Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable

Energy from Novel Materials in China

Dongyuan Zhao

Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University

Email:dyzhao@fudan.edu.cn

http://www.mesogroup.fudan.edu.cn/

Increasing Global Energy DemandIncreasing Global Energy DemandIncreasing Global Energy DemandIncreasing Global Energy Demand

Transitione conomies

Developing countries

OECD

1971 2002 2030

En

ergy

Dem

and

(B

nb

oe)

Source: IEA WEO 2004

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Supply and Demand of Fossil Energy Supply and Demand of Fossil Energy

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1900 2000 2100 2200 2300

Fossil Resource

New Energy New Energy TechnologiesTechnologies

Assumption：world population :10 billion， Per capita rate of GDP: 2 %

energy consuming per GDP: 1 % ， shortage: shortage: 50 50 years years

Million Barrels/Day

20502050 ？？20502050 ？？

Energy Demand

4

Low Per Capita Energy Resources Low Per Capita Energy Resources in Chinain China

23. 68吨

2. 59吨

2. 58

万立方米0. 11

万立方米

163. 34吨

90. 68吨

石油可采储量 煤炭可采储量

世界 中国

gas proven reserves

coal proven reserves

The world China

tons

tons

tons

tons

104 cubic meters

104 cubic meters

Primary Energy

Coal(million tonnes)

Oil(million tonnes)

Gas(million cubic

meters)

Hydropower installed capacity(million

kilowatts)

Proven Reserves 1145 33 11704 3.53

Production period (year)

54~81 15~20 28~58 38~104

Production(year) ~2085 ~2025 ~2065 ~2110

Shanghai comprehensive economic briefing, 2005 (02) 2005 (02)

Shortage of Fossil Energy Shortage of Fossil Energy Resources in China Resources in China

Increasing Import Dependence of Increasing Import Dependence of Oil in ChinaOil in China

Increasing Import Dependence of Increasing Import Dependence of Oil in ChinaOil in China

Unit ：(million tonnes)

Demand

Domestic supply assumption import

dependence （ Net import/Demand） low high

2000 2.3 1.63 29.1 %2010

assumption3.5~3.8 1.7 1.9 61.0 %

2020 assumption

4.8~5.2 1.8 2.0 76.9 %IEA

Mil

lio

n

Bar

rels

/Day

China Primary Energy ConsumptionChina Primary Energy Consumption

oil21.8%

hydropower and other

6.7%gas2.8%

coal68.7%

nuclear6.2%

hydropower and other

6.1% coal26.5%

oil37.3%

gas23.9%

World Primary Energy ConsumptionWorld Primary Energy ConsumptionWorld Primary Energy ConsumptionWorld Primary Energy Consumption

China and World Primary Energy Consumption in 2004

China and World Primary Energy Consumption in 2004

0

10

20

30

NorthAmerica

Europe Russia East Asia Australia China SouthernAsia

other

Percen

tP

ercent

((

％％))

No.2No.2

High Energy-Related COHigh Energy-Related CO22

EmissionsEmissions in Chinain ChinaHigh Energy-Related COHigh Energy-Related CO22

EmissionsEmissions in Chinain China

Serious Acid Rain Pollution in China

pH>5.6

pH<5.6

acid rain

SO2

Area percentage pH<5.6 : 40%Acid rain: 8.4% SO2: 3%

year 1998 2001 2002 2004

China’s import(million barrels/day)

0.9 2.0 2.1 3.4

World trade(million barrels/day)

53.3 56.3 57.3 48.1

China’s share of oil import in the global

1.7% 3.6% 3.7% 7.1%

Data:

1. Michael, Smith., BP World Energy Statistics 2005

2. Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2001, P39 .

3. Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2004, P40.

4. Gensheng, Han., Oil reserves and China’s oil market policy in response to higher oil prices and to participate in world.

The Sixth US-China OGIF.

Energy Security in ChinaEnergy Security in China

Oil import in China

0

1

2

3

4

5

Oil import in 2004

American JapanGermanyFranceKorea

China

Share of China’s dependence on Middle East oil is 54％

Share of American’s dependence on Middle East oil is 34％

Share of China’s dependence on Middle East oil is 54％

Share of American’s dependence on Middle East oil is 34％

mill

ion

ton

nes

Africa24.6%

Middle East50.8%Asia Pacific

15.3%

Europe and the Western Hemisphere

7.2%

other2.1%

China's Energy ProblemsChina's Energy ProblemsChina's Energy ProblemsChina's Energy Problems

energy supplyenergy supply

the shortage of liquid fuel and the shortage of liquid fuel and energy securityenergy security

environmental pollutionenvironmental pollution

rural energy resourcesrural energy resources

COCO22 emissions emissions

Nuclear Power Layout and Construction Sequence

sight B sight Cpath 1 path 2 long- and medium-term plan

2008

2009

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2015

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

0

Note:

