CHAPTER 12 THE RING OF MAVRO SPELIO AND OTHER ARTIFACTS

12.1 INTRODUCTION12.2 DATE12.3 DOUBLE GENERATIONS12.4 SINGLE GENERATIONS12.5 THE PALACE CULTURE12.6 VOYAGE TO CENTRAL AMERICA12.7 INSCRIPTION ON THE ARKALOCHORI AXE12.8 THE KERNOS OF MALIA

Dr.R.M. de Jonge ©, drsrmdejonge@hotmail.com

SUMMARYThe gold ring of Mavro Spelio near Knossos bears an inscription, which has not been deciphered. However, it has been dated to c.1611 BC. The spiral shaped line of 19 signs has been discussed in terms of history of government, related to both double and single generations of Cretan history and Egyptian dynasties. It also has a religious mea-ning. The Ring more or less resembles the later Phaistos Disc. The inscription on the so-called Arkalochori Axe from Crete has been deciphered. It dates from c.1611 BC (New Palace Culture).The so-called Kernos of the Palace of Malia is a megalith for the discovery of Ame-rica, which happened a milennium earlier. It has been dated to c.1566 BC. It has an im-portant religious meaning related to this continent, which was considered as the Realm of the Dead.

12.1 INTRODUCTIONIn royal tomb IX at Mavro Spelio, near Knossos, a beautiful gold ring was found by Sir Arthur Evans in 1926 (Refs.1,2). It shows a small disc with a Linear A inscription of 19 signs (Figs.12.1 & 12.2). The text cannot be read, because Linear A has not been deciphered yet. The little disc has a diameter of only 10 mm, and the signs have dia-meters of only 1.2 mm. In spite of its small size, the ring is interesting because the in-scription is performed in the shape of a spiral, similar to the later Phaistos Disc. The design of the Phaistos Disc may even have been based on this ring, or inspired by it (Refs.12,13).

12.2 DATEThe exact date of the ring is officially unknown. However, the turns of the spiral are directed against the daily movement of the Sun. This feature resembles the Phaistos Disc. It means the text deals with "history of government" (Ch.6, Refs.48-50). On the Phaistos Disc passages represented double generations of 61 years, single generations of 30.5 years, and degrees of latitude, and a complete turn corresponded with a double generation. Probably, the same holds for the signs and turns of the Ring of Mavro Spe-lio.

The 19 symbols on the Ring probably mean the total history of Crete lasted 19 double generations since the start of the Pre-Palatial Period in 2770 (Table 12.1, Ch.6). If this is correct, the ring dates from 2770-19x61= 1611 (New Palace Culture). 2770 BC was

an important year, because it coincided with the start of the 3rd Dynasty of Egypt, the beginning of the Old Kingdom (Ch.8).

However, the 2 turns of the spiral appear to indicate a time span of 2 double generati-ons of 61 years, or 2x61= 122 years, after the start of the New Palace Culture on Crete, which is between 1702 and 1702-2x61= 1580 (Table 12.1, Ch.6). Probably, the text on the Ring deals with this period in particular. The year of 1580 is exactly one generation after the calculated date of the Ring, 1611-31= 1580. Apparently, one is looking for-ward to a generation of good government in Crete as well as in Egypt, till the year of 1580. – If this is correct, the 19 symbols appear to have a third meaning.

The year of 1611 is one generation before the end of the Second Intermediate Period (SIP) in Egypt (Ch.7). In this year (1611), the SIP lasted 3 double generations. Previ-ously, the First Intermediate Period (FIP) lasted 3 double generations, too. In general, these two time periods are considered to be the worst parts in the Egyptian history of government. So, the 19 symbols on the ring may also symbolize the ‘expectation’ of 19 double generations of good government in Egypt, since 19+3+3= 25 double generati-ons ago, from 1580+25x61= 3105, until the end of this generation, in 1580, which is a future date. The year of 3105 was the start of the 1st Dynasty at the beginning of the Archaic Period. It was the start of Egyptian civilization (Ch.8) (Ref.16-24).

The generation from 1611 to 1580 would become a period of good government on the island of Crete, but it turned out to be a bad period for Egypt (Ch.7). It was the final stage of the SIP, till the start of the 18th Dynasty (New Kingdom). The makers of the Ring did not know this in advance, of course. So, it may confirm the Ring dates from the year of 1611, at the end of the 3rd generation of the New Palace Culture.

Fig.12.1 Photo of the gold Ring of Mavro Spelio (Courtesy L.Godart, Ref.1). (Knossos, Crete, New Palace Culture, c.1611 BC)

12.3 DOUBLE GENERATIONSJust like the passages of the Phaistos Disc, the signs on the ring are counted from the center along the spiral towards the edge (Ch.5). When the signs represent double gene-rations on Crete, the first 12.5 signs represent the 12.5 double generations of the Pre-Palatial Period, the next 5 signs represent the 5 double generations of the Old Palace Culture, and the last 1.5 signs represent the 1.5 double generations of the New Palace Culture. So, in total, the 12.5+5+1.5= 19 signs represent the 19 double generations of the history of Crete, before the year of 1611 (see above, Ch.6).

