn scecp bour. Kbndoc bong kntonr eirnz gcdnti` ykocgir eumn

eyk yuankonr bouturur(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Vrbscs dcoiai kbndoc sistcaocrmc brdngik dimcriai ioc bptiaiaizc cmioir. Yngi rctiamcki

znrnroanmmcocr mczcg`cksiybgon cg nzn cmioir. Eurnmn nso nan pnrnlkonrgaakg bong

cg yksck omc pntbhcgik brdngizanonrmng uznkontranktr. Eu ioca iig tbpnkontrl

pboiacr, cg uydug pboiacr, bptiaua kbgsngtrnsybg brng vc bptiaua prbscs nrtonrg

dcrcktirir (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

@iotrc Dcri Yknan \uonrgg Mga=.0 knt mnjn `nzon Dnrminyn rnstongatr. gdiotcrcmc > tngk dcri yknan

suyugmn >A/>66O vc kcotac tngkgmng >66,666Lcoo/>66O Lryptbspbrimiua ebnotom

knymcmiomi. \bg noanonrmn dcri yknan suonrgmn prbtbznbn scviycsi sn` suyn drc 5> knt

Lryptbspbrimiua vc >0 knt Dnrmin `nzon icracktcmir. Mbno brdngik anmmc vc micr

kiroioikocr iig ecgzcr cioiaocrdzocgaitir(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Ynpong G]S brihigno dcri yknan suyu

kuoongomgmn isc 36 G]S boautur. Kiaynsno dcrcksigiaocrig mk bomuu eiriglio

kbndoc boanyng vc mk mbzmn pboiacr kntomgmn (6. >-6. 3 ad/O) yuankontran iig

uydug eir notcrgnti`mir (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Etg tcstocrmc pboiacr ckocacgig ctkiocyili eir ckiomc yng nka scmiangtnsybgu bouturur.

Vboiacr ckocack ynkonk bonrnk euongko % 36 nznotatr vc eugu 6.>ad/O pboiacr

kntnrnk ebzneioiriz. Eir mizi ioca iig scranyc anoiyctocri ecoirocgaitir. \cmiansybg +

pboiacr >.666 S\ mbonr A/bony nglnk jna su kbgsngtrnsybgugmn cg nz bbsit

scviycsigc mgack iig zga jnvn `obtnybgu + pboiacr dcrckoimir. Eumn >0=.666->9=.

666 O/\ mbonr A/bony scranyc dcrcktirir (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Nrtan srcli dcri mga su zcrigmc ctkisi boneioir. Actno tuz vcyn brdngik pboiacr


46/76

=4

citoioiigmc jcrjngdi eir kbndocgti ckocgacmcg glcki pboiacr knogts ad/O droclcktir.

Euongk sumn eir tbprnk ynpyn rnstongr. Eu sbg yuang ynpsgn ctki cmceioir (Ebotb vc

Drcdbry, 5664).

naur Ybugontran=.=

naur zcooikocri kuoongong kntk anmmcocrigig zcooikocrigcbk enomr. zcooikoc igbrdngik

kbndoc aiktnrgn enomr. Dcoiacktc bong tckgbobhi ioc eiroiktc naur jnlaigmc nznoan

snongneioir (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Kbgsngtrnsybg naur tnan anoiyctigi nznotank iig dccroimir. Eu uyduonan micr su nrtan

nongonrgmng mnjn `nzon pboicocktrbt tkctir. \tntik ycroctiracmc docgmirioai tbpnkonr mnjn

`nzon ycr knponr. Nan srckoi knogontrlonr krk boanyng sktroa boneioir. Eugonr mnjn

knog antcrynoocrmir. \ngtri`hocac vc `iotrcocac srnsgmn pboiacrocrig su noan zcooikocri

iyioctirioceioir. ]ipik eir sntri`hmc kuru knt tbg engn > . 3-< tbg kuoongor. Eu yksckknyan

kuvvctocri srnsgmn sngtri`h pboiacrocrmcg ynrnrongr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

naurug nznotoans iig dcgcooikoc brtn vcyn mk yk ybugouu vc yksck abocko

nro kntybgik vcyn ngybgik VNAonr naur kkcgigc vcyn ykgc drc cg iyi sbgulu

vcrir. Eu tcmnvimc eitki nauronr yksck mbzmn noua vcyn kntybgik pboiacr icracktcmir. Eu

naur pnrnonr dcgcomc pbziti` ykomr. Eu yzmcg ngybgik pboiacr uydug boansgn

rnacg gtr pboiacr kuoongor. rgcig VNA diei. ]ipik eir nrok `iotrcmc dgmc 53kd/a

noua euougur vc notn % >. 3-5 kuoongoana pboiacr vc %


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=:

ycrigc tcrlij cmioir. Ycgimcg tbpnkongan sneit eir tbpnk rctiaigmc ycr noneioir. nprnz eno

pboiacroc su dimcrac iocaigmc sngtri`h ioc bk ennromr. Anoiycti nznotrkcg yksck knt

tbpn kuoongor. Micr uyduonan su dimcrac sngtri`h vc yksck kcsac tnei nauronrg

scmiangtnsybgumur. Micr nvngtnh yksck mbzonr naurug ycgimcg stneioc boansgn scecp

boanz. \ngtri`hmc yksck knt vc tcaiz acrkczocr comc cmioir (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

izcodc =.=> \u nrta nongonrgmn naur kbgsngtrnsybgonr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664)

yioctirac actbmuKbgsngtrnsybgmnki knt

aiktnr (%)

kbgsngtrnsybg mgmnki knt

aiktnr (%)

]ck sc`crmc nogng

kcoti6.6-5->4

\zac prcsiyoc>->6 56-53

VBOCOCK]UBO] KSOONGIAIGMN MKKN] CMOCLCK KBGSONU3.

\u nrtank iig pboicocktrboit kuoonga srnsgmn mikknt cmioacsi dcrckcg bk snymn kbgu

vnrmr. Vboiacri mcpbonan, ecsocac vc knrtran diei nanonr iig ckipangonr tnsnrongrkcg

pboiacrig `iziksco knrnktcristii mc mikkntc noganomr. Knt pboiacr boans muruaugmnknran pboiacrig sontan ksagmn yksck cgcrhiyoc enonangg eyk gcai vnrmr.

zcooikoc yksck abocko nrogn snjip pboiacrocr, rcnksiybg ctnegmn yksck brngo

pboiacr mnoa iig `nknt eu omc eir kuvvct pboiacr krgagn gcmcg boanz. Eurnmn

mgocg pboiacrig sciaiyoc kbgtrbo vc mbznhg drgtocgacsimir. Anoiyctigmcg ziynmc,

cvrcsco ctkiocri vc su ynnagn znrnronr pboicocktrbtonron nonkno ngn kbguonrmr. Eu murua

pboiacrig tbksig oidiyoc nonkno, jcmc` sumnki pboiacr nrtkonrgg ngnoizigmc, su nrta

iocaigmcg knong nrtkonrmn vc pboiacr ebzuoansyon nonkno nrntranonr nrttratr. u ng,nrtk pboiacr vc mczcg`cktngonrmng MEV rctiai zcrigc ybugonoatr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry,


48/76

=9

5664).

