ch6 the romans

8/4/2019 Ch6 the Romans

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TODAYS OBJECTIVES: Describe how geography influenced Romes development. Explain the main institutions of the Roman Republic. Describe how the Punic Wars helped increase Roman power.

Ch. 6: ROME From Republic

to Empire !

Section 1:The Republic Period
http://classroomclipart.com/cgi-bin/kids/imageFolio.cgi?direct=History/Ancient_Civilizations/Ancient_Rome&img=


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Getting startedLets Understand Where Were Going

Ch. 6: ROME

From Republic [509 44 B.C.]

Republic a type of government where power rests withthe citizens who are allowed to vote for their leader,usually an elected President, not a monarch / king.

to Empire ![43 B.C. 476 A.D.]

Empire when several territories, regions,peoples are placed under a single, sovereignauthority creating one major political territory.


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CH 6: Rome Section 1, The Romans Create a Republic Textbook map, p.139; Packet p. 15

Rome

Mediterranean Sea

Tiber R.

Greece

Carthage .

AFRICA

Alps Mts.

GAUL

SPAIN

Black Sea

EGYPT

Alexandria .

BRITAIN


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753 B.C. Rome is founded,according to legend

1. How did geography affect the development of Rome?Its strategic location on the sea

and fertile soil on the Tiber River.

The legend of Romulus and Remus,twin sons of the god Marsand a Latin princess,were raised by a she-wolf.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.


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Textbook, p. 141 Beginnings of Rome

Three Groups on the Italian peninsula:

Latins - farmers and shepherds who wanderedinto Italy across the Alps and settledin a region they called Latium .

Greeks - the Greeks settled about 50 colonies

on the coasts of southern Italy andSicily. The cities becameprosperous and commercially active.

They even taught the Romans how to

grow grapes and olives.


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Textbook, p. 141 Beginnings of Rome

Three Groups on the Italian peninsula:

Etruscans - were native to northern Italy.

They were skilled metalworkers and engineers.

The Etruscans strongly influenced thedevelopment of Roman civilization.


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1. How did geography affect the development of Rome?

Its strategic location on the seaand fertile soil on the Tiber River.


600 B.C. An Etruscan becomesking of Rome.

2. How did the Etruscans influence the developmentof Rome?

Romans would adopt Etruscan alphabet,the arch in building, and religious ideas.

Did Latinevolve from old Etruscan writing?

Left: Bronze tablets from 6 century B.C.

showing Etruscan writingbear striking similarity to Latin letters

Wanna learn some famous Latin quotes?

Go Here:http://www.forumromanum.org/latin/quotations.html
http://www.forumromanum.org/latin/quotations.htmlhttp://www.forumromanum.org/latin/quotations.html


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2. How did the Etruscans influence the developmentof Rome? Romans would adopt Etruscan alphabet,

the arch in building, and religious ideas.

Invention of Concrete! A Keystone!And The Arch! Led the Romans to become Master Builders!

Roman militarylegions crossing abridge in Spain one of many

Roman bridgesthat still stand today in Europe.

Legion Romanmilitary units.

A Keystone is

the secret toan Arch-way.


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2. How did the Etruscans influence the developmentof Rome? Romans would adopt Etruscan alphabet,

the arch in building, and religious ideas.

Concrete! A Keystone!And The Arch! Led the Romans to become Master Builders!

Right:

A RomanBath house.

Left: ThePantheon -Temple to

all the gods

The Pantheon -Temple toall the gods, built byEmperor Hadrian in 118 A.D. It had the largestdome in the world until 1436. The Pantheon becamea Christian Church in 609. Rome, Italy.


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Besides the Etruscans, the Romans also borrowed religious ideas from the Greeks.


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1. How did geography affect the development of Rome?

Its strategic location on the seaand fertile soil on the Tiber River.


2. How did the Etruscans influence the developmentof Rome? Romans would adopt Etruscan alphabet,the arch in building, and religious ideas.

509 B.C. Roman aristocratsoverthrow monarchyand establish a republic .

3. Which were the main groups that competed for power

in the early Roman republic?Patricians (the upper class)

and the Plebians (ordinary people)

Republic a type of government where power rests with the citizenswho are allowed to vote for their leader,usually an elected President, not a monarch / king.


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3. Which were the main groups that competed for powerin the early Roman republic?

Patricians (the upper class)

and the Plebians (ordinary people)

Patricians lived well in Rome, andusually had several slaves.


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2. How did the Etruscans influence the developmentof Rome? Romans would adopt Etruscan alphabet,the arch in building, and religious ideas.


3. Which were the main groups that competed for powerin the early Roman republic?

Patricians (the upper class)and the Plebians (ordinary people)

451 B.C. Officials begin writing theTwelve Tables

Twelve Tables -the earliest law code, drawn from religious and secular custom.

It was published on tablets of bronze or wood and placed in the Romanforum the marketplace, or main public center of any Roman town.

4. What is the significance of the Twelve Tablesin Roman law? Became basis for all future

Roman laws and established the principle that allcitizens had a right to protection under the law !

In Rome, Italy today one can tourthe ruins of the old Roman Forum.


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See Models of Roman Forum, http://www.quiknet.com/~fifi/index50.html http://www.cvrlab.org/projects/real_time/roman_forum/roman_forum.html
http://www.quiknet.com/~fifi/index50.htmlhttp://www.cvrlab.org/projects/real_time/roman_forum/roman_forum.htmlhttp://www.cvrlab.org/projects/real_time/roman_forum/roman_forum.htmlhttp://www.quiknet.com/~fifi/index50.html


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The Roman RepublicPacket, p. 3; Part B

JUDICIALtribunes Judges chosen from and for the

plebians, their offices were established to protect theplebeians from arbitrary actions of patrician senators .

EXECUTIVE2 consuls two leaders! [hoping to prevent

all-power residing in one single man]presided over the Senate, brought forward legislation(law proposals), served as generals in militarycampaigns, represented Rome in foreign affairs.

LEGISLATIVE

Senate representative body of appointed menwho were the law-makers and principledecision-makers.

Dictator in times of emergency / crisis, allpower given to this one individual,

and then, only for 6 months !

One of Romes

many great legaciesadopted later in thelegal principlesand government

found inthe United States today

is shown here.

What is it?

THE REPUBLICof the United States of America

JUDICIALThe Supreme Court,

as well as state, and local justices

EXECUTIVEThe President

LEGISLATIVE

the U.S. Congress (Senateand the House of Representatives

_______________________________


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The Roman Senate in session.

CH 6 R S i 1 Th R C R bli T b k P k 3


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CH 6: Rome Section 1, The Romans Create a Republic Textbook map, p. ; Packet p. 3

Rome

Mediterranean Sea

Tiber R.