When the signs represent double generations in Egypt, the first 9.5 signs represent the

9.5 double generations of the Old Kingdom (after 2770), the next 3 signs represent the 3 double generations of the FIP, the next 3.5 signs represent the 3.5 double generations of the Middle Kingdom, and the last 3 signs represent the 3 double generations of the SIP (until 1611). So, in total, the 9.5+3+3.5+3= 19 signs represent the 19 double generations of the history of Egypt in 1611, since the start of the Old Kingdom (Chs.-7&8).

However, when the signs represent double generations of (expected) good government in Egypt before the future date of 1580, the first 5.5 signs represent the 5.5 double ge-nerations of the Archaic Period (after 3105), the next 9.5 signs represent the 9.5 double generations of the Old Kingdom, the next 3.5 signs represent the 3.5 double genera-tions of the Middle Kingdom, and the last 0.5 sign represents the ‘expected’ good go-vernment in the last and future generation, at the end of the SIP (until 1580). So, in that case the 5.5+9.5+3.5+0.5= 19 signs would represent the 19 double generations of (ex-pected) good government in the history of Egypt, before the year of 1580 (Chs.7&8).

The Ring has been made in 1702-91= 1611, at the end of the 3rd generation of the New Palace Culture on Crete. This situation is comparable with the end of the 2nd generati-on of the 3rd Dynasty in Egypt (Old Kingdom), in 2770-61= 2709. Crete was in the 3rd important time period, after the Pre-Palatial Period and the Old Palace Culture. At that early time, Egypt was also in the 3rd important time period, after the Pre-Dynastic Period, and Archaic Period. The cultural period in Crete lasted 10+3= 13 generations (after 2007), in Egypt 11+2= 13 generations (after 3105), too (Chs.6&8).

Fig.12.2 Drawing of the gold Ring of Mavro Spelio (Courtesy I. Athanasiadou, Ref.1). The 19 symbols show it dates from 19 double generations after the start of the Pre-Palatial Period until 2770-19x61= 1611 BC. (Knossos, Crete, New Palace Culture,

c.1611 BC)

12.4 SINGLE GENERATIONSThe 4 half turns of the spiral appear to represent the Dynasties 3, 4, 5, and 6 of the Old Kingdom, and the 19 signs symbolize the 19 generations of good government during this period, from 2770 till 2770-19x30.5= 2190. However, the 19 signs also symbolize the 6+7+6= 19 generations after this period. These cover the FIP (6 generations), the 12th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom (7 generations), and the SIP (6 generations, until 1611), respectively. This is the time period from 2190 till 2190-19x30.5= 1611, which is the date of the Ring. The Middle Kingdom, which lasted 7 generations, was the only period of good government.

So, when the signs represent single generations in Egypt, the first 3 signs represent the 3 generations of the 3rd Dynasty, the first one of the Old Kingdom, the next 5 signs represent the 5 generations of the 4th Dynasty, the next 5 signs represent the 5 genera-tions of the 5th Dynasty, and the last 6 signs represent the 6 generations of the 6th Dynasty, which is the last one of the Old Kingdom. So, in total, the 3+5+5+6= 19 signs represent the 19 generations of the Old Kingdom (2770-2190).

When the signs represent single generations after the Old Kingdom, the first 6 signs represent the 6 generations of the FIP, the next 7 signs represent the 7 generations of the Middle Kingdom, and the last 6 signs represent the 6 generations of the SIP. So, in total, the 6+7+6= 19 signs represent the 19 generations of the history of Egypt, between the end of the Old Kingdom and the date of the ring (2190-1611).

However, when the signs represent single generations on the island of Crete, the first 6 signs represent the last 6 generations of the Pre-Palatial Period (after the end of the Old Kingdom, 2190), the next 10 signs represent the 10 generations of the Old Palace Culture, and the last 3 signs represent the 3 generations of the New Palace Culture (until 1611). So, in total, the 6+10+3= 19 signs represent the 19 generations of the his-tory of Crete, between the end of the Old Kingdom in Egypt and the date of the ring (2190-1611) (Chs.6-8). (Refs.14,15)

12.5 THE PALACE CULTUREAs previously explained, the Ring has been made in 1611, at the end of the 3rd genera-tion of the New Palace Culture. These 3 recent generations are indicated on the Ring by the first 3 half turns, approximately covering the first 13 signs. These 10+3= 13 signs also symbolize the 10 generations of the Old Palace Culture, and the 3 generations of the New Palace Culture, both on Crete (2007-1611). The 7+6= 13 signs also symbolize the 7 generations of the Middle Kingdom, and the 6 generations of the SIP, both in E-gypt (2007-1611).

The 6+7= 13 signs also symbolize the 13 recent generations of good government in E-gypt: the 6 generations of the 6th Dynasty (after 2373), and the 7 generations of the 12th Dynasty (until 1794). Finally, the 3+5+5= 13 signs also symbolize the 13 early ge-nerations of strong government during the Old Kingdom (after 2770), which are the 3 generations of the 3rd Dynasty, the 5 generations of the 4th Dynasty, and the 5 genera-tions of the 5th Dynasty (until 2373) (Chs.7&8).

As previously explained, the last or 4th half turn of the Ring represents the coming generation, from 1611 till 1580. This generation is also represented by next sign #14. In addition, the empty edge at the left side of the Ring represents the generation after it, from 1580 till 1550. This generation is represented by sign #15.