Vboiacr \ciai3.>

Abocko nro, ntnoongan, pboiacr ynps, mbz, knra kbuoonr, kntg tipi vc aiktnr,

brdngik anmmcocr diei zcooikocrig knrk knroko ioikiocri vnrmr. Kntybgik pboiacrocrmc

nprnz ygocgac vc abocko nro, caac brngg ctkiocrkcg, nrh gtrnoiznsybg

ackngizans stg dcomiigmc nprnz ygocgac bptiaua mbznhg snptngansgmn kntkonr

tnrn`gmng caiocg pbziti` ykocr mikkntc nogankszg gca knzngr. Yksck abocko

nrokonr, rcnksiybgonr kproac ackngizansyon bourkcg gcaoimir (Ebotb vc Drcdbry,

5664).

Vboiacrig trg vc aiktnrg sccrkcg cg iyi ybo hnr tcstimir. Nyg ygtca noaigyua vc

mcair tuzonr diei igbrdngik kcotiliocr iig mc kuoongor. ac suyu iig, eiriglio kcotili

bonrnk kuoongong pboiacr mbznh >->6 ad/O mir, `nknt 6,>-6,5 ad/O kcoac ynrmal bonrnk

pboiacr kuoongoneioir. st sgr, snok oiaitocriyoc vcyn anoiyct bonrnk ecoirocgceioir. Ccr

pboiacr aiktnr bptiauaug notgmnysn, uzug znango naur tbpu bouuau, dcri yknan

csgnsgmn yctcrsiz pnrn nyrans diei kbguonr mikkntc noganomr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Drgtocac \istcaocri3.5

Dcrckcgig notgmn vcyn stgmc mbznhonangg gcaoi znrnro ctkiocri boneioir. Nz mbznhonan,

sbg scviycmcki sumn yksck euongkok vc rcgk scviycsigc gcmcg bour, `nzon mbznhonan,

kntkonrg tckrnr mnoagg vc pboiacrig nrtan gitcsigmcg `iotrc gitcsigc tngansgn

gcmcg boneioir. @iotrcmc knra mbonysyon dcri yknan `rckngsgmn nrt boanktn, eu mn mk

su comc si dctiracktcmir. @nzon mbznhmng knan, boung suou naur `braugu nznotr. \bgu

bonrnk ntk nong anoiyctigi nznotr. Eurnmng, su nrtan iocai srnsgmnpboiacr ecsocacsigig

drgtocgacsigc eyk gca vcrioacoimir (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Vboiacr kuoongag kbgtrbo ctacmcki cg ennro ygtca (yk ybugouu) nkgt

mctcktrmr. Knrt iybgonrg kcsac mzocai zcrigmc mctcktr iigmc jnrckcti nkgt immctigi

nrttrr ybgonr tnyng nkkng jnrckcti, knpno eir sioigmir iigmcki rgck nkkngon tcans

jnoigmcki pistbgu dcri notrr. Yk ybugouugmnki kt zctn pbtngsiycoi vcyn knt

pnrnlkonrg cocktrb`brctik jnrckctoioiiyoc nonknomr. Eu gcmcgoc mirck bonrnk suyug iigmcki

pnrnlk yzcyigmcki gcdnti` nrh nznoansg tnkip cmcrck, nrhg gtrnoizc bomuu bptiaua

mbznh scioacoimir. ac suyu rctiai iig btbantik kbgtrbo pboiacrig eiriglio kcotili bomuu

znang ennro bour. Eu tckgik nyrln suou naur kbuonrgmn mn ennryon uyduonganktn,bptiaua suou naur kcoacsi gtr nk kbuoonrgmn comc cmioacktcmir. zcooikoc knt


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36

eirikigtiocrc aigcrno cgmstrisigmc rcbobhik zcooikocri mc sracktcmir. Eu diei naurou suonr

tckrnr suonank knymn mccr iodi knzngatr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Eir micr uaut vcrili actbt, ybugouk mnodnongansg, sspngsiybg nkgmnki k

dcirdcgoiiyoc oac tcacoigc mnyngr. Enz muruaonrmn, tbpnk ebyutu zcrigc kngtitnti` eiodi

trctioceioir, `nknt tckgiig ngn kuoonga nong, tbpongan muruaugug jnssns

drgtocgacsimir. @iecr bptik eir tbpnkongan scgsr mc tnsnrongneioir vc onzcr k mnoa

actbmuyon, tbpnkonyl dcrcksigiaigi bptiaua jnoc dctiracsigi tnkiecg tbpnk ebyutu mnoa

snvuguoautur(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Eir nrh titrnsybg gitcsi, gcdnti` iybg tnyng jna su ioc kntybgik pboiacrig btbantik bonrnk

titrc cmioacsi iig tnsnrongatr. gitc anguco titrnsybgn drc, dcrckcg kcotili mbznhg mnjn

jzo vc kcsig bonrnk snptnan yctcgcigc snjiptir. Mbznh btbantik bonrnk snptngr vc jnttng

mbznh pbapnsgn ioctioir(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Vboiacr ]bksisitcsi3. ad/O

VNA nrh tipigc enkoankszg, VNA iig. VMNMANL g rg sumnki anksiaua tnan

brng 36 d/O mir(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Vboiacrocrig suou brtnaonrmnki zcjiroioiigi snptnank iig, pboiacrik boanyng kntkonrn `nrko

pnrnactrcocri vnrmr. \cgtctik pboiacrocr brdngizanonr tnrn`gmng jnzr bonrnk caioac

cioiaigmc mciomirocr vc tbksigoikocri ngnjtnr suluo kbapbgcgtocroc dcrcktcg mcitirioceioir.

Kntybgik trocri enokonrn znrnromr. \bougdnonrg eobkc cmcrck ebuoanonrgn scecp bouronr.

Eu murua gbrano bonrnk sumn vc scmiacgtocrmc citoi `braonrmn bong kio diei kntonrg

ntoansyon eyk omc nznor. Eugonr kntybgik pboicocktrboitocri do eir ckiomc caceioir.


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3>

Jaik nsitocrmc tbksisitcyc jaik nsit scviycsigc drc ad/O scviycsigmc ctki cmcrocr (Ebotb

vc Drcdbry, 5664).

citoi abocko nro vc nprnz ygocgacmcki LVNA onrmn su pircsi vc dboyng enoyon

ynpong tbksisitc noansgmn drocg, ziglir uzugouugmng enasz bonrnk nprnz

ygocgacsi yksck pboiacr mc tbksigoik cg ykscktir. Mk nprnz mnoongan vc yksck

abocko nrokogn snjip pboiacr su pircsigmc mnjn zcjiroimir `nknt dcrck tbksig scviycsi 6 .

5 ad/O ecgzcr ìgno rg sumnki kbgsngtrnsybgug stgmcmir. Dboyng enokonr iig tbksig

scviycsi >6 knt `nzonmr. NVNA onr iig cg zcjiroiocr mnjn uzug ziglirc snjip bongonrmr `nknt

kntybgik vcrsiybgonrgn drc >66 knt mnjn nz znrnromronr. Kntybgik pboiacrocr anyn

jlrcocrigi 46 ad/O mbzugmn scrt eir eiiamc pnrnonanktnykcg, ngybgik vcyn iybgik

boanyngonr ynpananktnmronr. Vboikntybgug jimrb`beisi nrttkn pnrnonan mn eyacktcmir.