Greece

Carthage .

AFRICA

Alps Mts.

GAUL

SPAIN

Black Sea

EGYPT

Alexandria .

BRITAIN


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390 B.C. Gauls sack Rome. 5. How did Rome regain control of Italy after the sackingof the city by the Gauls? Rebuilt city, conquered all

rivals, and began empire-building with a lenient

policy toward people it conquered.

More on the Roman legionaires http://www.murphsplace.com/gladiator/legions.html
http://www.murphsplace.com/gladiator/legions.htmlhttp://www.murphsplace.com/gladiator/legions.html


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As Romes expansion begins one Rival stands in her way

CH 6 R S i 1 h C bli T b k P k 3


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Carthage .

Rome

Mediterranean Sea

Alps Mts.

SPAIN

AFRICA


264 B.C. Rome and Carthage go towar, and Punic Wars begin.

Punic was the Latin word for

the Phoenicians / purple

6. What were the causes of the Punic Wars?Power struggle between Rome and Carthage forcontrol of trade in the Mediterranean region.

Th Fi P i W 264 241 BC i di l f l


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The First Punic War , 264-241 BC, grew immediately out of a quarrelbetween the cities of Messana (now Messina) and Syracuse both on theisland of Sicily. One faction of the Messanians called on Carthage for helpand another faction called on Rome. The Strait of Messana, whichseparates the Italian Peninsula from Sicily, was of extreme strategic

importance, and both powers responded. The Punic army arrived in Sicilyfirst, arranged a peace between Messana and Syracuse, and establisheda garrison. Upon its arrival, the Roman army ejected the Carthaginiansfrom the garrison, and thus the war began.

Roman legions occupied E. Sicily and took Palermo (254) but were

effectively blocked farther west by the brilliant guerrilla warfare of Hamilcar Barca , and they failed to take Lilybaeum, the chief Punic base.

The Romans equipped a new fleet that destroyed the Punic fleet in 241B.C. off the Aegates (now Aegadian Isles), and Carthage sued for peace.

In the First Punic War..

ROME WINS! Gets Sicily !The terms were the payment of an indemnityand the cession of Punic Sicily to Rome.


CH 6 R S ti 1 Th R C R bli T tb k P k t 3


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Carthage .

Rome

Mediterranean Sea

Alps Mts.

SPAIN

AFRICA



1st War: Rome gains Sicily


Sicily

218 B.C. Second Punic War begins. 7. What tactic did Scipio use to defeat Hannibal?

Who wasHannibal?

h f h l


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The famous Carthaginian GeneralHANNIBALS

Crossing of the Alps

CH 6 Rome Section 1 Th R C t R bli Te tbook m p p P cket p 3


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Carthage .

Rome

Mediterranean Sea

Alps Mts.

SPAIN

AFRICA





Sicily

218 B.C. Second Punic War begins. 7. What tactic did Scipio use to defeat Hannibal?By attacking Carthage directly, he forced Hannibal

to end his terrorizing of Italy, and return home todefend Carthage.

2nd War: Rome gains Spain

CH 6: Rome Section 1 The Romans Create a Republic Textbook map p ; Packet p 3


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CH 6: Rome Section 1, The Romans Create a Republic Textbook map, p. ; Packet p. 3264 B.C. Rome and Carthage go to

war, and Punic Wars begin.



218 B.C. Second Punic War begins.

202 B.C. Romans defeat Hannibals army.

7. What tactic did Scipio use to defeat Hannibal?By attacking Carthage directly, he forced Hannibal

to end his terrorizing of Italy, and return home todefend Carthage.2nd War: Rome gains Spain

149 B.C. Third Punic War begins.8. What was the significance of the Punic Wars for Rome?

3rd War: Rome brutally endsCarthage.N. Africa becomes aRoman province.

Romes expansion now gave it domination over allthe Mediterranean Sea region.

"Carthago delenda est! (Carthage must be destroyed.)

Cato the Elder, Roman Senator



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TODAYS OBJECTIVES: Describe how geography influenced Romes development. Explain the main institutions of the Roman Republic. Describe how the Punic Wars helped increase Roman power.

Ch. 6: ROME From Republic

to Empire !

Section 1:The Republic Period

h


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TODAYS OBJECTIVES: Analyze the problems that were facing Rome during the time of its expansion. Describe events leading to creation of the Roman Empire including the role of Julius Caesar.

Describe the empires economy and government.

Ch. 6: ROME

Section 2: Roman Expansion

- Empire - Brings Challenges

CH 6: Rome Section 2 Romes Expansion Brings Change Textbook p 146; Packet p 6


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CH 6: Rome Section 2, Rome s Expansion Brings Change Textbook p.146; Packet p. 6

ROMES EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS The Republic Becomes and Empire

CH 6: Rome Section 2 Romes Expansion Brings Change Textbook p ; Packet p B B


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CH 6: Rome Section 2, Rome s Expansion Brings Change Textbook p. ; Packet p. B.B


I. Gap between Rich and Poor

A. 1/3 of Romes population were slaves following its conquests in the Punic Wars and other conflicts

B. Small farmers lands were often devastated by the wars and they could not compete with the Rich landowners (Patricians) who hadample slave labor to work and produce large profitable crops each year on their

Latifundia huge estates.(The rich gained these huge land acquisitions when the

Roman armies would occupy conquered lands.)

C. Few jobs available for the land-less and unskilled workers in urban areasled to cities with high numbers of unemployed trouble-makersor, urban discontent Even returning soldiers had little to return to no veterans benefits

D. The wealthy Romans were corrupted by money and luxury and ignored the plight of the poor.


CH 6: Rome Section 2 Romes Expansion Brings Change Textbook p 146; Packet p 6


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II. Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus

Proud sons of one of Romes most noble families Gaius few menin Roman history had the unforeseen historical impact asthe two brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus.Caesar s career is unthinkable without them; and the first

Emperor, Caesar Augustus built upon what the Gracchi began.What did they do? Everything! Who did it effect? Everyone!What did it cost the two of them? Their lives.

Their careers marked the beginnings of the Roman Revolution; the introduction of murder into politics; and the breakdown of the very principles upon which theRepublic was based. [Oxford Classical Dictionary]

They were for giving citizenship to all Italians, extending it almost to the Alps, distributing thepublic domain, limiting the holdings of each citizen to five hundred acres, as had once beenprovided by law, establishing new customs duties, filling the provinces with new colonies,transferring the judicial powers from the senate to the equites, and began the practice ofdistributing grain to the people. They left nothing undisturbed, nothing untouched, nothing

unmolested, nothing, in short, as it had been. Velleius Paterculus History of Rome, II, vi. 3-6

CH 6: Rome Section 2 Romes Expansion Brings Change Textbook p 146-7; Packet p 6


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CH 6: Rome Section 2, Rome s Expansion Brings Change Textbook p.146 7; Packet p. 6


II. Tiberius & Gaius GracchusA. Proposed Reforms (Changes):

- limiting the size of the rich estates (latifundia)- redistributing lands to the poor- A Welfare system : distributing grain to the poor.

