ch. 2 the biological basis of behavior. 1. neurons: the messengers a.dendrites carries information...
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1. Neurons: The Messengers A. Dendrites
Carries information to the cell body B. Cell Body
Also called soma C. Axon
Carries information to the next cell
F. Motor Efferent
G. Interneurons Association
H. Support Cells - Glial Cells Cells that insulate and support neurons
2. The Neural Impulse or Action Potential
A. Ions Charged molecules
B. Resting Potential Potential Energy
C. Polarization/ Depolarization Away/toward zero (neutral)
D. Action Potential Sudden change in charge
E. Graded Potentials Subthreshold stimulation Summation
F. Threshold of Excitation Results in Action Potential
G. All-or-None Law Cells either fire or not (no halfway)
H. Absolute Refractory Period Another Action Potential cannot occur
I. Relative Refractory Period Neuron would only respond to very strong impulse
3. The Synapse A. Synaptic Space or synaptic cleft
Tiny gap between neurons B. Terminal button
Enlarge area at end of axon C. Synapse
Terminal button of one neuron, the space and the next neuron
D. Synaptic Vesicles Sacs in terminal button that release chemicals into
synapse E. Neurotransmitters
Chemicals released by synaptic vesicles F. Receptor Sites
Location on receptor neuron for specific neurotransmitter
4. Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine
Important role in arousal and attention Dopamine
Affects neurons associate with voluntary movement
Serotonin Sets an emotional tone
Endorphins Reduce pain by turning down neurons
5. Psychopharmacology Cocaine
Prevents reabsorption of dopamine, leading to heightened arousal
Antidepressant and antipsychotic medications use the same processes
6. Neural Plasticity Brain shaped by environment Possible child abuse marker
7. Neurogenesis Production of new brain cells
8. The Central Nervous System A. The Organization of the Nervous System
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems B. The Brain
The central core Hindbrain
Medulla - controls breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure
Pons - controls sleep-wake cycle Cerebellum - coordination of movement
Midbrain Thalamus - Relay from sense receptors Hypothalamus
Emotions and motivation Feeding, fleeing, fighting, and sex
Reticular formation Network of neurons Alert and arouse higher brain
Limbic system Ring of structures important to learning and
emotional behavior
Four lobes of the cerebral cortex Frontal lobe
Voluntary movement, attention, goal behavior, appropriate emotions
Parietal lobe Sensory information from body
Occipital lobe Interprets visual information
Temporal lobe Hearing, balance, some emotions and motivations
9. Hemispheric Specialization A. Corpus Callosum
Fibers that connect hemispheres B. Language
Usually located in the left hemisphere C. Cognitive and Emotional Style
Left hemisphere may operate more analytically Right hemisphere may excel in spatial tasks and
expression of emotions
10. New tools for Studying the Nervous System
A. Microelectrode Techniques Very small pipette to stim. Individual cells
B. Macroelectrode Techniques EEG
C. Structural Imaging Computerized Axial Tomography (CT-scan)
X-ray 3-D image Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic field/radio waves
D. Functional Imaging EEG-electrical activity on the scalp from millions of
neurons Magentoencephalography (MEG)
More precise than EEG Magnetic source imaging (MSI)
Similar to EEG
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - radioactive glucose
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Show function and structure
11. Spinal cord
• Complex cable of nerves that connects brain to rest of the body
• Carry motor impulses to internal organs and muscles
• Carry information from extremities and internal organs to the brain
• Permit some reflex movements
12. The Peripheral Nervous System• A. Afferent neurons
• Neurons that carry messages from sense organs to spinal cord
• B. Efferent Neurons• Neurons that carry messages from the spinal cord or
brain to muscles and glands
C. Somatic Nervous System Body systems
D. Autonomic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System
Relaxation, repair, sleep, digestion, sexual arousal
Sympathetic Nervous System Emergency response
13. The Endocrine System A. The Thyroid Gland
Controls metabolism B. The Parathyroid Glands
Controls calcium and phosphate C. The Pineal Gland
Regulates activity levels D. The Pancreas
Regulates blood-sugar levels
E. The Pituitary Gland Regulates many behaviors and other glands
F. Gonads Ovaries and testes
G. Adrenal Glands Reaction to stress
14. Genes, Evolution, and Behavior
A. Genetics Heredity - transmission of trait from one generation to
next Chromosomes
Pairs of thread like bodies that contain genes Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Molecular in double-helix Code of life
Traits Characteristics on which we differ