Vboiacrocrig tnzc su brdngizanonrgn tbksig oidigig zcti dstcracktcmir ki, enokonr kntybgik

pboiacrocrc knr bk jnssnstr `nknt nodocr, actno kntybgonrg ecsigocrc kcgctocgacsigmcg

pboiacrocrc knr jnssnstr. Eu ctki Ln++ iybgu ckocgcrck mcgkoctirioceioir. Jaik anmmcocr

vc kioocr ecoirdig ckiomceiyb citoioii eurnmng nznotneioir(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Nrtk Vboiacr3.=

Nrtan iocaigmc kuoongong pboiacrocrig vc brihigno pboiacrig iigmc euougng kntkonrg st

oiaitocrigi eioack, rctiocg sumnki vc dcri mga ynpong yknan suyugmnki kntkonrg

aiktnrg rcgack iig gcaoimir. Vrbeoca uzug yoonr glc droatr. Vboiacr vc

abgbacr jnoigmcki iglc tnenkn krbantbdrnìyi kuoongrkcg, micr pisoikocr rg suyugmn

drom dgg LVNAgmn droatr. Mk kiaynsno enaook vc yksck abocko

nrogmnki NVNA ngnoizigmc eykokocrigc drc cocycrck krbantbdrnì vc òn prboizoc

pnrnonan vc mcvnagmn dnz krbantbdrnìsi vc ktoc spcktruaonr nooatr.

Eykokocrigc drc cocac krbantbdrnìsi nyrln noua naurug iigmcki iybgik boanyng nrtk

VNAonrmn mn kuoongoatr. Kiaynsno rgocroc nrtan iocai drcg sumn ynengl anmmc

snys nkrionaim, sbmyua nkriont vc nyrln jimrbksi prbpiybgitrio vc enontlmng isbetiogitrio

knogtonr mk scviycocrmcymi. Muynrook >6-56 d/O nrnsgmnym(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

\bgrnsgmnki knogt pboiacrocrc citoi ynkonaonr nooatr. Eugu bgnyonank iig, Etg

pboiacrocrig glcmcg kuoongong sumnki pnrtikoocrc eno knoans, pboiacr nrtkonrgg ngnoizi

iig gcaoimir. Eu ioca pboicocktrbtn zt nrhmnki kbobit titrnsybguyon ynponeioir. Ebynonr vc

òbrcsng eiocikocr igmikntrocr kuoongoneioir. Actbt 63-> ad/O mk scviycsigmc zcooikoc

muynro mciomir. Eu tcanmnki eir vnrynsybg, pboiacri kcotack iig tngik nsit


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35

kuoongomgmn, kntybgik tbpnkonylonrmn euongkok tnkip ctacktir. Ecgzcr eir actbt,

pboiacrc rcnksiybg csgnsgmn ynrmal bong stngmnrt b,bmijimrbksiynz zcotisigig, ckocgacsi

sbgrns 0:6 ga k caioiaigi oacktir(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Actbtonrg tckrnrongansgmn, LVNAg snptngans uydugmur. @obrcsng spcktrbkbpi cg

dvcgioir ngnoitik actbt bonrnk scioaitir. Mnjn iocri actbt dcoitiracocri istcgiocg 36 d/O

snptnan sgrg dcacyi ennrank iig dcrckoimir. Drocg b ki pboiacr rctiliocri mnjn

uydug ygtcaocr dcoitirack iig mnjn `nzon nen jnrlnanomronr. Nyrln ebyutn drc nyra

krbantbdrnìsi mc mgoacoimir. @nknt murdug `nzmnki pboiacr nmsbresiybgu ecoirsizoikocr

dctiracktcmir. Micr eir ynkona bk glcocri dcoitiriocg stngmnrt kio tcstigi enz noanktnmr,

eurnmn pboiacrig knoiernsybg crisi vc euongkok, sspngsiybgmng rgck tcst cmiomii znang

knogt pboiacr icriigi oack iig kuoongoneioir. @nknt muynrook bk yksck mciomir. Vctrbo

cgmstrisigmc kuoongong VNAonrg snptngansgmn kuoongong >4 drup actbt ynygongatr.

Vboiacrocr iig cg mk nodonan sgr \CL vc òbrcsng spcktrbactrisigmc nyr nyr >6 vc 56

d/O nyr nyrmr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

iocr, >=L zco scgtczocgcg pboiacrocroc tbpnkongan kursonrg tnkip cmiybronr. Eu

noanonrmng zoacai brdngik anmmcocrig euongkok ynpng anmmcocrmcg mnjn glc

pboiacrocr rcnksiybg vcrmii droatr, vc VNAg eu jimrboitikebzugans gbrano ioctia

kbuoonrgmn dz nrm cmioir. Vnrtikocr nrtan prbscsigmc kuoongong pboiacrocrig sbg jcmcì

knt pnrnlkonr boan yggmc dstcrioaitir. @obrcsngon inrctocgai LVNA, kboig icrcrck

VNA zcrigmc Jb`àng rcnksiybgumur (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Mnjn dglco VMNMANLonr % >-5 naig `bgksiybgco abgbacrocrmcg ynpoatr. Eu

kbpboiacrocr òbrbpbron rcnksiybgn dirai mbonysyon òbrcsng inrctocac pboiacr ynpsgmn

bouautur. Nrtk VMNMANL òbrbactrik bonrnk >66 d/Ogig notgmnki kbgsngtrnsybgonrmn

snptngneioir. ooceioir scviycocrmcki knogt pboiacr jcr znang nrtoa sumn euougurmu,

zcooikoc mc bptiaua stgmc yn mn notgmn mbzonrmn.euongkok ynpng pnrnlkonr vcyn noua

kacocri eu scviycocri igmirirmi (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Vboiacr Ebzugans3.3

LVNAonrmn cstcr enonrgg jimrboizi pJ vc yk ybugouuenaook bonrnk eioigir, mnjn

glc enjscmiomii zcrc, pJ nrttromgmn mnjn mn kbonymr. ]riactionaig bouuaugmn, eu

pboiacrocr naurou su nrtansgmn kuoongomgmn noknoig kbuoonr diei eiybebzugur

dcrcktirmii mc droatr. Nait druponr dcgcomc mnjn `nzon mcgdcoimir. Mczcg`cktc ctac

kbuoonr notgmn pboiacr bksimnti` ebzugan nnmn tnrtoatr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).