Science and Technology Innovation:Science and Technology Innovation:

Creation and application of new energy Creation and application of new energy

materials pave the way to solve the materials pave the way to solve the

energy problemenergy problem

Science and Technology Innovation:Science and Technology Innovation:

Creation and application of new energy Creation and application of new energy

materials pave the way to solve the materials pave the way to solve the

energy problemenergy problem

Renewable EnergyRenewable EnergyRenewable EnergyRenewable EnergySolar

Biomass (non traditional)

Wind

Sea

Geothermal

Science and Technology Innovation: Science and Technology Innovation: Creation and application of new energy materials pave Creation and application of new energy materials pave

the way to solve the energy problemthe way to solve the energy problem

OilOilOilOil21.8%21.8%21.8%21.8%

HydropowerHydropowerHydropowerHydropower6.7%6.7%6.7%6.7%

GasGasGasGas2.8%2.8%2.8%2.8%

CoalCoalCoalCoal 68.7%68.7%68.7%68.7%

Optimization of the Fossil Optimization of the Fossil Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization

Optimization of the Fossil Optimization of the Fossil Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization

Energy structure of China Energy structure of China in 2004in 2004

Energy structure of China Energy structure of China in 2004in 2004

Oil Oil

Coal Coal

clean oilclean oil

drain offdrain off

efficient combustion & efficient combustion & power generationpower generation

IGCCIGCC

COCO22 capture and bury capture and bury

C + O2 = CO2 + 394 kJ （ energy）

+ O2 →

SOx

NOx

SN ｝pollutapolluta

ntsntspollutapollutantsnts

Clean Coal TechnologyClean Coal TechnologyClean Coal TechnologyClean Coal Technology

greenhouse gasgreenhouse gasgreenhouse gasgreenhouse gas

combustioncombustioncombustioncombustion removalremovalremovalremoval（（ beforbefor

ee））（（ beforbefor

ee））

gasificationgasificationgasificationgasification

removalremovalremovalremoval

electricity electricity generationgenerationelectricity electricity generationgeneration （（ afteafte

rr））（（ afteafte

rr））

Renewable EnergyRenewable EnergyRenewable EnergyRenewable Energy

Solar

Biomass (non traditional)

Wind

Sea

Geothermal

Solar radiation distribution and utilization in China

Solar radiation distribution and utilization in China

Utilization Utilization ：：Utilization Utilization ：：

Heat usageHeat usage

Heating Heating

power generationpower generation

Light usageLight usage

PhotocellPhotocell

PhotochemistryPhotochemistry

Heat usageHeat usage

Heating Heating

power generationpower generation

Light usageLight usage

PhotocellPhotocell

PhotochemistryPhotochemistryricher area (>1700)

rich area (1500-1700)

available area (1200-1500)

scarce area (<1200)Unit: kWh/m2

Principle and Structure of the Principle and Structure of the Solar CellSolar Cell

Principle and Structure of the Principle and Structure of the Solar CellSolar Cell

Electricity price：2.00-4.00 RMB/ kilowatt-hour

low efficiency ： 1515 －－ 1818 ％％ high cost ： 2525 －－ 30 30 RMB/WpRMB/Wp

incomplete system: storagestorage

Biomass UtilizationBiomass UtilizationBio oilBio oil －－ biodiesel oilbiodiesel oilBio oilBio oil －－ biodiesel oilbiodiesel oil

RapeseedRapeseed

Palm oil, Jatropha curcasl oilPalm oil, Jatropha curcasl oil

RapeseedRapeseed

Palm oil, Jatropha curcasl oilPalm oil, Jatropha curcasl oil

StarchStarch －－ EthanolEthanolStarchStarch －－ EthanolEthanol

Corn, WheatCorn, Wheat

Cassava, sweet potato, Jerusalem Cassava, sweet potato, Jerusalem artichokeartichoke

Sugarcane, sweet sorghumSugarcane, sweet sorghum

Corn, WheatCorn, Wheat

Cassava, sweet potato, Jerusalem Cassava, sweet potato, Jerusalem artichokeartichoke

Sugarcane, sweet sorghumSugarcane, sweet sorghum

CelluloseCellulose －－ ethanol, biodiesel oilethanol, biodiesel oilCelluloseCellulose －－ ethanol, biodiesel oilethanol, biodiesel oil