B. Both were killed in moments of riotor political intrigue / assassination

C. CIVIL WAR

POLITICAL DYNASTIESIn the United States and Rome

The Gaius family of Rome is sometimescompared to the Kennedys of the UnitedStates an aristocratic family with long tiesto politics, with platforms that championedthe rights of the poor and disenfranchised, andwho, too, saw its share of tragedy theassassinations of both John F. and RobertKennedy. The outpouring of public sympathyfor the Kennedy family was similar too for theGaius family and may explain the longevityof that dynasty. For it produced even more

stars in the likes of Gaius Julius Caesar.PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

CH 6: Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings Change Textbook p. ; Packet p. B.B


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CH 6: Rome Section 2, Rome s Expansion Brings Change Textbook p. ; Packet p. B.B


III. The Army situation:

A. Rise of politically powerful military leaders

- They recruited soldiers from amongthe land-less, discontented poor,promising them land.

Consequently,

B. These soldiers scattered throughout Romes expanding conquered territorywere more loyal to theircommander than they were to the Republicgovernment back inRome the capital!


CH 6: Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings Change Textbook p.147; Packet p. 6


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III. The Army situation:C. CIVIL WAR, 88 82 B.C. fought between

Gaius Marius (defending the lower classes / poor / of all Italia)

and

Lucius Sulla(defending the Senate and the elite patrician class)

" The long smoldering fires of an Italian war were now fanned

into flame . . . all Italy took up arms against the Romans the fortunes of the Italians was as cruel as their cause was just; for they were seeking citizenship in a State whose power they were being asked to defend by their arms

Velleius Paterculus, History , II, XV.


Sulla was a man to whom, up to the conclusion of his victory


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Sulla was a man to whom, up to the conclusion of his victory in the Civil War, sufficient praise can hardly be given,and for whom, after his victory,no condemnation can be adequate. (II, XVII).

Once completely in charge of Rome, Sulla proceeded to butcher allhis political opponents on a scale unmatched in Roman history.Plutarch describes the terror in which Sulla was held by the Romegovernment itself. The city was filled with murders and a youngsenator at one point asked Sulla when they could expect an end tothe murders :

"We are not asking you" he said "to pardon those whom you have decided to kill; all we ask is that you should free from suspense those whom you have decided not to kill."

The next day Sulla posted lists of the condemned in the Roman Forum, of those to bekilled and/or those who property would revert to the state. Informers wereeverywhere. Thousands perished. Informers were paid bounties for turning in the"disloyal"; instantly, untold numbers of innocent Romans were denounced and theirproperty confiscated to the state and sold for a song to supporters of the current

regime. A young Gaius Julius Caesar who had fought on the side of his uncle GaiusMarius barely escaped the list of names. In the next and succeeding generations, theinscrutable, remarkable, bloody man Sulla became the model of a Roman tyrant. WhenCaesar was commencing on his own struggle for absolute power in 49 B.C., Caesarquite specifically stated that he did not propose to emulate the notorious Sulla, settlinginstead on a policy of mercy and reconciliation.



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JULIUS CAESAR100 - 44 B.C.

When could they ever say, that talkd of Rome,that her wide walks encompassd but one man?

The play, Julius Caesar, I, ii~ William Shakespeare


"In the old days every child born to a respectable mother


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In the old days, every child born to a respectable mother was brought up not in the room of a bought nurse but at his mother's knee. It was her particular honor to care for the home and serve her children and no one dared do or say anything improper in front of her. She supervised

not only the boys' studies but also their recreation and games with piety and modesty. Thus, tradition has it,Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, Aurelia, mother of Julius Caesar, and Atia, mother of Augustus, brought up their sons and produced princes.

Tacitus, Dialogue 28, quoted in"Women's Life in Greece and Rome," Lefkowitz, Fant, 191.



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, p g g p ; p

IV. JULIUS CAESARA military hero from his campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus and Pompey

creating the

A. Triumvirate a group of three rulers .B. He serves as consul with Pompey.C. Appoints himself governor of Gaul.


"For himself he wanted a high command,an army, and a war in some field where

his gifts could shine in all their brightness." Sallust, Conspiracy of Cataline, LIV.



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p g g p p

IV. JULIUS CAESARA military hero from his campaign in Gaul

C. Appoints himself governor of Gaul.

In spite of their many "civilized" aspects, to Caesarand the Romans of his time the Gauls remained

barbarians. There are frequent references to theGallic character scattered throughout Caesar'sfamous Commentaries on the Gallic Wars. Heconsidered them impulsive, emotional, easilyswayed, fickle, and prone to panic.

Although it is obvious from his writings that Caesar

viewed them with respect as worthy militaryadversaries, he coldly judged their struggle forfreedom from Rome's sway as no more thanunstable anger whipped up by agitators withulterior personal motives. It apparently neveroccurred to Caesar that there were rationalarguments against annexation by Rome.

D. Keeps journal about conquest of GaulPublished, it makes him very popular with Roman peopleCaesars Commentaries on the Gallic Wars

LEFT: "Vercingetorix Throws Down His Arms At the Feet of Caesar

L. Royer, 1888.

CH 6: Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings Change Textbook p. 147; Packet p. 7


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p g g p p


creating the A. Triumvirate a group of three rulers .

While Julius Caesar waged war in Gaul attemptingto subdue the many tribes,Pompey busied himself in Rome with the constructionof the mammoth complex later known as Pompey's

Theater on the Campus Martius-not only the first permanent theater ever built in

Rome, but an eye-popping complex of lavish porticoes, shops, and multi-service buildings.

Pompey was also busy with his new wife. At 53 he

had married Julius Caesars on daughter, Julia (23).

Meanwhile, back in Rome E. Pompey rises to power in Rome

and fears Caesars rising popularity 1. The Senate orders Caesar to disband his Legions and return home from Gaul




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B. Pompey (and Senate) fearCaesars rising popularity

1. Caesar is to disband his Legionsand come home

2. Crossing the Rubiconwith his army

"Let the dice fly high!" he said (quoting a half-lineof his favorite Greek poet, Menander), as he

crossed the Rubicon the great gamble could nowbegin; for he was starting a civil war and,according to the view occasionally expressed inhis own works, 'Luck is the greatest power in allthings and especially in war.'