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395 d/O knr >5 d/O eu murua

CLJ/MAN mng rctiocg eir bk kobr icrcg eirbk eiociig snptnganmg dstcrir(Ebotb vc

Drcdbry, 5664).

ybgik boanyng vc ngybgik tiptcki micr VNA'onrg mnjn nz prbeoca knrmyon gcasiz

scviycocrmc MEV bouuau mbno brdngik anmmcug rcttii eykokoc knrontroatr. Eu

pboiacrocr u ngmn rctiocg abgbacrocrc mcgk kntkmn euougautur. Nkrionaim abgbacri bk

do eir glsmr. \k mzcgocyili kbgtrbo, abgbacr vc mbonysyon kiroioik icrii

nynronganomr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Limmi eir knyd G-gitrbsmiactionaim (GMAN) bouuau rnpbrongatr. Enongdtn

VMNMANL vc kobr kuoongong nrtoa sumn snptngatr.GMAN, ]JAmcg >666 kcz mnjn

`nzon pbtngsiycoi bomuu eioigcg eir jnyvng kngscrbhcgmir. Nyrgto bonrnk kci` mcgcyocrmc,

ynznronr, >6 gd / O tcspit oiaiti rcnkti`ocr, gbrano bonrnk iac suyu nrtanmn kuoongong

kbgsngtrnsybgonrmn acvlut bomuu znang acymngn dcoacmiigi dstcraiocrmir. Kbgu


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3=

tckrnrongatr. ]cstocrmc dcgi ackngistik noanonr ioc `iotrnsybg ensnankonr boanatr

dstcraitir ki, eir miactionaigb yn mn -G (LJ vc 59. : gd/O

GMAN snptngatr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

VMNMANL tcstigmc `nrko mbzonrmnki kobrnaig GMAN rctiaigc limmi eir ctki ynpanatr.

@nknt ecgzcr mbznh nrtonrgmn nrtng dctiri CVI/MAN pboiacrocrigmc snptngatr. Vboiacrig

vcria nrtyon pboiacrig stbk zag nrttratr. Gman rctiai nsimik pJ scviycocrigmc cg

yksck scviycmcmir. Eu yzmcg nrtoa su aakg bomuugln gtr pJ scviycsigmc

tutuoanomr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Bzbgug pboiacrocroc yksck mbznhmn ctkiociai bk ykl boansgn rnacg, tcaco bonrnk

`branomcjit rctir. \u nrtag knronynlnk scviycmc, pboiacr scviycsi >6 ad/O ikcg,

VMNMANL scviycsi


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33

Vboiacr vc pcrangdngnt nrnsgmnki rcnksiybg MEV bouuaugn kntk snonyneioir. Eurnmn

Jnobnsctik nsit (JNNs) vc Jnobnsctbgitrioocrig tck engn kobron rcnksiybgu, ]JA

bouuaugmng mnjn gcaoimir. Ecgzcr sbguonr pcrangdngnt acvlutkcg mc drgceioir.

Ynydg bonrnk kuoongong pboiacrocrig mnjn dcgi eir nrnok zcrigmc ynpong tcstocrc ijtiyn

vnrmr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Dgc gn anruz knoan limmi ctkiocrc sceceiyct vcrceioir. Vboiacrocrig kobr vc

pcrangdngnton nyr nyr vcyn ikisiyoc eiroiktc rcnksiybgn diracsi vc dgc yon

gonganans vcyn dgc gn anruz knoans eir snnt vcyn 53= ga 6

ad/O kobr vc knrngoktn 4 dgmcg sbgrn ooatr. Vcrangdngnt vc kobrig oc dgc gg

kbaeignsybgu, tbpona ]JA vc JNN bouua pbtngsiycoocrigmc NVNA iig nrtn gcmcg

boautur. VNA g tck eir bksimngtn anruz knoans vcyn bksimngon, dgc gn anruz

knoans MEV bouua pbtngsiycoigi nrttratr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

izcodc 3.0> citoi mczcg`cksiybg prbscmrocrigignrmgmng pcr`brangs pnrnactrcocri(Ebotbvc Drcdbry, 5664)

Ckstrn

nrtan

Bptiaua pboiacr mbzu

(ad/O)

Bptiaua mccrmc

euongkok

>66 aO szoac

znang (mk)

Ybk 6.6= 6.>0 046

Lo5 6.6= 6.55 =96

KAgB= 6.6= 6.6 6.0= =66

Kuoongong Vboicocktrbtonrg Anoiycti3.4

]cksnstnki euongk suonrg nrtoans iig kuoongnlnk bong `iotrcocrig ykocrigi nznotank iig

5< `nrko brdngik pboiacrocr zcrigc, pcr`brangs vc ckbgbaik nano eir mccrocgmirac

ynpoatr. Nrtng euongkok `iotrcgig noan srcsi nrtronrnk brtnmng knomroneioir. @iotrc

dcri yknan tnsnrru` muruaugug pboiacr anoiyctigig mnjn iyi bomuu nrngatr. @iotrc

noan srcsigig 3.= snnt nrtans, dcri yknan iig dcrckoi su jnlaigig % >: nznoansgn cit


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30

bour. Eumn S\$6. >5/KO tnsnrru` snonr. Vboiacrocrig anoiycti vc pcr`brangsgn eno bonrnk

6.= ad/O mbznhmn kuoongoans S\$ 6. 64-6. 69$/KO nrnsgmn eir tnsnrru` snonm

droatr. Eu iki c`ckti` pboiacr b knmnrmn uluz mciomir. \rnonanmn 0. vc 4. srnmn ycr

noronr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Dgcy N`riknmn ynpong eir nrntran nouamng pboiacrik kbndongtn mgamc eiria

engn anoiyctig < yook pcriybttn jcr eiria iig cgònsybg brngg ynkonk % >6 boansgn

rnacg, % 9 S\$/KO noua vc

sbmyua jimrbksit anoiycti :9-96mn isc 6. >3 S\$/KO brng vnrmr. Jcr eiria noua iig

pboiacr mbzugug d anoiyctigmc ynkonk % >6-56 nrnsgmn eir nznoan dzocaocgaitir.

Eugug gcmcgi mnjn kk mbzonrmn dcrckcg dl nznotnrnk snongybr. Brdngik pboiacr eir

micr nvngtnhmn enka anoiyctocrigi nznotans vc igbrdngiktcg mnjn nz ntnk boansmr(Ebotb

vc Drcdbry, 5664).

VBOACU KSOONGANGIG NPNG]NH PC MCXNPNG]NHONUI0.

Vboiacr kuoongagg tcacomc ikinvngtnh dctirmii syocgceioir; knt pnrtiko nyragmn yksck

jz vc mnjn eyk òbk bouturan vc naurug kbyuontroans (sv `nz ckioacsi)

prbscsocrigmc jnlia nznoans dzocaocgir(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).

Vboicocktrboitocrig enoln nvngtnhonr

Knt-sv nyran jz nrttror.

gbrdngik rc nhngonrgmbzugug ynogzln % >6 u nroktn kuoongoans

Mnjn kk jnliamc eir naur

Dcgi eir ìotrc comc cmioceioir

Eyk nptn su nrtagmn kuoongor boans

pJ mccrocrigc mnjn nz eno knoans

@nrko vc bk snymn kiaynsnog iocvigi dracsi

zga tuz vnrogg sbg rgmc nz boans

Eu ynrnro zcooikocrigc knrg enz mcznvngtnhonr mn ecrnecrigmc dctirir.

Anoiyctoimir

Kngscrbhcg vc ntk knong abgbacrocr zcjirocyili ctkiocr tnr

\uyug icrmii pnrtiko ligsigc zd pboiacr kuoongank dcrckceioir

Mcpbongmgmn eiybebzuganyn anruz knoneioir.


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34

ACAEUNG VUB\C\OCUGG CPUC KUOOGG NXNO]IOAN\IGMN4.