Straw, treesStraw, trees

Jerusalem artichokeJerusalem artichoke

Straw, treesStraw, trees

Jerusalem artichokeJerusalem artichoke

Tech

no

log

yT

echn

olo

gy

Tech

no

log

yT

echn

olo

gy

Cellulose Bioconversion Cellulose Bioconversion

The common problems in the utilization of renewable energyThe common problems in the

utilization of renewable energy

产业发展慢

市场容量小发电成本高

激励政策 创立市场

技术进步

产业发展慢

市场容量小发电成本高

激励政策 创立市场

技术进步

Slow development

Small marketHigh cost

Create market

Incentive policy

Technology innovation

Research&Research&developmentdevelopment IndustryIndustryDemonstration Demonstration

Benign circle: Benign circle:

MarketMarket

new energy

research

institute

energy storage

materials

fossil energy

technology

energy saving

technology

solar energy

materials

biomass energy

energy economies

Director ： Dongyuan Zhao

Associate Director： Prof. Yang Zhong

Prof. Hualong Xu

Secretary： Prof. Aishui Yu

New Energy Research Institute of Fudan University

Institutional Structure

Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials

(iChEM) has been approved by China EOM.

Three Universities and CAS,

Xiamen Univ. ; Fudan Univ;

China Univ of Sci & Tech (CUST)

Dalian Inst of Chem Phys.

Project grant: 300 M

Superparamagnetic functional mesoporous microspheres with perpendicularly aligned channels

New synthesis route for the Fe3O4 @nSiO2@ mSiO2 microspheres with sandwiched structure

Large diameter to reduce the curvature energySmooth surface to facile coating and self-assembly

Deng & Zhao J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 28

Hierachically structured porous materials for catalytic application of heavy oil cracking

Weak acidity Heavy oil Middle molecule Fuel

Large pores

Small pore

Gradient pores & acidity

Strong acidity

Heavy oil crack: one-step process for cracking – hydrogenation Syn-gas: F-T reaction for one-step process of chain increase – isomerization

2.5 m3 reaction kettle 500 kg products high quality

Hierachically structured porous materials for catalytic application of heavy oil cracking

Catalytic performances of hieratically porous materials

catalystCore-shell（ SY-11）

UOP（ DHC-3

9）USY

（ FC-16）

temperature（ C） 375 402 373

C5+ yield ， % 97.8 97.3 96.7

> 350 C conversion （ %） 75 75 75

Products and distribution

Light oil (HK-65C conv. %) 1.55 2.30 3.62

Heavy oil (65-140C conv. %) 17.73 14.42 17.17

Aromaticity (m %) 41.36 39.04 40.3

Diesel (140-370C conv.%) 68.53 66.19 63.69

End oil (> 370C conv. %) 12.85 11.87 13.53

BMCI 5.9 7.6 10.4

< 370C middle oil, selectivity % 78.7 79.8 75.4

Process ： pressure: 15.0 MPa ， H2/Oil: 1500 ， space (v) : 1.5 h-1, 375C ， yield:

77.3% ， liquid yield: 97.8 wt% ， middle oil selectivity: 78.7 % ， Life: 5000 hours

Continuous and large-scale synthesis of orderedmesoporous hollow carbon microspheres

50 μm

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.200

2

4

6

8

10

2120

11

Ln (I)

q (A-1)

thermosetted carbonised silica removed

10

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Am

ount a

dso

rbed (m

mol/g

)

p/p0

1900.3 m2/g

1.52 cm3/g

1 10

0

1

2

3

dV/d

D (cm

3 /g/n

m

D (nm)

2.0 nm

5.1 nm

Wu, X. Z., Selomulya, C. Chen, X. D. & Zhao D. Y., Angew Chem Int Ed 2013, 52, 13764-13768

高比表面积 :1930 m2/g

30

Fabrication of the Supercapacitor Devices

Single: 80 x 103 F, 8 x 4 parallel connection, 5 groups

1) high static capacitance ( 8000 F)

2) low resistance (≤0.52 mΩ)

3) high energy density (~ 8.2 Wh/kg)

The supercapacitor devices: (8000 F)

Negative electrode : Li-ion insertion/extraction reaction

Positive electrode : Li-ion adsorption/de-sorption

Electrolyte : concentration constant

New concept “rocking chair” Li+ hybrid cell

Capacity retention: 90% over 20000 cycles,

Columbic efficiency: 100%

Chinese patent: ZL. 200510025269.6 PCT: WO/2006/111079

Normal Capacitance (F)

Nominal Voltage (V)

Specific Energy (Wh/kg)

Sing cell 60000 1.25 8.5

Module 240000 10 8

Beijing Olympic Village Solar Streetlight

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