All signs #1 to #15, discussed so far, also represent Egyptian Dynasties 1-15. So, sign #15 represents the presently ruling 15th or Hyksos Dynasty (from c.1641), and sign #16 represents the 16th Dynasty, which started in 1611, the date of the Ring. Both dynasties ruled simultaneously. - The last 4 signs of the spiral (#16 to #19) represent single generations in the future, double generations in the future, and Egyptian dynas-ties in the future. However, above all, these signs repesent the holy latitudes of Central America, the Realm of the Dead, from 16°N to 19°N. It is the famous Land of Punt (Ch.8, Refs.3-10).

12.6 VOYAGE TO CENTRAL AMERICAThe Ring of Mavro Spelio has 2 turns, so 4 half turns, corresponding to the northern Nile Delta, 4° south of Crete, at 35-4= 31°N. It is the center of the Northern Egyptian Empire. It has also 19 signs, encoding the Southern Egyptian Empire, at the holy Tro-pic of Cancer, at 19+4= 23°N. This is the center of the Sun religion (Refs.3-10,16-24,51-58).

We start sailing west from Crete through the Mediterranean Sea. Sign #1, or the 1st half turn, encodes the Strait of Gibraltar, 1° above Crete, at 35+1= 36°N. It is symbolic for the circumference of the planet Earth, 36 Moiras, or 360°. Sign #15, at the right si-de, where the disc is attached to the Ring, encodes the Southern Cape Verde Islands, at 15°N. Here is the start of the Southern Crossing of the Ocean, with the wind and the current, to South America. The latitude of the northern Nile Delta, at 31°N, corres-ponds to the sailing direction, 31°SSW. The 2 turns encode the sailing distance, 2 Moi-ras, or 20°. (Ch.10)

The 5 signs of the Old Palace Culture, #13 to #17, encode the place of arrival, Cape São Roque, Brazil, at 5°S. The 12 signs of the Pre-Palatial Period, #1 to #12, encode the start of the Antilles Islands Route, at 12°N, but for safety reasons we follow the north coast of the continent, at this latitude.

The Ring has 19 signs, encoding the Culture along the North Coast of Honduras, Beli-ze, and Guatemala, 19° south of Crete, at 35-19= 16°N. Sign #16 (of the 16th Dynasty) confirms this important latitude. Next sign #17 corresponds with inland Mexico, at 17°N. Next sign #18, at the top of the ring, encodes the civilization around the south point of the Gulf of Campeche, at 18°N. This is the center of the Realm of the Dead, the famous Land of Punt. It is symbolic for the ‘Underworld’, at the back side of the planet Earth, “18 Moiras” (180°), west of Egypt and Crete (Refs.59-63).

The next and last sign #19 encodes the northern border of this civilization, at 19°N. It also corresponds with the area just east of Lake of Poopó, near the present town of Po-tosi, Bolivia (South America), at 19°S. It is the main source for the metals of tin, silver and gold (Ch.11). In these days, America was a colony of Egypt. The 19 signs of the Ring confirm it. These also encode the density of gold, 19 g/cm3 (nineteen times hea-vier than water).

The 12 signs of the Pre-Palatial Period, #1 to #12, correspond to the sailing direction from Yucatan to Cuba, 12°ENE. The Tropic of Cancer runs along the north coast of Cuba, at 23°N. The last 7 signs of the ring are the 5+2= 7 double generations of the Pa-lace Culture on Crete. These encode South Florida, 7° above the Gulf of Campeche, at 18+7= 25°N.

[These 7 units also encode the density of tin, 7 g/cm3 (seven times heavier than water). The tin trade from Potosi, Bolivia, across the Atlantic Ocean to the Old World, pro-ceeded via South Florida (c.2500-1200 BC). (Ch.11)]

We sail along the East Coast to Cape Race, Newfoundland, the East Cape of North A-merica. The 12 signs of the Pre-Palatial Period, #1 to #12, correspond to its latitude, 12° above Crete, at 35+12= 47°N (Refs.37-42). The 19 signs encode the initial sailing

direction (ISD) to the West Azores, 19°ESE, and the sailing distance, 19 moiras= 19°= 2111km. The latitude of Crete, at 35°N, encodes the terminal sailing direction (TSD) in the neighborhood of the West Azores, 35°SE. The difference is due to the curvature of the Earth (Refs.43-47). The ring shows 4 half turns, corresponding to the West Azores, 4° above Crete, at 35+4= 39°N.

Via the Central Azores we sail to Sta Maria, East Azores. The 2 last signs of the New Palace Culture, #18 and #19 (or the 2 turns), encode its latitude, 2° above Crete, at 35+2= 37°N. The latitude of the Eastern Canaries, at 31-2= 29°N, correspond to the ISD to Madeira, 29° ESE. The latitude of Gibraltar, at 36°N, corresponds to the TSD in the neighborhood of this island, 36°SE. The Eastern Canaries are 8° below Sta Maria, encoding the sailing distance to Madeira, 8 moiras= 8° = 888km. The last 2 signs of the New Palace Culture encode the latitude of Madeira, 2° above the northern Nile Delta, at 31+2= 33°N.

Madeira, at 33°N, determines the sailing direction to the Eastern Canaries, 90-33= 57° SE. The ring shows 4 half turns, encoding the Eastern Canaries, 4° below Madeira, at 33-4= 29°N, as well as the sailing distance of 4 moiras= 4°= 444km. This is the end of the pelgrimage to Central America, the Realm of the Dead or the “Underworld” in the west, which is the Land of Punt (Refs.3-10).