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Caesar defeats Pompeys armies inGreece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt

Pompey intended to fightCaesar in Asia, an area of theRoman world in which he hadstrong connections and manyclient-kings. Unfortunately, inthe scramble to evacuateRome, neither Pompey northe Senators thought to takecharge of Rome's treasury,stored under the Temple.Caesar arrives and impoundsthe treasury for his use.

Pompey flees


" But do you see what sort of man this is


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yinto whose hands the state has fallen,how clever, alert, well prepared?

I verily believe that if he takes no lives and touches no man's property those who dreaded him most will become his warmest admirers."

Cicero ,Selected Letters, 67.

The Roman orator Cicero and Caesar were great adversaries.

THE BATTLE O F P HARSALUS,


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August 9, 48 BC

A century after the Battle of Pharsalus, the poet Lucanconsidered it so pivotal to Roman history that he chose it

for a poem-cycle of epic proportions,known as The Pharsalia .

"The loser bears the burden of defeat;

The victor wins, but conquest is a crime."

The Pharsalia, Lucan, VII, 144-5 .

Its depiction of the war to the death between the noble Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey) and the evilGaius Julius Caesar may be simplistic in historical terms

but the poem is fascinating in showing that later Romangenerations clearly regarded the Civil War defeat of Pompey's armies by Caesar at the Battle of Pharsalus asa turning point in the death of the Roman Republic.

Pompey

When Pompeys left wing crumbled even then the legionaries retreated step


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When Pompey s left wing crumbled, even then the legionaries retreated stepby step still locked in battle, while the allies retreated headlong, making no resistance and shouting 'We've lost.'

Caesar then made a particularly shrewd move to avoid having to engage Pompey in yet another clash and to ensure that the result decided not an isolated battle, but the whole campaign. He sent heralds into the ranks all over the battlefield, who ordered the victors not to harm their fellow-countrymen,but attack only the allies

Caesar's men, sweeping through them, began to kill the allies, who were unable to resist, and the most tremendous carnage ensued.

Appian, The Civil War, II, 80


CH 6: Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings Change Textbook p. 147; Packet p. 7


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Caesar defeats Pompeys armies inGreece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt

Pompey flees


46 B.C. Caesar returns to Rome and is appointed dictator.

Bronze statue of Caesar today in the Roman forum.




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Cleopatra in Egypt becomes his AllyAfter he supports her side in a feud with her young brother Ptolemy for the throne.




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IV. JULIUS CAESAR

In 44 B.C. is named dictator for life.

F. His REFORMS:- grants broader citizenship to even conquered peoples- expands the size of the Senate to 300 men

- helped the poor with jobs, creating government work programs and building projects- the dole (welfare)- started colonies- increased pay for the legions- the Julian calendar



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February, 44 B.C. The young Mark Antony a distant relation of Caesars and a star generalin his own right is said to have offered Caesara make- shift crown one day in the Senate.

Caesar refused it, but doubts remained that hehad personally arranged for the public offersimply to feel out the reaction the crowd.Other historians think he staged the incident

simply to destroy the rumorsthat he desired kingship.

As Napoleon noted succinctly,"If Caesar wanted to be king,

he would have got his army to acclaim him as such."

Still, doubts in Rome lingered.

Mark Antony



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March 44 B.C. - Two tribunes were seenpulling down crowns that had been placed onCaesars statues around the city. They weredismissed from office.

By dismissing them, Caesar attacked theprotected position of Tribune of the plebs,the very point for which he claimed he foughtin beginning the Civil War.

ASSASSINATION PLOT:

Marcus Brutus was felt outto remove the tyrant;Cassius joined;the conspirators grew,including Caesarsmost trusted subordinateand friend, Decimus Brutus . Brutus.

Marcus Brutusstated that heloved JuliusCaesar, but I

loved Rome more.

http://www.eleganza.com/media/busts/famous-people/leader-brutus-mb-b-l.jpg


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G. The Assassination Plot : Marcus Brutus & Gaius Cassius

The Ides of March (March 15), 44 B.C.Julius Caesar is stabbed to death in the Senate Chamber.

IV. JULIUS CAESAR

Et tu Brute? "When he saw that he was beset on every side by drawn daggers he muffled his


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When he saw that he was beset on every side by drawn daggers, he muffled hishead in his robe, and at the same time drew down its lap to his feet with his lefthand, in order to fall more decently, with the lower part of his body also covered.And in this wise he was stabbed with three and twenty wounds, uttering not a word,but merely a groan at the first stroke, though some have written that when Marcus

Brutus rushed at him, he said in Greek, 'You too, my child?'" ~ Suetonius Life , LXXXII

What does this artists rendition of Caesars assassination say about the incident?


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What does this artist s rendition of Caesar s assassination say about the incident? Who wears the traditional white of the good guys and who wears black?

In your view, who is good and who is bad in this event? Or should this event be described in such black and white terms?


ll d h d


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Caesar is alleged to have said inthe year before his murder ,

"It is more important for Romethan for myself that I shouldsurvive. I have long been satedwith power and glory; but,should anything happen to me,Rome will enjoy no peace.

A new Civil War will break outunder far worse conditions thanthe last."

~ Suetonius

His words were prophetic.


Ch. 6: ROME AKINS HIGH SCHOOL


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TODAYS OBJECTIVES: Analyze the problems that were facing Rome during the time of its expansion. Describe events leading to creation of the Roman Empire including the role of Julius Caesar.

Describe the empires economy and government.



AGENDA: Please begin your Warm-up Immediately. WARM-UP Read, History Makers : Julius Caesar Textbook p. 147

INTRODUCTION to new Unit and assignments DISCUSSION of Section 1, Text p. 141 / packet p. 3 DAILY QUIZ

NEXT ASSIGNMENT: Read Chapter 6, Section 2 and complete p. 10 in packet MAJOR QUIZ TUESDAY over Sections 1 2 ! Pre-A.P. - Caesar reading is due Tuesday !

Mr. Loessins WorldHistory Room 167

Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50

Ch. 6: ROME


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TODAYS OBJECTIVES: Analyze the problems that were facing Rome during the time of its expansion. Describe events leading to creation of the Roman Empire including the role of Julius Caesar. Describe the empires economy and government.

Describe life in Imperial Rome.



H h f th R t


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How much of the Roman storycan we learnby looking at maps alone?


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http://intranet.dalton.org/global/imaps/romemap5.map


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Ch. 6: ROME:


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TODAYS OBJECTIVES: Explain how the Jews came to be under Roman rule. Summarize the life and teaching of Jesus. Trace the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire, especially the missions of Paul.

Analyze why Christianity had such widespread appeal.