KSOONGIAI

Acaerng nyran vc snòntran iocaocri iig kuoongong, iki `nzo eir sistcamc `nz nyrasnonyng nrn `nzmr. Dcgco bonrnk abocko eykogc drc nyran iocai ynpnr, nyg

znangmn yko pnrnlkonrg dciigi mc mzcgocr vc eu ckiomc eir cocktrik pbtngsiycoi

bouans snongr. Jcrjngdi eir `nzg dcii iig itili eir d dcrckoimir, kiaynsno pbtngsiyco

vcyn cocktrik pbtngsiycoi mciiaiyoc eu dci snongneioir. Kiaynsno pbtngsiyco mciiai;

ensg vcyn kbgsngtrnsybg mciiaiyoc dcrckoctirioceioir. Acaerngon nyran iocaocrigig

tcaco prcgsiei acaerng yzcyigc tngng vc `nrko eykoktc eiocikocr icrcg zcoti

eioccgocrigig acaerngmng dciriocrck nyroansmr. Eu ckiomc ecsocac nka acaerngmngdccrck szocg ìotrnt zcotisi vc acaerngmng dccacycrck knong mcriik zcoti (rctngt)

bonrnk ikiyc nyror. Konsik ìotrnsybgmn ecsocac zcotisigig nk yg acaerng yzcyigc

miktir. zcotigig eu ckiomc acaerngn dgmcrioacsi sbgulugmn, eir src sbgrn acaerngmng

dccacycg pnrtikoocrig yzcymc eirikacsi ioc boung kck tnenkns ìotrnsybg jzgg

macsigc gcmcg bour. nprnz nk ìotrnsybgugmn isc zcoti, acaerng yzcyigc pnrnoco

dgmcriocrck pnrtikoocrig yzcymc eirikiai vc kck tnenkns bouuau cg nz scviycyc igmirioir

vc nprnz nkg ctkisiyoc, acaerngmng dccacycg pnrtikoocr acaerng yzcyigmcg

uznkontror. (Kiti vc Yiit, 5669)

ckio 4.> Nk ygocrigc drc ìotrnsybg iocaocri (cocei, 56>

Yksck pbrbzitc Csgckoik, kiaynsnoonrn mircg


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3:

\k pbr mnoa

Mk anoiyct

\neit jimrbìoik knrnktcr

Dcgi pJ nrnogmn kuoongoneioacsi

Enoln uyduonan nongonr8

\u vc ntk sunrta

tuzou suonrmng tuz dimcriai snongnrnk iac suyu comcsi

\uyug kiroctiliocrmcg nrgmroans

Cgmstriyco prbscs suyu comcsi

Acaerngonrg \gòngmroans4.5

Acaerngonr uyduongng itili dlc drc sgòngmroanyn tnei tutuoauonrmr. Eugn drc ensguyduongnrnk vc cocktrik nka - tnjrik ackngizansyon snongr.

4.5.> Ensg uyduonansyon acaerng iocaocr

4.5.>.> Aikrbìotrnsybg

Vbr eyko microcrigc drc eyk bong, uznkontrong pnrtiko ebyutu 6,> -> aikrbg

nrnsgmn mcicg acaerngonrmr. Syduongng ensg 6,4 enrmr.

4.5.>.5 Sotrnìotrnsybg

>6->666 NB ebyutugmn nyra snonyng acaerngonrmr. zga tuzonr vc kk

abockoocr acaerngmng dccr. Kboobim, prbtcig, aikrb kiroctiliocr eyk ankrb abockoocr

uznkontroa bour. Syduongng ensg. >-4 enrmr.

4.5.>. ga ebyutugmnki pnrtikoocr uznkontrr. Abocko nro 566-=66mcg eyk

brdngik abockoocri, zga tuzonrg % 56-9: nrnsgmn uznkontrng mnjn scili eir

iocamir. Yzcy suonrgmn rcgk dimcrac, kuyu suyugmng scrtoik vc rnmyua dimcrioacsi, nyrln

ntk su uyduonanonrgmn brdngik anmmcocrig igbrdngik anmmcocrmcg nyroansgmn ynrnrongor.

Syduongng ensg 0 enr nrnsgmnmr.

4.5.>.= ]crs bsabz

Cg yksck acrtcecmcg szac iocai eurnmn dcrckocir. ]a zga tuzonrn vc abocko

nro >66 mcg `nzon bong pnrtikoocrc enriycr bonrnk mnvrngr, su abockoocri rnjntokondccrck rg ksag bouturur. bk yksck brngmn (% 93-99) nrns zga tuz nrta


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39

snonynrnk, suyug snòntroans dcrckoctirioir. >=-09 enr nrnsgmn ensg uyduonans

ynpor. Cvsco vc cgmstriyco suyug snòntroans, mcgiz suyugmng iac suyu comcsi diei

iocaocrmc ynrnrongor(Kiti vc Yiit, 5669).

4.5.5

Cocktrik pbtngsiycoi uyduongnrnk uyduongng acaerng prbscsocriEurnmn kuoongong acaerng suyu dciracycg nglnk zga iybgonrg nyrag snonyng

acaerng kuoongor. Ngybgonr dcircg acaerng vc kntybgonr dcircg acaerng nrnsgmn

knong rg cocktrik pbtngsiycoi uyduongnrnk kutuponans snongr eu ckiomc ecsocac suyu

scyrcotioai vc su tuzmng nrgmroa bour(Kiti vc Yiit, 5669).

ckio 4.5 \zocg anmmc, dzcgck np vc acaerng prbscsocri nrnsgmnki ioiki

Acaerng Ynpagmn Kuoongong Antcrynoocr4.

\cgtctik pboiacrik acaerngonr jimrbìoik vc jimrb`beik boansgn drc iki sg`tn iglcocgir.,

jimrbìoik acaerngonr rgcig scoobz vc trcvocri, A@ vc S@ acaerng rctiaigmc ynydg

kuoongoronr. Eugn knrg scoobz nsctnt ; nsit, noknoig, slnkok vc eiybobhik mcdrcmnsybgn knr

muynromr. Vboiso`bg vc pboictcrso`bg (VC\) jimrbìoiktir, tcrs bsabz kbapbzit acaerngonr

mcstckocack nanlyon kuoongoronr. Jimrb`beik acaerngonr rgcig, V]@C, VPM@, VC,

izbtnktik VV ve, dcgcooikoc A@ acaerngonrmn jimrbìoikocroc knrtronrnkcmiocrck, acaerng

kirocgacsigi nznotank nanlyon kuoongoronr(Kiti vc Yiit, 5669).

izcodc 4.-]p ckoigmcki (tueuonr) abmoocr

5-Jboobw ìecr abmoocr


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05

ckio 4.< ]ipik AEU prbscsi

]ipik eir AEU prbscsi ckiomc dstcriomii dieimir. Eugn drc iok glc zdnrnyn dcocg su

eyk npo antcrynoocrig (ecz, knt, ponstik vs) tutuomuu ycrmir. \u bk nskmn knoapnrtiko icriybrsn g kcotia nnans uyduongr, nyct yoc mciosc bpsiybgco bonrnk ngbksik

eoamc mcgitri`iknsybg uyduongneioir. Yigc bpsiybgco bonrnk `bs`br dimcriai istcgiybrsn

tngkg diri eoagc ngncrbeik eoa ckocgceioir. Eurnmn actno ckocgacsi `obkuonsybg

kbndonsybg iigmir vc b mn istcc eno bonrnk dcrckoctirioir. ]a eu zcooikocri icracsi gc

knmnr csgck eir prbscs bomuugu dstcracktcmir. Comc cmiocg naur prbscs cmioceiomii diei,

tnra uyduonanonrgmn mn kuoongoneioir(Kiti vc Yiit, 5669).