Fig.12.3 Photo of the double axe of bronze from the Arkalochori Cave. The axe dates from c.1611 BC. (Central-east Crete, New Palace Culture) (Courtesy S. Alexandrou,

Ref.1)

12.7 INSCRIPTION ON THE ARKALOCHORI AXENear the road from Herakleion to Viannos, in the central part of eastern Crete, is a shallow cave, called the Arkalochori Cave (Ref.1). It was one of the formost ancient places of worship. On a double axe of bronze from this cave, officially dated c.1500 BC (New Palace Culture), a rare inscription was discovered (Figs.12.3 & 12.4). In the center of the double axe 3 vertical columns can be identified, part of a series of 23 columns on this side, in total. From left to right the three columns contain a total of 6+6+3= 15 symbols. Ten of these symbols are different. The signs, related to linear A,

as well as the bronze axe itself, are clearly of Cretan provenance.

[The 10 different symbols might encode the density of silver, 10 g/cm3 (ten times hea-vier than water). The silver trade from Potosi, Bolivia, across the Atlantic Ocean to the Old World, took place during the 10 generations of the Old Palace Culture (2007-1702) (Ch.11)]

A big arrow in the upper right corner points downwards. It suggests the text in the three columns should be read from top to bottom. The face of a man, occurring three times, looks to the right. It suggests the columns should be arranged in the order from left to right. The last column contains three symbols, which are of double size. This looks like a kind of conclusion, placed at the end of the text. It confirms the text in the columns should be read from left to right. The symbols are counted #1 to #15, starting at the left side above, and finishing at the right side below. Symbol #1 is an “ordinary man”, but symbol #3 is a more impressive man, wearing a kind of crown. So, this man resembles a “King”. Symbol #4 is a horizontal bar, followed by three dots below it. This is a universal sign for the number 10+3= 13 (thirteen). Symbol #9 consists of two horizon-tal bars, followed by three dots below these. This is a universal sign for the number 10+10+3= 23 (twenty three). When the literal meanings of the symbols are placed in the right order, we don’t arrive at a comprehensible text. However, this changes for the better when abstractions are used, related to these symbols. A script based on this principle, is called an ideographic script, and the symbols are called ideograms. So, the text on this axe is independent of any language. Starting at the left side above, the literal translation of the text reads:

“Man, plane, King, thirteen, trunk, chopper/Man, knife, twenty-three, man, King, tree/Arrow, Growing plant, Shave//”

The proper translation of the text appears to read:

“A man develops himself to a King, if he hacks 13 trees per day.If he cuts 23 of these, this man has become a King. This leads to a High Civilization!”

Fig.12.4 Drawing of the inscription on the double axe from the Arkalochori Cave. The inscription has been deciphered! (Central-east Crete, New Palace Culture, c.1611

BC) (Courtesy L. Godart, Ref.1)

ElucidationThe meaning of the text speaks for itself. However, the total number of columns was also 23. This number corresponds to the holy Tropic of Cancer, and the Southern Egyp-tian Empire, at 23°N. It is the center of the Sun religion. At midsummer day the Sun is there at right angles above. The slow northerly movement of the Sun turns into a south-erly movement. So, one believes in the SunGod (Refs.3-10,51). The Egyptian SunGod Ra has said: “The Realm of the Dead is in the West, at the other side of the waters (the Ocean), in the Land where the Sun sets (America).”

Note, that the total number of symbols on the axe is 15, corresponding to the Southern Cape Verde Islands, at 15°N. This is the departure point for the Southern Crossing of the Ocean to Central America. In the first column the text mentions the number of 13. This corresponds to Cape Gallinas, the North Cape of South America, at 13°N. The text suggests, that at this cape one is on the right track for the Realm of the Dead, but one has not reached it yet.

The Realm of the Dead is located around the place, where the Tropic of Cancer crosses America: the “Underworld”, around the latitude of 23°N. Actually, the number of sym-bols is 15, also encoding Cape Gacias à Dios, the NE Cape of Honduras, at 15°N. Here is the start of the civilization of Central America. Note that the symbols in the last co-lumn are of double size. So the total number of symbols also equals 6+6+2x3= 18, encoding the civilization around the south point of the Gulf of Campeche, at 18°N. It is the center of the Realm of the Dead, the famous Land of Punt. It is symbolic for the ‘Underworld’, at the back side of the planet Earth, “18 Moiras” (180°), west of Egypt and Crete (Refs.25-36)! - The 5th king Menkaure (c.2580-2562) of the Fourth Dynasty, who discovered America, reigned for a time period of 18 years. The ancient

Egyptian “Book of the Dead” contains a total number of c.180 spells. (Refs.3,51,54,61,62)

DateSymbol #4 is a horizontal bar, followed by three dots below it. This is a universal sign for the number 10+3= 13 (thirteen). It dates the Axe of the Arkalochori Cave to 13 generations after the start of the Palace Culture, which is 2007-13x30.5= 1611. The ho-rizontal bar represents the duration of the Old Palace Culture, 10 generations, or 10x-30.5= 305 years. The 3 dots encode the duration of the New Palace Culture at this date of 1611, which is 3x30.5= 91.5 years.