Section 3:The Rise of Christianity

CH 6: Rome Section 3, The Rise of Christianity Textbook map, p. 156; Packet p. 15


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Rome

EGYPT

Alexandria .

SPAIN

GAUL

Jerusalem

PALESTINE /

JUDEA

SINAI

Greece

BRITAIN

Byzantium

Setting the Stage: Religion in Rome


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The worship of Roman gods was impersonal, practiced without agreat deal of emotion. Priests used sacred ritualsto intercede on behalf of worshippers.

The religion Christianity , was born in Roman times as a movement(or sect) within Judaism, emphasized the personal relationship

between God and people.

It would attract many Romans seeking hopeduring difficult times in the Roman Empireslatter 3 centuries.

During those difficult times,this new faith would spread like wildfire!

Setting the Stage: Jews Come Under Roman Rule


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Roman power spread to Judea , the homeland of the Jews ,around 63 B.C. when Judea became a province of Rome.

The ruler Herod, in Jesus day, for example,was a Romanized Jew.

Jewish kings were allowed to rule as

representatives of Rome. Some Jewsallied with the Romans and accepted their plans to Romanize Jerusalem

- the Jewish holy city .

His loyalites were divided between Romeand the Jewish people, but he ruled withan iron hand and angered many Jews.

There were many Jewish resistors fightingagainst Roman occupation particularlyviolent and militant were the zealots.

Setting the Stage: Jews Come Under Roman Rule


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Jewish resistance against Roman occupation was strong anda constant nuisance to the Romans.

The zealots were a militant group of Jewswho wished to rid their homelandof Roman occupation .

Many devout Jews believed thatthe Messiah , or Savior sent by God ,would be coming soon to save themfrom this Western Empire

that was defiling their holy places.According to their Biblical tradition,God had promised such a Messiah wouldcome to restore the kingdom of the Jews.

Therefore the Lord Himself shallgive you a sign; Behold, a Virginshall conceive, and bear a Son, and shall call his name Immanuel , which means: God is with us .

(Isaiah 7:14)

In those days a decree went out from Caesar Augustusthat the whole world should be enrolled in a census
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so all went as required, each to his own town.And Joseph too went up from Galilee from the town of Nazareth

to Judea, to the city of David that is called Bethlehem,

because he was of the house and family of David,to be enrolled with Mary, his betrothed, who was with child.

While they were there, the time came for her to have her child,and she gave birth to her firstborn son. 3

She wrapped him in swaddling clothes and laid him in amanger,

because there was no room for them in the inn.

From the New Testament Gospel of Luke 2: 1-7(New American Bible)

Painting of The Nativity 17th

c.Louvre Museum, Paris France.

Augustus Caesar63 B.C. 14 A.D.


CH 6: Rome Section 3, The Rise of Christianity Textbook, p. 153; Packet p. 11

How did each of the following influence the development of Christianity?
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1. Jesus of Nazareth He was a Jew. Became a rabbi , or Jewish teacher , at 30.

During his 3 year ministry, he:Preached a message,emphasizing a personal relationship to God;

did good works;

purportedly performed miracles;

gained a large following because his message appealedto the poor and outcasts in Roman society;

Gathered around him 12 special disciples , or students.

Many began to suspect he was thelong-awaited Messiah (saviour).

Ca. 6 B.C. 30 A.D.

Blessed arethe poor,for they shallinherit theearth

The main source of information about Jesus life and teachings come fromthe Gospels the first four books of the New Testament in the Christian Bible .
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the Gospels the first four books of the New Testament in the Christian Bible .

The Gospel of Matthew

The Geneology of Jesus1.1 The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham. 1.2Abraham was the father of Isaac, and Isaac thefather of Jacob, and Jacob the father of Judahand his brothers 1.16 and Jacob the father of Joseph thehusband of Mary, of whom Jesus was born,who is called Christ. 1.17 So all the

generations from Abraham to David werefourteen generations1.18 Now the birth of Jesus Christ took place in this way. When hismother Mary had been betrothed to Joseph,before they came together she was found to bewith child of the Holy Spirit;1.19 and her husband Joseph, being a just manand unwilling to put her to shame, resolved todivorce her quietly. 1.20 But as he consideredthis, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared tohim in a dream, saying, "Joseph, son of David,do not fear to take Mary your wife, for thatwhich is conceived in her is of the Holy Spirit;1.21 she will bear a son, and you shall call hisname Jesus, for he will save his people from

their sins.

The Gospel of Mark

John the Baptist 1.1The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ,the Son of God. 1.2As it is written in Isaiah theprophet, "Behold, I send my messenger beforethy face, who shall prepare thy way; 1.3the voiceof one crying in the wilderness: Prepare the wayof the Lord, make his paths straight--" 1.4John

the baptizer appeared in the wilderness,preaching a baptism of repentance for theforgiveness of sins. 1.5And there went out to himall the country of Judea, and all the people of Jerusalem; and they were baptized by him in theriver Jordan, confessing their sins. 1.6Now Johnwas clothed with camel's hair, and had a leathergirdle around his waist, and ate locusts and wildhoney.1.7And he preached, saying, "After me comes hewho is mightier than I, the thong of whosesandals I am not worthy to stoop down and untie.1.8I have baptized you with water; but he willbaptize you with the Holy Spirit."

The Baptism of Jesus

1.9In those days Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan

The Gospel of LukeLuke's Prologue

1.1 Inasmuch as many haveundertaken to compile a

narrative of the things whichhave been accomplishedamong us, 1.2 just as they weredelivered to us by those whofrom the beginning wereeyewitnesses and ministers of the word, 1.3 it seemed good tome also, having followed allthings closely for some timepast, to write an orderlyaccount for you, most excellentThe-oph'ilus, 1.4 that you mayknow the truth concerning thethings of which you have beeninformed.

The Gospel of John1.1 In the beginning was theWord, and the Word was withGod, and the Word was God. 1.2He was in the beginning withGod; 1.3 all things were madethrough him, and without himwas not anything made that wasmade. 1.4 In him was life, andthe life was the light of men. 1.5The light shines in the darkness,and the darkness has notovercome it. 1.6 There was aman sent from God, whosename was John. 1.7 He came fortestimony, to bear witness to the

light, that all might believethrough him. 1.8 He was not thelight, but came to bear witnessto the light. 1.9 The true lightthat enlightens every man wascoming into the world.

Some of the Gospels are thought to have been written by one or more of Jesus apostles those who were former disciples / followers of Jesus .
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Jesus apostles those who were former disciples / followers of Jesus .