ckio 4.= Kbgvngsiybgco sistcaocaer sistcaigig cantik knrontroans(Ailjnco Oykb, 56>5)


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05Q . Jnvn eiociai

nnmnki izcodcmcdstcrioaitir.

izcodc 4.0< Jnvn eiociai [>

Bksihcg B5 % 56. 9

Nrdbg Nr % 6. 9

Knrebg mibksit LB5 % 6. 6

Jimrbhcg J5 % 6. 66663

Kscgbg Zc % 6. 666669


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0=

Eu dnzonr icrisigmc cg knrnrsz bongonr su eujnr vc knrebgmibksittir. Caisybg, ntabs`crc

kiroctili anmmcocrig vcrioacsimir. Eu kiroctiliocr jnvngg mbno ynpsg ebznrnk lngo

ynnagn znrnr vcracktcmir. Sona nrnonrgg cvrcyc vcrmii dnzonr, cgmstriyco vc cvsco

ntkonrg mbnyn ernkoans, tnrasno ntkonr vc zcooikoc `bsio knygnko cgcrhi sngtrnoocrigig

ntkonr eu kiroctiliocrig knygng bouturanktnmr.

zcooikoc nsit dnzonr (\B5, GBx), uulu brdngik eiocikocr, zcooikoc jnobhcgoi jimrbknrebgonr

vc nrbantik eiocikocr ntabs`crc snogmgmn bzbg tnenknsgn znrnr vcrir vc scrn ctkisi

boutururonr. Sulu brdngik eiocikocrig (PBL), dimcrioacsi ckbgbaik vc tckgik ngonamn

gcaoi eir gbktnmr (Ebmzck, 5666) .

ckio 4.3 Jnvnmng uulu brdngik eiocikocri nyranmnkuoongong tckgikocr(Ebmzck,5666)

>9:6oi yoonrmng sbgrn znrnro dnzonrg nyroans iig cgmstriyco ockoi pboiacrik acaerng

uyduonanonr dcoitirioaitir. Nnmnki izcodcmc ecoirtiocg uyduonanonron jnvngg

sn`ontroans snonganktnmr.


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03

izcodc 4.0= Jnvn snòntroansgmn kuoongong acaerng prbscsocr (Ebmzck,5666)

Kiroioik tr Acaerng prbscsi

Brdngik eiocikocrig eujnronr

(jnobhcg trcvoi vc nrbantik eiocikocr)

Eujnrg acaerngonrmng dcirioacsi

Yngan rgocri (\B5, GBZ, LB5) \v acaerngonr, acaerng kbgtnktbr

GJ aabeioizc pboiacr mcstckoi sv acaerngonr

Dnz / \v Acaerng / Dnz

Dnz / \v Acaerng / \v

\v / \v Acaerng / Dnz

\v / \v Acaerng / \v `nzonrg nyroansg iocaocrigmc boank zcrc nyran iocaocrigmc

kuoongor

Eboukonrgn sv ìoa sneitocgcg acaerngonrmr. ckio mc dstcriomii diei, mcstckoi sv

acaerngonr bonrnk mn tngaongng eu tip acaerngonr uydug eir brdngik zlgg jimrb`beik

eboukou eir acaerngn ycroctirioacsiyoc jnzrongr (Ebmzck,5666) .Eboukou acaerng svìoa iig snmclc mcstckocyili eir tnenknmr. Eu tip acaerngonr yksck pbrbzitc, kk ebouk

np, iglc tnenkn, jimrb`beik antcryno, mnyngko kiaynsno pboiacr zcooikocrc snjip boanomr

(Nlnr vc Anokb,5665)


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4.4.>.> \v acaerngonrg ackngizans vc uyduonan nongonr

ckio 4.0 aabeioizc pboiacr mcstckoi sv acaerngonr(Nlnr vc Anokb,5665)

4.4.5 Caosiybg tipi sv acaerngonr

Eireirigc knranyng iki svgg caosiybg jnoc dctirioacsi vc eu `nzg gl eir `nzmn

(srckoi `nz) mntoansyon bouturuouronr. Caosiybg sv acaerngonr bouturng `nzonr;

Ecsocac `nz

Uchcgcrc nz

ckio 4.4 Caosiybg sv acaerngonr (Nlnr vc Anokb,5665)

Ecsocac `nz dimcrioacsi vcyn nyroans istcgiocg anmmcocri icrir. Uchcgcrc `nz isc srckoi

`nzmn euougng dimcrioacsi istcgcg anmmcgig ynpsgn drc `nrko rcnkti`ocrig bomuu eir `nzmr.

rgcig ngybg dimcrioclcksc enzik, kntybg dimcrioclcksc nsimik knrnktcrc snjip boanomr.


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04

4.4.)

V8 dcirdcgoik M8mi`zybg kntsnys \8zgrok igmcksi

Acaerng scilioii 8 8V/VH V8dnzgg dcirdcgoii, ph 8 h dnzgg dcirdcgoii

> Enrrcr 1 >6->6 la (laJd) ->.

Csgck pboiacrocrig dcirdcgoii, lnas pboiacrocrmcg mnjn `nzonmr. Eugug gcmcgi pboiacr

ziglirigig jnrckctoioiimir. Nnmnki izcodcmc enz pboiacrocrig LB5 dcirdcgoii

dstcrioaitir.

Mnjn glcmc ecoirtiomii diei acaerngonrg dcirdcgoii iano cmiomii pboiacrocrig

knrnktcristik zcooikocrigc enomr. Nnmnki izcodcmc pboiacrocrig ]d (lnas dci

slnko) mccrocri bksihcg vc nzbt dnz dcirdcgoikocri dstcrioaitir(Ebmzck,5666).

Acaerng nrnloyon dnz nyran ackngizans csns bonrnk zgac vc mi`zybgn enomr.

Dnzonr, svonron knrontromkonrgmn bk mnjn mk nìgitcyc snjiptirocr. Nìgitc nrtyon

eiroiktc dnzonrg zgro mc nrt dstcrir. rgcig LB5zgro jimrbìoik pboiacrmc

mnjn ykscktir (Ebmzck,5666).


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0:

izcodc 4.43 Enz pboiacr acaerngonrg LB5vc actng dcirdcgoii(Ebmzck, 5666)

Vboiacr nm VLB5(Enrrcr) VLB5/VLJ=

\ioikbg knuuk :. 3

Vboinaim (gnyobg 0) 6. >0 >>. 5

Vboivigio kobrr 6. >0 >3. >

Vboiknrebgnt (Ocxng) >6. 6 50. :

Vboiso`bg =. = 5:

Vboictcrso`bg 4. = . 3 =3

Vboiiait (knptbg) 6. 5 0=

izcodc 4.40 Enz csgck vc lnas pboiacrocrig bksihcg vc nzbt dcirdcgoikocri (Ebmzck,5666)

Vboiacr Lnas dci slnko VB5 VG5 VB5/VG5

Vboiprbpiocg bksit 5>6 >0. : >. 5 . 3

Vboiactiob pcgtcg 59 6 >. 0 6. < 3. =

pboikobrbprcg -4< = >. 5 5. 9

JMVC -5< 6. = 6. >= 5. 9


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09

Dnz dcirdcgoiigi ctkiocycg micr `nktr mi`zybg kntsnymr, prcgsip bonrnk dnz

pnrtikoocrigig ebyutu vc pboiacr tipigc enomr. Eugug sbgulugmn np uzug bong

pnrtikoocrig mi`zybg kntsnys mk bonlnktr.