12.8 THE KERNOS OF MALIAThe Palace of Malia is located 30km east of Knossos, at the north coast of Crete. Near the south entrance of the palace is a beautiful stone offering table, called a “Kernos” (Fig.12.5). The round table has a diameter of more than a meter (Ref.1). Along its edge are 33 small bowls and a bigger bowl of double size. In the center it has an even deeper, more elaborate bowl, which is the focus of the table. So, in total, the Kernos has 33+1+1 = 35 bowls, encoding the latitude of Crete, and of the Palace of Malia in particular, at 35°N.

The bowl of double size is, or should be, directed to the rising Sun, due east. The small bowls along the edge should be counted starting in the east, in the direction of the movement of the Sun, as the SunGod wishes it. As a consequence, bowl #8 points south, bowl 8+9= #17 points due west, bowl 17+8= #25 points north, and bowl 25+9= #34 of double size points due east. Bowl #35 remains in the center of the table. The Kernos as a whole appears to represent the spherical planet Earth (Refs.3-10,51).

A study of the Kernos may reveal its meaning. Around the central bowl #35 is a shal-low, circular depression of double size. It may be called ‘bowl’ #36. It is symbolic for the circumference of the planet Earth, 36 Moiras, or 360°. The circular shape of this large ‘bowl’ stresses the spherical shape of the Earth. It appears, the Kernos deals with the circumnavigation of the Earth. So, it deals with the discovery of America, the Re-alm of the Dead! (Ref.61)

Fig.12.5 The Kernos, or stone offering table, at the entrance of the Palace of Malia. It dates from 1566 BC. (Crete, New Palace Culture) (Courtesy L.Godart, Ref.1)

DateIf a small bowl represents a generation of 30.5 years, the 33 small bowls encode a time period of 33x30.5= 1006 years, which is a milennium! It appears, the Kernos was made to celebrate the discovery of America, a milennium ago. It reveals the date of the Ker-nos, ‘exactly’ a milennium after the discovery of America by the 5th king Menkaure of the Fourth Dynasty, in c.2572. He discovered America via the southern Aleutian is-lands, at the south side of the Bering Sea (at 51°N). So, the Kernos dates from the year of 2572-1006= 1566 (New Palace Culture). (Refs.51-58)

A piece of line was carved between bowls #14 and #15 (see Fig.12.5). If the bowls represent generations of 30.5 years, the piece of line may indicate its date. A total of 14.5 generations after the start of the Palace Culture provides a date of 2007-14.5x30.5 = 1565 (New Palace Culture). So, the date of the Kernos has been confirmed!

Bowl #34 is of double size, and it points due east of Crete. It provides the sailing direc-tion of king Menkaure, when he discovered America. Large bowl #35 in the center encodes the latitude of Crete, at 35°N. However, both bowls also describe the crossing of Korea Strait (between Korea and Japan), at 34.5°N, far in the east. It has an island in the middle (Tsushima). Each of both sailing distances are 1 moira, or 1°. (Ch.10)

The long archipelago of the Aleutian Islands starts at Cape Kamtsjatka, the East Cape of Kamtsjatka Peninsula, at 90-34= 56°N. It is encoded by bowl #34. In antiquity, the use of complementary latitudes was very common. However, it is easier to start sailing due east

from Cape Kronocky to Bering Island, already, at 90-35= 55°N (Table 10.3). It is enco-ded by central bowl #35. The sailing distance is 2 moiras, or 2°. – Both bowls #34 and #35 encode latitudes, which are 4° and 5° above the Nile Delta, at 30°N. They confirm the discovery of America by the 5th king Menkaure of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt. (Ch.10)

The Kernos of Malia dates from the year of 1566. This date is 2007-1566= 441 years after the start of the Palace Culture, in 2007. This time period corresponds with 441/ 30.5= 14.5 generations. The Old Palace Culture lasted 10 generations. So the Kernos was made 4.5 generations, or between 4 and 5 generations, after the start of the New Palace Culture. It confirms, again, that the Kernos was made in honor of the 5th king Menkaure of the Fourth Dynasty, who discovered America (Ch.9)!

A Voyage to the Realm of the DeadThe Egyptian SunGod Ra has said: “The Realm of the Dead is in the West, at the other side of the waters (the Ocean), in the land where the Sun sets (America). So, the Ker-nos of Malia also has a religious meaning. It was also made in honor of Maat, the E-gyptian goddess of law and order in the universe. The circular Kernos represents the “wheel of the law”, which was used by king Minos of Crete to rule his people during the Palace Culture. So, it also describes a spiritual Voyage to America! (Refs.3,51,19-36,59-63)

The shallow ‘bowl’ #36 in the center encodes the Strait of Gibraltar, at 36°N. The 33 small bowls correspond to the latitude of the islands of Madeira, at 33°N. The 16 small, southern bowls represent the Cape Verde Islands, at 16°N. The Nile Delta, at 30°N, determines the sailing direction of the Southern Crossing of the Atlantic, with the wind and the current, 30° SSW. The 2 large bowls (#34 & #35) encode the sailing distance, 2 Moiras, or 20°. These two bowls are in honor of the 2nd king Sahure of the Fifth Dynasty, who discovered the two southern crossings of the Ocean (Ch.9). Crete is located 35-30= 5° above the Nile Delta, confirming the Fifth Dynasty, as well as the place of arrival, Cape São Roque (the Holy Rock), Brazil, at 5°S.

Note, that the bowls in the west are much deeper then those in the east. The western bowls encode the important latitudes of Central America. Bowl #16, the last one of the southern group, corresponds to the culture along the North Coast of Honduras, Belize, and Guatemala, at 16°N. The 16 southern bowls confirm the latitude. Bowl #17 corres-ponds to inland Mexico, at 17°N. This bowl is oriented due west.

