Ch. 2 Essential Questions

Standards

• SS8H1 – Evaluate the development of Native American cultures and the impact of European exploration and settlement on Native American cultures

The 3 Periods of North American History

• Paleo-Indian Period – 10,000 years ago

• Archaic Period – 8000 BC – 1000 BC

• Woodland Period 1000 BC – 1000 AD

• Mississippian Culture followed the Woodland Period and is considered the highest stage of Native American culture!

Paleo Indian Characteristics

• Contains the earliest known people of North America.

• About 10,000 years ago when glaciers from the ice age began to melt

• Paleo Indians hunted woolly mammoths, bison, horses moose and elk.

• Nomads – People who move from place to place following food supplies.

Archaic Period

• Around 8000 BC Earth’s climate warmed up. Big animals disappeared and forests began to grow.

• Descendants of Paleo-Indians began to thrive: Archaic Indians.

• Lived in North America from 8000 BC to 1000 BC.

• 1st Culture of Georgia

Archaic Period

• Developed improved techniques for fishing, gathering and hunting

• They used small spear points, and stone axes.• The small tools were used to hunt smaller

animals. • Smaller animals wouldn’t feed as many people,

so they had to get food from somewhere else. • They gathered nuts, berries, etc…• Other artifacts suggest that these people lived in

rock shelters or pit houses. No permanent settlements!

Archaic Period

• Archaic people DID NOT have three things: bows and arrows, pottery and agriculture.

Woodland Period

• This period lasted from 1000 B.C. to around 1000 A.D.

• The Woodland Indians developed agriculture.

• They also developed pottery, and bow and arrows

• Woodland Native Americans built villages along streams where the soil was soft.

• Woodland Indians built protective walls around their villages.

Woodland Indians

• Advanced villages with houses built in a circle

• Formed trading networks

• Formed tribes that fought wars with each other

• Practiced rituals and ceremonies

Mississippian Culture

• The period that followed the Woodland Period is known for the Mississippian Culture

• The Mississippian People originated along the Mississippi and Ohio River, but stretched from Georgia to Minnesota

Achievements of Mississpian – 5 characteristics of Civilization

1. Cities

2. Specialized Jobs

3. Organized Government and religion

4. A system of record keeping

5. Advanced tool

• Why would all these change the culture and why would they need all these things

Mississippian Culture

• Etowah Indians lived in North Georgia.

• Their flat-topped earthen mounds are still there today.

• Also large ceremonial lodge built of red clay near Macon, Georgia off the Ocmulgee River

• The Mississippian Peoples grew three main crops: corn, beans and squash.

Etowah (Mississippian Culture)

• Etowah Indians lived in North Georgia.

• Their flat-topped earthen mounds are still there today.

• Also large ceremonial lodge built of red clay near Macon, Georgia off the Ocmulgee River

5 Civilized Tribes

• Creek, Cherokee, Seminole, Choctaw and Chickasaw were the “5 Civilized Tribes”.

• Creek were the dominant tribe in Georgia

• Cherokee was 2nd largest in Georgia