The Gospel of Matthew

The Geneology of Jesus1.1 The book of the genealogy of Jesus Chri st, the son of David, the son of Abraham. 1.2Abraham was the father of Isaac, and Isaac thefather of Jacob, and Jacob the father of Judahand his brothers 1.16 and Jacob the father of Joseph thehusband of Mary, of whom Jesus was born,who is called Christ. 1.17 So all the

generations from Abraham to David werefourteen generations1.18 Now the birth of Jesus Christ took place in this way. When hismother Mary had been betrothed to Joseph,before they came together she was found to bewith child of the Holy Spirit;1.19 and her husband Joseph, being a just manand unwilling to put her to shame, resolved todivorce her quietly. 1.20 But as he consideredthis, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared tohim in a dream, saying, "Joseph, son of David,do not fear to take Mary your wife, for thatwhich is conceived in her is of the Holy Spirit;1.21 she will bear a son, and you shall call hisname Jesus, for he will save his people from

their sins.

The Gospel of Mark

John the Baptist 1.1The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ,the Son of God. 1.2As it is written in Isaiah theprophet, "Behold, I send my messenger beforethy face, who shall prepare thy way; 1.3the voiceof one crying in the wilderness: Prepare the wayof the Lord, make his paths straight--" 1.4John

the baptizer appeared in the wilderness,preaching a baptism of repentance for theforgiveness of sins. 1.5And there went out to himall the country of Judea, and all the people of Jerusalem; and they were baptized by him in theriver Jordan, confessing their sins. 1.6Now Johnwas clothed with camel's hair, and had a leathergirdle around his waist, and ate locusts and wildhoney.1.7And he preached, saying, "After me comes hewho is mightier than I, the thong of whosesandals I am not worthy to stoop down and untie.1.8I have baptized you with water; but he willbaptize you with the Holy Spirit."

The Baptism of Jesus

1.9In those days Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan

The Gospel of LukeLuke's Prologue

1.1 Inasmuch as many haveundertaken to compile a

narrative of the things whichhave been accomplishedamong us, 1.2 just as they weredelivered to us by those whofrom the beginning wereeyewitnesses and ministers of the word, 1.3 it seemed good tome also, having followed allthings closely for some timepast, to write an orderlyaccount for you, most excellentThe-oph'ilus, 1.4 that you mayknow the truth concerning thethings of which you have beeninformed.

The Gospel of John1.1 In the beginning was theWord, and the Word was withGod, and the Word was God. 1.2He was in the beginning withGod; 1.3 all things were madethrough him, and without himwas not anything made that wasmade. 1.4 In him was life, andthe life was the light of men. 1.5The light shines in the darkness,and the darkness has notovercome it. 1.6 There was aman sent from God, whosename was John. 1.7 He came fortestimony, to bear witness to the

light, that all might believethrough him. 1.8 He was not thelight, but came to bear witnessto the light. 1.9 The true lightthat enlightens every man wascoming into the world.



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2. The JewsHe was a Jew. Became a rabbi , or Jewish teacher , at 30.

His ideas contained Jewish teachings monotheistic,emphasized the 10 Commandments and other ethicalguidelines to living ones life.

Jesus sought to reform the Judaism of his day -which he believed to be too legalistic and staid -he never indicated a desire to start a new religion.

Jesus growing popularity concerned both Roman and Jewish leaders


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Jesus growing popularity concerned both Roman and Jewish leaders.

They said his teachings were blasphemy , or contempt for God .

In a day when Roman Caesars were demanding emperor -worship,Jesus message appealed to large crowds in the cities to which hetraveled and spoke. There was widespread resentment among manyJews toward the seemingly increasing secularism in society andapathetic acceptance of the Roman presence.

Those in power were afraid the type of discontented crowds Jesusattracted might be easily incited to mob behavior or rebellionleading

to a brutal response from Rome.

For this reason, it was believed he needed to be silenced.





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3. Pontius PilateHe was the Roman governor to whom Jesus was broughtand accused of blasphemy .

Pontius Pilate, after questioning Jesus, decided that,indeed, Jesus was challenging the authority of Rome.

Pilate sentenced Jesus to crucifixion a form of capitalpunishment in Roman times where an individual wasnailed to a cross.

After Jesus death,his body was removedfrom the cross

and placed in a tomb.

According to the Gospels, three days later his body was gone,and rumors spread that a living Jesus was was appearing


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p g pp gto his followers. Today, Christians believe he wasresurrected or, rose from the dead .

The apostles were more than ever convinced that Jesuswas the Messiah.

Out of this belief, Jesus came to be called by them Jesus Christ

Christos is the Greek word meaning Messiah or savior.

The name Christianity was derived from this Greek title given to Jesus.

The cross on which Jesus had been crucifiedbecame a symbol of this new religious sect aswell as the sign of the fish

I will make you fishers of men Matthew 4:19




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4. PeterThe first apostle . Following Jesus death he helped spreadthe teachings of Jesus throughout Palestine and began the firstcommunity of believers ( church ) in Jerusalem.

Most Christians today recognize Peter as the rock (petra) of whom Jesus spokewhen he said:

"You are Peter and on this rock I will build my Church. I will give you thekeys to the kingdom of Heaven:whatever you bind on earth will bebound in heaven; whatever you loose

on earth will be loosed in heaven. Matthew 16:13-19

Francisco de Goya. St. Peter Repentant. c. 1823-25

REASONS FOR CHRISTIANITYS WIDE APPEAL Textbook, p. 156


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Textbook, p. 156

embraced all people (universal)

men, women, and slaves, the poor, and nobles.

gave hope to the powerless.

appealed to those who were repelled by the extravagances of imperial Rome.

offered a personal relationship with a loving God.

promised a life after death a promise that gave much hope to those livingunder harsh circumstances in Rome at the time



How did each of the following help to promote the spread of Christianity?


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4. Pax Romana Period of peace provided ideal conditions for travel andexchange of ideas.




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4. PaulPaul was a devout Jew whose Hebrew name had been Saul .

He never met Jesus, and according to theChristian New Testament, he

once took part in persecuting followers of this unrecognized Jewish sect, Christianity.

But then had a conversion experience .

His new vigor to spread the message of Jesus ledhim to have enormous impact on Christianity. Hisfounding of churches throughout Greece and Rome ,as well as his own interpretations

of Jesus message ,lead many to consider himthe actual founder of Christianity.


The Conversion of St. Paul, Parmigianino.Oil on canvas, 177,5 x 128,5 cm

Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna


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g p p p y?

4. PaulHe wrote letters to the churches , called epistles , that had amajor impact on defining Christian doctrine (teachings ).

The Apostle Paul in Prison, VAN RIJN REMBRANDT, 1627 oil on panel, Stuttgart.

In his view, Jesus message was notonly for Jews,but for everyone (even Gentiles , non-Jews ).

This idea of Universal acceptancewas an attractive doctrinethat made it possible tobring in more converts.