Dnz nyragmn kuoongong acaerngonrg knrnktcristik pnrnactrcocri nnmnki dieimir 8

acaerng8 kbapbzit vcyn nsiactrik kntang icrcg csgck yn mn lnas pboiacr

acaerng knogo 8 nkti` kntang knogo 6. > a nz boananomr.

pbr ebyutu 8 pbrsuz acaerng vcyn ( ? 6. > a )

\rl d 8 >6 Apn knmnr ensg vcyn szac eodcsigmcg vnkua

nyran ackngizans8 zgac vc mi`zybg

acaerng antcrynoi8 yuknrmn enjscmiomii diei (pboiactiob pcgtcg, pboiactiobksisiong

pboiiait, pboiso`bg ve ) (Ebmzck,5666).

]BVUNK KUOOGG NXNO]IOAN\IGMN VBOACUOCUG KSOONGIAI:.

]bprnk stneio ynpsgg kbruguaugn vc crbzybgn knr mircgoi jnoc dctirack nanlyon sbg

yoonrmn uyduongng ygtcaocrmcg eiri mc scgtctik ynpny pboiacrocrig kuoongamr.

]bprnktnkioocr zcrigmc pboiacrocrig nmsbrpsiybgu ioc suyn mnyngkook snonganktn, nmcsi`

zcooikocri srmrcg zgcacz kbapocksocr acmyngn dcoacktcmir.

VNA, VPN ynpong nrntranonr sbgulugmn tbprnk zcrigc ctkiocri; yzcy nk zcooikocrigig

iyioctirmii vc crbzybgn knr mnjn mircgoi eir ndrcdnt bouuau snonm ynpong

nrntranonrmn kngtongatr(Yoanz vc Sysno, 5669).

]bprnk kiroioiigig eyk ksagg scgtctik pboiacrocrmcg knygnkonganktnmr. Mbnmn

ebzuganonr uzug znang nong vc cvrc sbrugonrgn ybo nng ponstikocrig dcri mga ybouyon

dcri knznga vc mbnyn mnjn nz vcracsi snongneioacktcmir.

Eu sbrugug eir sbgulu bonrnk, kcgmi kcgmigc pnrnongng pboijimrbksi etirnt (VJE) diei

pboiacrocr kuoongag dimcrck nrtanktnmr.

UNMYN\YBG GOCACMC KSOONGIONG VBOACUOCU9.

\rckoi bonrnk rnmynsybgug ctkisigc anruz knogmgmn vlumuauzn limmi znrnronr vcrmii

eioigacktcmir. Eu nanon rnmynsybg ctkisigi nznotl noanonr ynpoanktnmr. octkcg

pboiacrocr pboipirbo, pboyngioigc, pboi (


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46

MCGCY\CO NOIAN>6.

Mcgcyig Nanl>6.>

Mbno yzcysco suonrmnki sspngsc anmmc vcyn rcgdig dimcrioacsi iig kuoongong pjtontrl

anmmcocrmcg bong pboicocktrboit, kitbsng vc mcair(III) kobrrg ctkigoiigi mciik aiktnronrmn

vc cit knrtran srcsigmc knvngbz mcgcyi (hnr tcst) ioc tcspit ctacktir.

]cbri>6.5

Kbndonsybg (pjtontran) vc `obkonsybg (yuankontran) eireirigc eno, s, euongkok,

rcgk,pJ, noknoioik, knrtran immcti vc srcsi vc kuoongong kiaynsno rcnkti` zcooikocri diei

pck bk `nktrc enomr. Eu gcmcgoc cg uydug pjtontran mbzu mbznh mcgcyocri ioc

euougneioir. Eu mcgcyocrc hnr tcst mcgir.

Eu ioca suyn kiaynsno anmmc ionvc cmiocrck sumn euougng nskmn vc zga knt

anmmcocrig sumng uznkontroansg nanonr. Vjtontran vc yuankontran iocai csns

bonrnk kboobim jnomcki anmmcocrig dimcrioacsigi nanonr. Kboobim jnomcki anmmcocr eireirocri

ioc vc su ioc citoi ctkiociaocri gcmcgiyoc eir nrnyn dcocacz vc eiroccaczocr. Yuankontran

iocai isc pjtona tngclikocrig eiroctiriocrck sumng kcotac ioc nyroneioir ynpmng

yuankonr jnoigc dctirioacsimir. Yuankontran iocai iig suyn ynvn knrtran ynpor.

Kuoongong nrn dcrcocr>6.. Hnr tcst mzcgci

ckio >6.> Hnr tcst mzcgci


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ckio >6.5 Hnr tcst mzcgci

5.Lna ecjcr(>O vcyn 366 ao)

ckio >6.< Ecjcrdons

:66 )


71/76

45

ckio >6.= SP-PI\ \pcktrb`btbactrc

=.> nmct mcrclcoi sioigmir

3. 0 nmct >666 aOoik ecjcr

0. Jnssns tcrnzi

4. Vunr, pipct, kvct

:. Lbapnlt\tnr L\=, sngtri`h lijnz

Kuoongong Kiaynsnoonr>6.=

Kitbsng, kntybgik pboicocktrboit 3=:6 \U, @c (III) kobrr, Gn`tbo Eouc Eonlk (GEE anvi ebyn)

Mcgcyig Ynpo>6.3

\cgtctik bonrnk jnzrongng ntk su zcotisigig rcgdikitbsng, kntybgik pboicocktrboit vc @cLo666 aOoik ecjcrocrc 366 aO su kbguomuktng sbgrn ta ecjcrocrc < aO GEE anvi

ebyn (stbk8 5 ad/aO) ckocgir.

5) Nnmnki izcodcmcki aiktnronrmneiociaocrjnzrongr.


72/76

46.3>Guaugc eiociaocri

Eiocia Gb Eiocia> Kitbsng (>66 ad)5 Kntybgik pboicocktrboit (>66 ad)< Kitbsng (36 ad) + kntybgik pboicocktrboit (36 ad)

= @cLo< (>6 ad)3 @cLo6 ad) + kitbsng (36 ad)0 @cLo6 ad) + kntybgik pboicocktrboit 36 ad)

3 mnkikn : ga) nesbresiybg mccrocri oor.

3) izcodc >6.3.>mc ecoirtiocg aiktnronrmn knraonr ecjcrocrc ckocgir. Mbzonanmng sbgrnguaugcocrc >66 mcvir/mnkikn (rpa) jzon > mnkikn ebyugln jzo knrtran ynpor. Mnjn

sbgrn guaugcocr


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4=

izcodc >6.05GEE ebynsgg0>: gamcioca dracmcg glc ioca drmktcgsbgrnki nesbrsiybg mccrocri

\rn gb ok mccr (nes) \bg mccr (nes) \bgu

> 6.>=3 6.6=5 % 4>.6=3 6.650 % :5.60

< 6.>=6 6.63= % 0>.=5

3 6.>=0 6.634 % 06.93

0 6.>== 6.605 % 30.9=

Mcgcy sbguonrn drc, kbndongt anmmc ionvc cmioacmcg glcki nesbrpongng k mccriyoc

knbdongt ckocgmiktcg sbgrnki nesbrpongng k mccri nrnsgmnki `nrk nk ckiomc

droacktcmir.