Next bowl #18 corresponds to the civilization around the south point of the Gulf of Campeche, Mexico, at 18°N. It is the center of the Realm of the Dead, the famous Land of Punt. The large bowl (#34), the 16 southern bowls, and bowl #17 (due west), form together 16+1+1=18 units, confirming its latitude. The series even has the shape of the coast around the Gulf of Campeche. Including the central bowl (#35), the series form 18+1= 19 units, encoding the northern area of this civilization, at 19°N (Refs.16-18,25-36,51,54).

[These 19 units also encode the density of gold, 19 g/cm3 (nineteen times heavier than water). The gold trade from Potosi, Bolivia, at 19°S, across the Atlantic Ocean to the Old World, proceeded via the Land of Punt (c.2500-1200 BC). (Ch.11)]

Bowl #25, which points due north, encodes the south point of Florida, at 25°N. All 34

bowls along the edge encode Cape Fear, at the East Coast of the US, at 34°N. From there people sail east to Bermuda. The 2 large bowls (#34 & #35) encode Bermuda, 2° below it, at 34-2= 32°N. The 3 bowls on the East-West axis encode the 3 island groups of the Azores, 3° above Crete, at 35+3= 38°N. The Azores consist of 9 islands. These are in honor of the 9th king Unas of the Fifth Dynasty, who discovered this Return Route (Ch.9). The Central Azores (at 38°N) consist of 5 islands, confirming the Fifth Dynasty.

[The nine islands of the Azores also encode the density of copper, 9 g/cm3 (nine times heavier than water). The copper trade from Upper Michigan, USA, across the Ocean to the Old World proceeded via this archipelago (c.2500-1200 BC). In these days Ame-rica was a colony of Egypt. (Ch.11)]

All 33 small bowls correspond to Madeira, at 33°N. They also encode the 33 years of reign of king Unas, the last king of the Fifth Dynasty before the Flood (Refs.64-68). Bowl #8, which points due south, corresponds to the sailing distance from the Azores to Madeira, 8 moiras, or 8°. The total number of 35+1= 36 bowls of the Kernos enco-des the Strait of Gibraltar, at 36°N. King Unas was the last king before the Sixth Dy-nasty (Ch.8). The Strait of Gibraltar is located 36-30= 6° above the Nile Delta, confir-ming this Dynasty, the last one of the Old Kingdom. - This is the end of the pilgrimage to the Holy Land in the West, at the other side of the waters (the Ocean), where the Sun sets (America).

TABLE 12.1

THE HISTORY OF CRETE ACCORDING TO THE PHAISTOS DISC, 1458 BC

EARLY PRE-PALATIAL PERIOD Start: 2769 (c.2800 BC*) (Start of 3rd Dynasty of Egypt, Old Kingdom)Population: c.190 men[c.2745 ‘Volcano Catastrophe’ (Famine Stela), c.9,000 casualties in Egypt (4.3%)] [Ch.8]Duration: Edge side A= 13 passages= 13 generations= 13x30.5= 396 years

LATE PRE-PALATIAL PERIOD Start: 2373 (Start of 6th Dynasty of Egypt)Population: c.3,000 menComet Catastrophe (floodings during c.110 days) in 2344 (1st generation): c.1,600 casualties (c.2.6 million worldwide) Population which survived: c.1,400 men [c.2026/4/0 ‘Volcano Catastrophe’, c.90,000 casualties, world population c.3.5 million 440 victims on Crete (2.6%), population of c.17,000 men] [Ch.7]Duration: Edge side B= 12 passages= 12 generations= 12x30.5= 366 years

OLD PALACE CULTURE Start: 2007 BC (c.2000 BC*) (Start of 12th Dynasty of Egypt, Middle Kingdom)Population: c.19,000Duration: 5 turns side A= 5x2= 10 generations= 10x30.5= 305 years Side A: 5x31= first 155 years

Side B: 5x30= last 150 yearsBuilding of Palaces and Temples, lower and higher schools, seaworthy boats (OPC, I**)Malia, Apodoulou, Monastiraki, Zakros, Chania (Kydonia), Tylissos (OPC, Ia**)Knossos, Phaistos (OPC, Ib**)c.1899 Comet Catastrophe, c.260,000 casualties (6.2%), world population c.4.2 million c.53,000 victims in Egypt, population c.850 thousand (floodings during 11 days) [Ch.7] c.1,900 victims in Crete, population c.31 thousand (OPC, IIb**)End: 2 Palaces, 6 Temples, c.30 lower schools, c.9 higher schools, c.39 seaworthy shipsPopulation: c.60,000End: civil war, because of insufficient education, c.9,000 casualties c.1702 BC (c.1700 BC*)

NEW PALACE CULTURE Start: 1702 BC (c.1700 BC*)Population: 60,000-9,000= c.51,000Duration: 4 turns side B= 4x2= 8 generations= 8x30.5= 244 years Side A: 123 symbols= first 123 yearsComet Catastrophe (floodings during 10 days) in 1628 (NPC, IIa**): c.9,000 casualties (c.510 thousand worldwide, 6.7%) [Ch.7]Side B: 119 symbols= last 119 yearsEnd: 2 Palaces, 6 Temples, c.102 lower schools, c.26 higher schools,c.149 seaworthy shipsPopulation: c.140,000End: civil war, because of failures in course of the law, c.1458 BC (c.1450 BC*)

