ch1 intro to a p.2009
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Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy
and PhysiologyAnatomy – oldest medical science• Describes the structures of the
body:– what they are made of– where they are located– associated structures
Physiology• Is the study of:
– functions of anatomical structures– individual and cooperative functions– how
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
• Greek or Latin• Root words • Prefixes• Suffixes• Combinations
• Commemorative names
How are living things organized?• Atoms:
– are the smallest chemical units • Molecules:
– are a group of atoms working together• Organelles:
– are a group of molecules working together• Cells:
– are a group of organelles working together• Tissues:
– are a group of similar cells working together• Organs:
– are a group of different tissues working together• Organ systems (11):
– are a group of organs working together• Organism:
– is an individual
Organizing a Muscle• Protein molecules (chemical level)• Protein filaments (organelle level)• Muscle cells (cellular level)• Cardiac muscle tissue (tissue level)• Heart (organ level)
Characteristics of Life• Metabolism- sum total of all chemical
processes– Catabolism – breaking down– Anabolism – building up
• Responsiveness - irritability• Movement• Growth• Differentiation• Reproduction
• The body is divided into 11 organ systems
• All organ systems work together• Many organs work in more than 1 organ
system• Homeostasis: All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment
• Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (body temperature, fluid balance)
• Failure to function within a normal range results in disease
Mechanisms of Regulation• Autoregulation (intrinsic):
– automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ
• Extrinsic regulation: – responses controlled by nervous and
endocrine systems
How are living things regulated?
Maintaining Normal Limits • Receptor: receives the stimulus • Control Center: processes the
signal and sends instructions • Effector: carries out instructions • Negative Feedback: response of
the effector negates the stimulus• Positive Feedback: response of
the effector reinforces the stimulus
Working Together
Table 1–1
Anatomical terms used to describe body sections, regions, and
relative positions?Anatomical LandmarksSuperficial characteristics: surface parts – names or adjectives
• Anatomical position: – hands at sides,
palms forward
• Supine: – lying down, face up
• Prone: – lying down, face
down
Figure 1–7a
Quadrants and Regions• 4 abdominopelvic
quadrants around umbilicus
• 9 abdominopelvic regions
Which Direction? • Lateral:
– side view
• Frontal: – front view
• Anatomical direction: – refers to
the patient’s left or right