ch 3 -cells and transport · 1. tight junctions bind cells together, adjacent plasma membranes fuse...
TRANSCRIPT
Ch 3 Cell Organelles and Transport
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Cell organelles
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Nucleus:contains DNA
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Nuclear envelope double membranehas poresselectively permeablehas nucleoplasm inside
Nucleolusribosomes made here
ChromatinDNA + proteinchromosomes = coiled chromatin
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Cytoplasmsite of chemical reactionsincludes:
cytosol clear fluid that suspends other things
organelles structures that carry outspecific duties
inclusions stored nutrients or cellproducts
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
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Mitochondriacristae folds in inner
membranesite for cellular
respiration (makesATP)
muscle,liver cellshave hundreds
unfertilized egg only a few
http://giantshoulders.files.wordpress.com/2007/10/mitochondria.jpg
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Ribosomes
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/images/ch2_ribosome_proteinbig.jpg
made of proteins
sites of protein synthesis
may or may not be attached to endoplasmicreticulum
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/endoplasmicreticulum/images/endoplasmicreticulumfigure1.jpg
fluid filled canalscarries substances
(proteins) from one part of cellto another
rough has ribosomes attached
smooth no ribosomes
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Golgi apparatus
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/golgi_apparatus.jpg
membranous sacs
modifies and packagesproteins in secretoryvessels
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Protein is made by ribosome on Rough ER and then packaged inside vesicle by Golgi apparatus
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Whole process
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Lysosomes
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/lysosomes/lysosomes.html
"suicide sacs"contain digestive
enzymesabundant in white
blood cells
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Peroxisomes
contain oxidase enzymes
convert free radicals (reactive chemicals that have a unpaired electrons) to hydrogen peroxide, then catalase converts hydrogen peroxide to water
numerous in kidney and liver cells
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Cytoskeleton
(cytoskeleton is red in picture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton
network of protein structures throughout cytoplasm
framework
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Centrioles
http://www.biocom.arizona.edu/graphics/images/projects/centriole.jpg
close to nucleus
form mitotic spindle duringcell division
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cilia
move substances along cell surface
ex. in respiratory passages
http://www.hhmi.org/images/bulletin/sept2005/cilia_detail.jpg
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flagellalong whiplike extension used for locomotion
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/encommons/thumb/3/34/300pxFlagella.png
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Types of cells in human body
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Plasma membrane
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Plasma Membrane Structure
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Selectively permeablephospholipid bilayerintegral proteins
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hydrophobic area relatively impermeable hydrophilic areas like to be near watercholesterol stabilizes the membraneproteins enz., binding sites, transportglycoproteins celltocell recognition, receptors, blood type
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Cell Junctions1. tight junctions bind cells together, adjacent plasma membranes fuse together
2. Desomosomes anchor cell, prevent cells from pulling
apart
3. gap junctions allow communication (heart,
embryonic cells), chemical molecules
can pass through
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Membrane Transport
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Fluids involved in cells:a. intracellular fluid fluid inside cell that contains small amounts of gases, nutrients, salts dissolved in water
b. interstitial fluid fluid that bathes the exterior of the cells; contains nutrients, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, and waste products
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Transport through plasma membrane:
I. Passive transport when substances are transported across the membrane without energy involved
a. diffusion process where molecules spread themselves thoughout available space; due to kinetic energy move down a concentration gradient affected by size of molecule (small = fast) and temperature (warmer = faster)
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molecules diffuse through membrane if:a. small enough to passb. dissolve in fatty portion
1. simple diffusion unassisted diffusion of solutes through the membrane
Ex. fats, fatsoluble vitamins, oxygen, carbon dioxideosmosis = simple diffusion of water
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2. facilitated diffusion process driven by concentration gradient, but molecules are too big and are lipidinsoluble; needs a protein carrier to help
ex. glucose
3. filtration process where water and solutes are forces through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood (in human body)
uses a pressure gradient (higher to lower pressure)Ex. happens in kidneys solutes from capillaries
to kidney tubules
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II. Active Transport process where a cell uses energy to move substances across membrane
needed if:molecule is too largemolecules can't dissolve in hydrophobic areamolecules need to move against concentration
gradient
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a. solute pumping requires a protein carrier that combine with substances that need to cross
Ex. amino acids, some sugars, most ionsEx. sodiumpotassium pump
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b. bulk transport process used when substances can't move any other way.
1. Exocytosis moves substances out of cellsmall membrane bound vesicle fuses with plasma membrane and expells contents outside cell
2. Endocytosis moves substances into cella. phagocytosis engulfing
Ex. white blood cellb. bulk phase endocytosis pinocytosis
"cell drinking"Ex. fluid containing dissolved solutes
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What happens to cells when they are put in different types of solutions?
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Three types of solutions:1. isotonic solution that contains same tonicity
(strength) as normal cellEx. Ringer's lactate solution (5% dextrose,
0.9% salt); same water and solute content as cells
cause no change in cell
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/encommons/thumb/b/b1/300pxOsmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg.png
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2. hypertonic solution that contains more solutes (dissolved substances) than inside the cell
causes cells to shrink (crenate)Ex. hypertonic solutions given to edema
patients (edema = swelling)
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/encommons/thumb/b/b1/300pxOsmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg.png
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3. hypotonic solution that contains fewer solutes than a cell
causes cell to expand or burstEx. distilled water
Hypotonic solution given to a patient with dehydration
teas, colas, apple juice, sports drinks
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/encommons/thumb/b/b1/300pxOsmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg.png
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