* according to archaeological research** See Table 6.2 (Ch.6)

LITERATURE (Ch.12)1. Godart, L., The Phaistos Disc, The Enigma of an Aegean Script, Editions Itanos, 1995 (ISBN 960-7549-02-3), pgs.89 (drawn by I. Athanasiadou), 128, 144 (photo by S Alexandrou), 146.2. Recueil des inscriptions en lineaire A, Vol.4, No.KN Zfl 3. (French)3. De Jonge, R.M., and Wakefield, J.S, How the Sungod Reached America, A Guide to Megalithic Sites, MCS Inc., 2002 (ISBN 0-917054-19-9). Available: MCS Inc., Box 3392, Kirkland, Wa 98083-33-92, also on CD. Website: www.howthesungod.com4. De Jonge, R.M., Exhibition: The Megalithic Inscriptions of Western Europe, 1996.5. De Jonge, R.M., and IJzereef, G.F., De Stenen Spreken, Kosmos Z&K, Utrecht/Antwerpen, 1996 (ISBN 90-215-2846-0). (Dutch)6. De Jonge, R.M., and Wakefield J.S., The Discovery of the Atlantic Islands, Migration & Diffusion, Vol.3, No.11, pgs.69-109 (2002). 7. De Jonge, R.M., and Wakefield J.S., The Three Rivers Petroglyph, A Guidepost for River Travel in America, Migration & Diffusion, Vol.3, No.12, pgs.74-100 (2002). 8. De Jonge, R.M., and Wakefield J.S., A Nautical Center for Crossing the Ocean, America’s Stone-henge, New Hampshire, c.2200 BC, Migration & Diffusion, Vol.4, No.15, pgs.60-100 (2002).9. De Jonge, R.M., and Wakefield J.S., The Disc of Nebra, Important Sailing Routes of the Bronze Age Displayed in Religious Context, Migration & Diffusion, Vol.5, No.17, pgs.32-39 (2004).10. De Jonge, R.M., and Wakefield, J.S., Ancient American, Germany’s Bronze Age Disc Reveals Transatlantic Seafaring, Vol.9, No.55, pgs.18-20 (2004). 11. De Jonge, R.M., Website: www.slideshare.net/rmdejonge12. De Jonge, R.M., The Phaistos Disc Decoded, Website: www.slideshare.net/drsrmdejonge13. De Jonge, R.M., The Phaistos Disc Decoded, New Testimony of a Lost Civilization, Midwestern

E-pigraphic Journal, Vol.20, 111-115 (2006), and Vol.21, 74-80 (2007).14. Kofoú, A., Kreta, met alle musea en archeologische opgravingen, Ekdotike, Athenon, Athene, 1994 (ISBN 960-213-060-1). (Dutch)15. Willetts, R.F., The Civilization of Ancient Crete, Phoenix Press, New York (1976) (ISBN 1-84212-746-2).16. People of the Stone Age: Hunter-gatherers and Early Farmers, Weldon Owen Pty Limited, McMa-hons Point, Australia (1995).17. Old World Civilizations, The Rise of Cities and States, The Illustrated History of Humankind, Wel-don Owen Pty Limited, McMahons Point, Australia (1995). 18. New World and Pacific Civilizations. The Illustrated History of Humankind, Weldon Owen Pty Li-mited, McMahons Point, Australia (1995).19. Siliotti, A., Egypt, Temples, People and Gods, Bergamo, Italy, 1997.20. Kemp, B.J., Ancient Egypt, Anatomy of a Civilization, London, Routledge, 1991.21. Adams, B., and Cialowicz, K., Protodynastic Egypt, Shire Egyptology, Princes Risborough, 1997.22. Tompkins, P., Secrets of the Great Pyramid, Harper & Row, London, 1971 (ISBN 0-06-090631-6) (Dr. Stecchini).23. Hart, G., A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddes ses , Routledge, London, 1986 (ISBN 0-7102-0167-2).24. Breasted, J.H., Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol.2: The Eighteenth Dynasty, London, 1988.25. Thompson, G., American Discovery, Misty Isles Press, Seattle, 1994.

