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Review for Chapter 13 AP Chemistry

Essential Questions: You should be able to answer the following essential learning uestions at the

end of Chapter 13!

• What is a solution? How many different types of solutions are there?

• How is solubility defined? What are the different factors that affect solubility of a solute in a

solvent?

Conne"tions to the real#world and other Chemistry $nits

• Understanding solutions, solution concentration will help you understand acids/bases and buffers

well. You will be using this knowledge again in h !" and !#.

%evel 1 Problems: $, #, !%, !", !&, '%, '", (!, ((, (", $&, $), "%, "', "", "&

 Move on to level 2 and 3, after a few level 1 problem, if you feel comfortable with level 1 problems.

%evel & and 3 Problems

Con"eptual Problems1. Why does NaCl (s) dissolve in water? (Draw and rank the !"#s present.)

2. What is vapor pressure? $ow does the addition o% a solute a&e't vapor pressure?

Why? Draw to illustrate.

!ultiple Choi'e

!. %.$"% moles of *al are dissolved in +".% m of water. alculate the molarity of the

 *al solution.

-. %.%%$& . %.'!

. '.!

0. $.& 1. *one of these are correct.

'. How many moles of a2*3(4' are there in &" m of %.'" solution?.

-. %.%%((( mol

. %.%!)) mol

. (.(( mol

0. !).) mol1. *one of these are correct.

(. !" g of *al occupy a volume of &" m. What is the molarity of the solution?

-. (.$

. %.'+

. %.%!+ 0. %.%%($

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1. *one of these are correct.

$. $".% g of a2*3(4' was used to create a !.( solution. What is the volume of thesolution?

-. %.'! m

. '!% m. (#% m

0. $.& m

1. *one of these are correct.

". 5n the reaction, ' -l 2s4 6 # Hl 2a74 ' -ll( 2a74 6 ( H' 2g4, '.%% g of -l will react

with how many milliliters of %."%% Hl?

-. (&.% m

. !!! m

. !$) m

0. $$$ m

1. *one of these are correct.#. 5n the reaction given in problem ", )%.% m of '.% Hl would react with how many

grams of aluminum?

-. !.$$ g

. $.(' g. !$$% g

0. '%(% g

1. *one of these are correct.

&.

8he cooling curve for a pure substance as it changes from a li7uid to a solid is shown above.

8he solid and li7uid coe9ist at

-. point only. point only

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. all points on the curve between and *0. all points on the curve between and +1. no point on the curve

-. (&% k:

. "!" k:

. #)! k:

0. ++' k:

-. &!.$ k:

. &".' k:

. )%.) k:

).

+.

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!%. 5n the reaction given in problem ", )%.% m of '.% Hl would react with how many

grams of aluminum?

!!. How much heat is absorbed by '.%% kg of water at '%; if it is heated until it is converted

completely into water vapor?

-. ".' 9 !%( k:. ".' 9 !%( :

. $."' 9 !%# :

0. $."' 9 !%( :

!'. What of the following is not true?

-. When water vapor at !%%; condenses to li7uid ,the phase change releases a large

amount of heat.. i7uid water at !%%; causes more severe burns than water vapor at !%%;.

. When water vapor at !%%; condenses to li7uid, the phase change absorbs a large

amount of heat.0. oth and

!(. Which of the following is true of a cooling curve showing the conversion of li7uid water

to ice cubes?

-. 8emperature is shown on the 9

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!&. 8he graph below represents the uniform heating of a substance, starting below its melting

 point, when the substance is solid.

Which line segments represent an increases in average kinetic energy?

,. ,- and CD

-. D and "C. ,- and -C D.-C and D

"ree esponse

1! 8he following data relate to lithium chloride.

tandard molar enthalpy change of  solution is @(&.% k: mol @!

.

attice enthalpy is @)$# k: mol @!

.

alculate the value of the enthalpy change represented by C for two moles oflithium chloride.

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&! 2i4 Use the data given below to calculate the standard enthalpy of solution of 

al'.

attice dissociation enthalpy of al' A 6''"" k: mol @!

Hydration enthalpy of calcium ions A @!#"% k: mol @!

Hydration enthalpy of chloride ions A @()$ k: mol @!

2ii4 Using your answer to part 2i4, deduce how the solubility of al' 

changes as temperature is increased.