Gcdnti` ykc snjip ebyn anmmcsigig su icrisigmc mntonrnk kbndongt ynrmayon

ktracyc mnyngng mcgcy mzcgcigc drc, knbdongt aiktnronr mgmn mcikcg pnrnactrc

kuoongoanansgg gcmcgi vcriaoioiigig jcsnpongans iigmir.

Eugn drc pboiacr ynpmnki kbndongtonr kuoongong rgckocrmc cg yksck ebyn dimcriai

snongatr. Vboiacr csnso eiocikocrig kuoongoanm < gbou ecjcrmc isc cg nz vcria

dzocgaitir.

DCGCO \BGSONU PC GCUOCU>>.

Eu noanmn zcooikoc cgmstriyco ebyuttn su nrta iig uydug bong pboicocktrboit vcacaerng trocri iglcocgaitir.Eugn ck bonrnk jnvn vc tbprnk kiroioiigmc yigc pboicocktrboit

vc acaerng kuoonga rgckocgmirioai nyg iocvi drcg micr kiaynsnoonrn drc ctkigoii

mcgcysco noanyon dstcrioaitir.

noan sbgulugmn, pboiacrocrig ynps dcrci bk `nrko citocrmc rctioceioclck, eu

knraonrg mcznvngtnhonr bonrnk enjscmiocg yngonrgg; anoiyctoi boans, abgbacr

knogtsgmn kngscrbhcg ctkisi vc mcpbongan srcsigig ksno zaocgacsi dcrckcg tcaco

sbrugonrmr. Eu sbrugonrg za iig citoi noanonr ynpoanktnmr. zcooikoc lngo

ynnag tcjmit cmcg kngscrbhcg riskigi cg nzn igmirack iig tilnri bonrnk rctiocg


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pboinkrionaimocrig, ecoiroi pcriybtonron rcnksiybgn diracai abgbacr snysgg tcspit cmioacsi

dcrckacktcmir. UCNLJ ygctacoiigc drc izgc tnei anmmcocr oistcsigmc euougng nkrionaim

kuoonga kbgtrbo notgmn tutuoanktnmr.

\nok tcjmimi dz ggc nogmgmn, su nrtagmn ctkioi pcr`brangs dstcrcg pboinkrionaimig

kuoongagn notcrgnti` bonrnk micr pboicocktrboitocr aiktnr yksck tutuonrnk kuoongoanktnmr.

Anoiyct prbeocaigc dctirioacyc noong za, cgziantik prbscsocrig kuoonga bonrnk

gdroacktcmir. Micr tnrn`tng acaerng tckgbobhisi jcr dccg dg iocrocac knymctacktc vc

ynpong noanonrmn eirigli nan anoiycti nznotan yggmc boanktnmr.


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KNYGNKONU

Nlnr, @.G. vc Anokb, C.,(5665), \v Acaerngonrg Ackngizans Pc Syduonan Nongonr,Vnaukknoc

givcrsitcsi,Ajcgmisoik @nkotcsi, Ajcgmisoik Eioiaocri Mcrdisi, Liot :, \ny 5,\y` 533-506), ckcr Cgmstrisi Ntk \uonrgg Kiaynsno Kbndonsybg Ygtcaiyoc Nrtoneioiroiigig

glcocgacsi Pc Bptiaua octia Kbuoonrgg Ecoirocgacsi, Yksck Oisngs ]czi, Ngknrn givcrsitcsi @cg

Eioiaocri Cgstits, Ngknrn.

No-\jneie, T.,Onljbwilz, \tc`ng T., vc Enss Bltnving, (56>, Vbobgyn.

Ebotb,E.,(>993), \boueoc Vboyacrs Ig Tntcr Vuri`ilntibg Vrbd. Vboya. \li., Pbo. 56, 9:4->6=>, Coscvicr

\licglc Otm Vrigtcm ig Drcnt Eritnig, Nvustrnoyn.

Ebotb, Evc Drcdbry H., (5664), Brdngil pboycocltrboytcs ig wntcr trcntacgt,Tntcr Ucsc Nrlj => (5664) 5

55), Cgmstriyco \u Nrtagn Synrongas zaocr,stngeuo.

\nasugou,N., (56>>), cvrc Ajcgmisoii Kiayns, Eirscg Ynygonr, stngeuo.

Yoanz, D. Pc Sysno J.,(56>6), Vvn vc Vna Syduonanonrgg Yzcy Nk vc ]bprnk Knye zcrigc Ctkiocri,

Nrntran Anknocsi,zair.

[>Q jttp8//www.tckgbprba.lba.tr/2p10> Criia ]nriji8 >3 Gisng 56>=

[5Q jttp8//cg.wikipcmin.brd/wiki/JuailRnlim#acminvicwcr/@ioc8JuailRnlim.svd Criia ]nriji8 >3 Gisng 56>=

[3 Anys 56>=

[=Q jttp8//www.ouyucljcailno.lba/jtaoRig`b/VboyMNMANL-Angu`nlturcr-0 Anys
http://www.filtronics.com/blog/category/flocculation/http://www.filtronics.com/blog/category/flocculation/http://www.filtronics.com/blog/category/flocculation/http://www.luyuechemical.com/html_info/PolyDADMAC-Manufacturer-37.htmlhttp://www.luyuechemical.com/html_info/PolyDADMAC-Manufacturer-37.htmlhttp://www.luyuechemical.com/html_info/PolyDADMAC-Manufacturer-37.htmlhttp://www.filtronics.com/blog/category/flocculation/


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56>=

[3Qjttp8//wce.itu.cmu.tr/~ugoulu/Anggilj.jta Criia ]nriji8 >0 Anys56>=

[0Qjttp8//www.dbbdoc.lba/pntcgts/CV634=064N>2lo1cg Criia ]nriji8 >3 Anys56>=

[4Q jttp8//www.dbbdoc.lba/pntcgts/TB566=

[:Qjttp8//tr.wikipcmin.brd/wiki/Mbsyn8Kitbsng.hpd Criia ]nriji 8 >3 Anys 56>=

[9Qjttp8//lbaabgs.wikiacmin.brd/wiki/@ioc8JcpnrigRDcgcrnoR\trulturcRP.>.svdCriia ]nriji 8 >0 Anys 56>=

[>6Qjttp8//www.apeib.lba/prbmult.pjp2pim1635>:6=3&lbugtry15>3 Criia ]nriji 8 >0 Anys 56>=

[>>Qjttp8//lbaabgs.wikiacmin.brd/wiki/@ioc8Vboynlryonaimc.pgd Criia ]nriji8 >4 Anys 56>=

[>5Q jttp8//www. lcvrcbgoigc.lba/caisybg/jnvnRcaisybg. jta> Criia ]nriji8 >0 Anys 56>=

[>3 Anys 56>=
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