26. Zapp, I. and Erikson, G., Atlantis in America. Naviga tors of the Ancient World , Adventures Unli-mited Press, 1998 (ISBN 0-932813-52-6).27. Jairazbhoy, R.A., Ancient Egyptians and Chinese in America, Rowman & Littlefield, Totowa, N.J., 1974 (ISBN 0-87471-571-1).28. Wallis Budge, E.A., Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrec ti on , 2 Vol., Dover Pub., N.Y., 1973 (ISBN 0-486-22780-4).29. Peterson, F.A., Ancient Mexico, 1959.30. Stuart, G.E., "New Light on the Olmec", National Geographic, Nov. 1993. 31. Bernal, I., The Olmec World, University of California Press, London,1969 (ISBN 0-520-02891-0).32. Gruener, J., The Olmec Riddle, An Inquiry into the Origin of Precolumbian Civilization, Vengreen Publications, 1987, Rancho Santa Fe, Cal. (ISBN 0-9421-85-56-0).33. Stengel, M.K., "The Diffusionists have Landed", Atlantic Monthly, Jan. 2000.34. Tedlock, D., trans., Popol Vuh. The Definitive Edition of the Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1985 (ISBN 0-671-61771-0).35. Wilkins, H.T., Mysteries of Ancient South America, (1947), Adventures Unlimited Press, 2000 (ISBN 0-932813-26-7).36. "Oldest City of America's confirmed, Peruvian complex contemporary with Egypt’s pyramids." The Seattle Times, A4, April 27, 2001.37. Bailey, J., Sailing to Paradise, Simon & Schuster, 1994.38 Fell, B., America BC, Pocket Books, Simon & Schuster, 1994.39. Mallery, A.H., and Harrison, M.R., The Rediscovery of Lost America, The Story of the Pre - Colum-bian Iron Age in America , Dutton, NY, 1979 (ISBN 0-525-47545-1).40. Kennedy, R.G., Hidden Cities: The Discovery and Loss of Ancient North American Civilization, Penguin Bks, NY 1994 (ISBN 0-14-02.5527-3).41. Ferryn, P., "5000 Years Before Our Era: The Red Men of the North Atlantic", NEARA Journal, Vol. XXXI, No.2 (1997).42. Lambert, J.D., America's Stonehenge, an Interpretive Guide, Sunrise Publications, Kingston, N.H., 1996 (ISBN 0-9652630-0-2).43. Casson, L., Ships and Seafaring in Ancient Times, British Museum Press, 1994 (ISBN 0-525-47545-1).44. Wachsmann, S., Seagoing Ships and Seamanship in the Bronze Age, Levant, College Station, Texas, 1998.45. Drews, R., The End of the Bronze Age, Changes of Warfare and the Catastrophe, c.1200 BC, Prin-ceton Paperbacks, 1993 (ISBN 0-691-02591-6).46. Heyerdahl, T., The Ra Expeditions, George Allen & Unwin, London, 1971.47. Heyerdahl, T., The Tigris Expedition, George Allen & Unwin, London, 1983.48. Bayley, H., The Lost Language of Symbolism, Citadel Press 1990 reprint (ISBN 0-8065-1100-1).49. Miller, J., The Ancient American, The Phaistos Disk, March/April 1994, p.37.50. Grimes, J.P., “They did write it down: Pre-Columbian Written Records of America”, Ancient Ame-rican, Vol.2, Nr.12, pgs.35,36.

51. Wakefield, J.S., and De Jonge, R.M., Rocks & Rows, Sailing Routes across the Atlantic and the

Copper Trade, MCS Inc, 2010 (ISBN 0-917054-20-2). Available: MCS Inc, Box 3392, Kirkland, Wa USA 98033. Website: www.rocksandrows.com52. De Jonge, R.M., Discovery of the Islands in the Ocean (Cairn T, Loughcrew, Co. Meath, Ireland, c.3200 BC), Ref.11.53. De Jonge, R.M., “The Discovery of Australia and the Flood (The Rainbow Serpent Shelter, Mt. Bor-radaile, Arnhem Land)”, Ref.11, to be published.54. De Jonge, R.M., “The Discovery of Three Continents (Santo Stefano, North Sardinia, Italy, c.2300 BC)”, Ancient American, Vol.12, No.76, pgs.28-29 (2007), Ref.11.55. De Jonge, R.M., “Gold Ring (c.1450 BC, Grand Canyon, Arizona)”, Ref.11, to be published.56. De Jonge, R.M., “Egyptian Discovery of America (c.2470 BC, Indian Rock House, Fairfield Bay, Arkansas)”, Ref.11, to be published.57. De Jonge, R.M., “Discovery of America and the Flood (c.2300 BC, Ita Letra, Villarrica, Paraguay)”, Ref.11 to be published.58, De Jonge, R.M., “A Sword for America (Kirkburn, East Yorkshire, England, c.250 BC)”, Ref.11, to be published.59. Wilkinson, R.H., Tempels van het Oude Egypte, Bosch & Keuning, Baarn (2001) (ISBN 90-246-0608-x). (Dutch)60. Johnson, P., The Civilization of Ancient Egypt, Seven Dials, Cassell & Co, London (2005) (ISBN 1-84188-068-X).61. Faulkner, R.O., The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead, British Museum Press, London (2010) (ISBN 978-07141-1992-2).62. Wilkinson, R.H., Reading Egyptian Art, A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Egyptian Painting and Sculpture, Thames & Hudson, London (2011) (ISBN 978-0-500-27751-5). 63. Betro, M.C., Hiërogliefen, De beeldtaal van het oude Egypte, Tirion, Baarn (1999) (ISBN 90-5121-847-8). (Dutch)64. De Jonge, R.M., “The Comet Catastrophe of c.2345 BC”, (thirteen articles), Webpage: http://www.barry.warmkessel.com/dejonge.html65. Peiser, B.J., Palmer, T., Bailey, M.E., Natural Catastrophes during Bronze Age Civilizations, BAR International Series 728, Oxford, 1998 (ISBN 0-86054-916-X).66. Baillie, M.G.L., “Hints that Cometary Debris played some Role in several Tree-Ring Dated Environ-mental Downturns in the Bronze Age”, Ref.65, pgs.109-117.67. Clube, S.V.M., and Napier, W.M., The Cosmic Winter, Blackwell, Oxford, 1990.68. Joseph, F., Survivors of Atlantis, Their Impact on World Culture, Bear & Co., Vermont 2004 (ISBN 1-59143-0-040-2).