There is neither Jew nor Greek,there is neither slave nor free, thereis neither male nor female; for youare all one in Christ Jesus.

Galatians 3:28

Jewish Rebellion


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In 66 A.D., a band of Zealots rebelledagainst Rome.

In 70 A.D., the Romans stormed Jerusalemand destroyed the Temple complex. All that remained was a western portion of

the wall, which today is the holiest Jewishshrine.

The Jewish fortress near Masada held outuntil 73 A.D.

About a half million Jews were killed inthe course of this rebellion.

Most Jews were driven from theirhomeland into exile.

This dispersal of the Jews is called theDiaspora .

Persecution of the Christians


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Christians also posed a problem

for Roman rulers becauseChristians refused to worshipRoman gods.

This refusal was seen asopposition to Roman rule.

In A.D. 64, for example, when theemperor Nero was blamed for adisastrous fire in Rome, he saidChristians were responsible andordered them to be persecuted.

Both the apostles Peter and Paulwere put to death in Rome sometime after A.D. 60.

Emperor Nero



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Thousands were crucified, burned,

or killed by wild animals in thecircus arenas. Other Christians and even some

non-Christians regardedpersecuted Christians as martyrs.

Martyrs were people willing tosacrifice their lives for the sake of a belief or a cause .

Despite persecution, Christianitybecame a powerful religious force.

By the late third century A.D.,there were millions of Christiansin the Roman Empire.


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Early Christian Church


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y

Christians soon began to give their religion a hierarchy , or

structure , much as the Roman Empire had in its government. The local church level , a priest led each small group of Christians.

A bishop , who was also a priest, supervised several local

churches (diocese). Eventually, every major city had its own bishop. However,bishops of Rome later claimed to be the heirs of Peter .

These bishops said that Peter was the first pope , the father or

head of the Christian Church. They said that whoever was bishop of Rome was also theleader of the whole Church.

Also, as Rome was the capital of the empire, it seemed thelogical choice to be the center of the Church.

CHURCH HIERARCHY


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Lay people (Laity)

Pope

Archbishop

Bishops

Priests

Constantine Accepts Christianity


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p y

The Roman emperor Constantine was fighting three rivals

for his title. On the day before a major battle

Constantine prayed for divine help. He reported that he then saw

a cross of light in the heavensbearing the inscription,

In this sign, conquer

Constantine and his troops were victorious in battle.In the next year, A.D. 313, Constantine announced

an end to the persecution of Christians.

CH 6: Rome Section 3, The Rise of Christianity Textbook, p. 156; Packet p. 11How did each of the following help to promote the spread of Christianity?


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7. ConstantineEnded the persecution of Christians and declared Christianitywas one of the approved religions in the empire.


CH 6: Rome Section 3, The Rise of Christianity Textbook, p. 156; Packet p. 11How did each of the following help to promote the spread of Christianity?


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8. TheodosiusThis Roman emperor made Christianity the sole / officialreligion of the empire in 380 A.D.


Discord and Harmony


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Discord and Harmony

As Christianity grew, disagreementsabout beliefs developed among itsfollowers.

Church leaders called any belief thatappeared to contradict the basic teachings a heresy .

Church leaders sought to set a single,official standard of belief.

In A.D. 325, Constantine decided to endthe disputes and the disorder they caused.

He called Church leaders to Nicaea inAnatolia. There they wrote the Nicene Creed ,

which defined the basic beliefs of theChurch.


The Fathers of the Church


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One of the most important was Augustine ,

who became bishop of the city of Hippo inNorth Africa in 396. Augustine taught that while humans needed

the grace of God to be saved, God wasmerciful and gave his grace freely.

One of Augustines most famous books isThe City of God .

It was written after Rome was plundered inthe fifth century.

Augustine wrote that the fate of cities suchas Rome was not important because theheavenly city, the city of God, could neverbe destroyed:

Ch. 6: ROME:Section 3:

AKINS HIGH SCHOOL Mr. Loessins World


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TODAYS OBJECTIVES: Explain how the Jews came to be under Roman rule. Summarize the life and teaching of Jesus. Trace the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire, especially the missions of Paul.

Analyze why Christianity had such widespread appeal.

Section 3:The Rise of Christianity

AGENDA: Please Begin your Warm-up Immediately ! WARM-UP Look at map on p. 156 in your textbook and answer:

1. What major cities had become Christianized by 325 A.D.2. Could a missionary reach all of these cities by sea?

DISCUSSION of Section 3, Text p. / packet p. 11

NEXT ASSIGNMENT: Read Chapter 6, Section 5 and complete p.12 in packet Pre-A.P.: Library reserve article is due tomorrow!

History Room 167Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50


Emperor Diocletion284-305 A.D.
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TODAYS OBJECTIVES: Summarize the decline of the Roman Empire. Describe the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine.

Trace the fall of the Western portion of the Roman Empire.

Section 5:The Decline

of the

Roman Empire

CH 6: Rome Section 4, The Decline of the Roman Empire Textbook, p. 158; Packet p. 121. What were the causes of each condition that led to the decline of the Roman Empire?
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a. Disruption of trade Raids from hostile tribes / pirates on the Mediterranean.

CONDITION CAUSE

Romes over -dependence on foreign grain was no secret even to Romes enemies.

Choking off that supply / Disrupting that trade

had devastating consequences.


From what foreign territories was

Rome getting its grain from?


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THINK

ABOUTIT

CONDITION CAUSE

Romes over -dependence on foreign grain was no secret even to Romes enemies. Choking off that supplyhad devastating consequences.

Today, is there a resource that the United States is over-dependent on that comes mainly from foreign sources?

What is that resource?


According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration ,in 2003,the United States consumed 19 656 million barrels
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the United States consumed 19.656 million barrels of petroleum (crude oil and petroleum products)per day ,

or about one-quarter of total world oil production.More than half (62%) was imported oil.

As sources of domestic oil supplies disappear, the nation'sincreasing reliance on imported oil makes the United Statesvulnerable to oil supply disruptions , and threatens America'seconomic and energy security.

U.S. Military and OilU.S. dependence on the oil supplies andproduction facilities concentrated in the

Persian Gulf make defense of this area ahigh priority for the U.S. military.There is no doubt that a portion of theU.S. military budget is used in large partto protect our access to Persian Gulf oil.

~ U.S. Department of Energy U.S. forces aim a howitzer at Iraqi forcesduring the Persian Gulf War in 1991.

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THINKABOUT

IT

CONDITION CAUSE

Romes over -dependence on foreign grain was no secret even to Romes enemies. Choking off that supplyhad devastating consequences.

Today, is there a resource that the United States is over-dependent on that comes mainly from foreign sources?

What is that resource?