3! 5 have two solutions. 5n the first solution, !.% moles of sodium chloride is

dissolved to make !.% liters of solution. 5n the second one, !.% moles of

sodium chloride is added to !.% liters of water. 5s the molarity of each

solution the same? 19plain your answer.

3U558Y UBC1 DU1853*

1) What mass of solute will dissolve in !%%m of water at the following temperatures?

a. E*3( at &%F A GGGGGGGGGGGG 

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 b.  *al at !%%FA GGGGGGGGGGGG c.  *H$l at +%FA GGGGGGGGGGGG d. Which of the a/ove three substances is most soluble in water at !"F?

!. a. 3n a solubility curve, the lines indicate the concentration of a __________________

solution < the ma9imum amount of solute that will dissolve at that specific temperature.

 b. Calues on the graph GGGGGGGGGGGG a curve represent unsaturated solutions < more

solute could be dissolved at that temperature.

abel the following solutions as saturated or unsaturated. 5f unsaturated, write how much more

solute can be dissolved in the solution.

*olution *aturated or

nsaturated?

% unsaturated $ow

u'h ore solute 'an

dissolve in the

solution?

a solution that contains &%g of

 *a*3( at (%F 2in !%% m H'34

a solution that contains "%g of

 *H$l at "%F 2in !%% m H'34

a solution that contains '%g of

El3( at "%F 2in !%% m H'34

a solution that contains &%g ofE5 at %F 2in !%% m H'34

(. a. What is the solubility of El at "? GGGGGGG   b. What is the solubility of El at '"? GGGGGGG 

c. What is the solubility of e'23$4( at !%? GGGGGGG d. What is the solubility of e'23$4( at "%? GGGGGGG 

$. a. -t +%, you dissolved !% g of El in !%%. g of water. 5s this solution saturated orunsaturated?

 b. How do you know?

". - mass of !%% g of *a*3( is dissolved in !%% g of water at )%;.a4 5s the solution saturated or unsaturated?GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 

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 b4 -s the solution is cooled, at what temperature should solid first appear in the solution?

#. Use the graph to answer the following two 7uestions

Which compound is most soluble at '% ;? GGGGGGGG Which is the least soluble at $% ;? GGGGGGGG 

&. Which substance on the graph is least soluble at !%? GGGGGGGGGG 

). - mass of )% g of E*3( is dissolved in !%% g of water at "% ;. 8he solution is heated to&%;. How many more grams of potassium nitrate must be added to make the solution

saturated?

+. 8he boiling point of a li7uid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the li7uid

is e7ual to the pressure on the surface of the li7uid. 8he heat of vapori=ation of ethanol is )()

 Ioules per gram. - sample of ethanol has a mass of #".% grams and is boiling at !.%%atmosphere.

alculate the minimum amount of heat re7uired to completely vapori=e this sample of ethanol.

,N*W*

ultiple hoice

!. 0'. (. -$.

". 0#. -&. ). "!$ k:+. &!.$ k:!%. !.$$ g!!. -!'. 0!(. !$. !". 0

!#. !&. -

Jree Besponse

!.

'. i.

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ii. increases

(. 8he e7uation for molarity states that the molarity of a solution is e7ual to the

number of moles of solute divided by the number of liters of solution. 5n

the first solution, the molarity will clearly be e7ual to !.% because there

are !.% moles of *al and a solution volume of !.% . 5n the secondsolution, the volume of solution is roughly e7ual to the volume of the

water plus the volume of the salt, which is a total of greater than !.% .

8here is still !.% moles of *al, so the molarity of the second solution isa little less than !.%.

olubility urve Duestions

!. a. !(%gK b. $%gK c. &%gK d. E5'. a. saturatedK b. under 

8able -nswers

unsaturated L'" g more to saturation

saturated */-

saturated */-

unsaturated L#% g more to saturation

(. a. ')g/!%% g H'3K b. (' g/!%% g H'3K c. !" g/!%% g H'3K d. " g/!%% g H'3$. a. unsaturatedK b. the point on the graph lies below the line of saturation". a. unsaturatedK b. L("#. E5K e'23$4(&. El3(). "%g E*3(+. ".$" 9 !%$ :

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41. 5 k67 you need to add(1809. 5.1:5. 28) to 88.4 k6

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