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CONDITION CAUSE


b. Gold & Silver drain Frequent wars cost millions. Lavish spending by the richon foreign-made luxury items meant silver & gold was

being spent outside of Romenot in Rome.

THINKABOUTIT

What comparisons can be made here to the United States?

What costly wars has the United States engaged inrecently?

What types of items do Americans purchase that areproduced mainly in foreign countries?

http://www.costofwar.com/http://www.costofwar.com/


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CONDITION CAUSE



being spent outside of Romenot in Rome. THINKABOUT

IT

PPI | Trade Fact of the Week | January 14, 2004

The U.S. Trade Imbalance Has GrownFrom $100 Billion to $500 Billion Since 1997

Likely U.S. Exports, 2004: $1.0 trillionLikely U.S. Imports, 2004: $1.5 trillion

TRADE IMBALANCES were a Problem in Rome Too!The first writer to complain about trade deficits seems to have been Pliny the Elder in 75 A.D. Gloomily cataloguing luxury imports -- Persian perfumery, Chinese silks, Indian diamonds,Arabian incense and pearls -- he blamed Roman women for costing the Empire 100 millionsesterces a year. Pliny, apparently a bit of a kill-joy, considered silk immoral -- "we seek thismaterial from the end of the earth, so Roman ladies can show off their see-through clothes inpublic" -- and called perfume "the most pointless of all luxuries."



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CONDITION CAUSE



c. Inflation To pay off debt, the govt. raised taxes and coined more

money but with less silver content. This devaluedcurrency led to a rise in prices, or inflation .

Budget office projects U.S. deficit to hit $477 billionWASHINGTON (AP) -- The federal deficit will hit a record$477 billion this year and get worse if lawmakers cut taxesor increase spending, the Congressional Budget Officeprojected Monday in a report sure to become ammunitionin the election- year fight over red ink.



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CONDITION CAUSE




c. Inflation To pay off debt, the govt. raised taxes and coined more

money but with less silver content. This devaluedcurrency led to a rise in prices , or inflation .

d. Decline of loyaltyand discipline inthe military.

The large Roman empire struggled for sufficient troopsfor its thinned and spread out military. Rome began torecruit mercenaries soldiers for hire who hadlittle loyalty to Rome. There was frequent fightingamong military commanders for the throne of Rome.



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CONDITION CAUSE


d. Decline of loyaltyand discipline inthe military.

The large Roman empire struggled for sufficient troopsfor its thinned and spread out military. Rome began torecruit mercenaries soldiers for hire who had littleloyalty to Rome. There was frequent fighting amongmilitary commanders for the throne of Rome.

THINKABOUT

IT

Do you find any similarities hereto the present Pax Americana ?

U.S. forces proved quite sufficient to conque r

Afghanistan and Iraq, but may be too smallto keep the peace once the tyrants are gone

Deep inside the Pentagon , where young colonels arrive beforedawn to revise once more the short list of available combat units ready to deploy overseas, a nightmare scenario hangs in the air,

unmentioned but unmistakable . With 140,000 U.S. troops tieddown stabilizing Iraq, 34,000 in Kuwait, 10,000 in Afghanistanand 5,000 in the Balkans, what good options would George W.Bush have if, say sometime next spring, North Korea's Kim Jon gIl decided to test the resilience of the relatively small " trip-wire "f orce of 37,000 American troops in South Korea? Where would

the Pentagon turn if it had to rush? The answer may be the draft

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CONDITION CAUSEd. Decline of loyalty

and discipline inthe military.

The large Roman empire struggled for sufficient troopsfor its thinned and spread out military. Rome began torecruit mercenaries soldiers for hire who had littleloyalty to Rome. There was frequent fighting amongmilitary commanders for the throne of Rome.

e. Citizen indifferenceand loss of patriotism.

Corruption and scandals in Rome, the weak economy,crumbling infrastructure, military and social conditions,all contributed to cynicism and apathy among Romans.

THINKABOUT

ITU.S. Voter Turnout
http://www.electionreform.org/ERMain/priorities/turnout/2000turnout.htmhttp://www.electionreform.org/ERMain/priorities/turnout/2000turnout.htm


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Panem et circenses - the Roman poet Juvenal

As things grew worse in the Empire,the Roman citizens were fed their regular bread and circuses

- kept pacified or placated with entertainment and the dole (welfare)

In this way it was hoped they were less likely to think about or discussthe serious problems facing the empire.

THINKABOUT

IT

CH 6: Rome Section 4, The Decline of the Roman Empire Textbook, p. 159; Packet p. 122. What steps did Diocletian take to restore order and reform the empire?
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Doubled the size of the army, fixed prices, ordered farmers to stay on their lands,claimed he descended from the gods (to restore respect to his office),

And he divided the Empire into two parts:In the West the capital would remain Rome .In the East the capital would be Byzantium .

Diocletian284-305 A.D.

Read History Makers, Text p. 159

CONSIDER:How well do you think this solution of Diocletians worked?T i l ?
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Two capitals?Two emperors?

The differencesbetween Eastand West weregrowingincreasinglymore apparent

The West was

breathing itslast, the East had

just taken a new fresh breath.


CH 6: Rome Section 4, The Decline of the Roman Empire Textbook, p. 160; Packet p. 123. What did Constantine do to reform the empire?
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Extended the reforms of Diocletian but restored the concept of One ruler andmoves the capital to Byzantium renaming the city Constantinople.

ConstantineFirst Christian

Emperor of Rome 284-337 A.D.

Read History Makers, Text p. 159

The Arch of Constantinein Rome Italy today.
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Whichtwo tribesactually

made it to

Rome?

CH 6: Rome Section 4, The Decline of the Roman Empire Textbook, p. 160; Packet p. 123. What caused the final collapse of the western Roman Empire?
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The Germanic tribes (Visigoths) and the Huns invaded. As things grew worse in theWest, the wealthier Eastern half broke away and became the new Byzantine Empire.

B. Identify:

Attila leader of the Huns, an Asiatic tribe.Alaric leader of the VisigothsOdovacer German general who overthrew the last Roman emperorRomulus Augustulus the last Roman emperor, 14 years old.

"The western Empire of the Roman people, which first began withOctavian Augustus, the first of the emperors, perished with this

Augustulus.... From this point on Gothic kings held power in Rome.~ Count Marcellinus, 5 th c. A.D.

The FALL of the Western Roman Empire 476 A.D.
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Emperor Diocletion284-305 A.D.
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TODAYS OBJECTIVES: Summarize the decline of the Roman Empire. Describe the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine.

Trace the fall of the Western portion of the Roman Empire.

The Declineof the

Roman Empire

Ch. 6: ROMESection 5:The Roots
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ch6 the romans

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