changing the rules of the game dr. marco a. janssen department of spatial economics
TRANSCRIPT
Changing the Rules of the Game
Dr. Marco A. Janssen
Department of Spatial Economics
Research questions
• How do rules emerge, get selected and be remembered in social ecological systems?
• What can we learn from (computational models of) immune systems and language development?
Contents
• Puzzles from empirical studies of common pool resources.
• Immune system
• Language development
• Methodology
• Modeling self-organization of institutions
• Discussion
Common Pool Resources
• Are used by multiple-users
• For which joint use involves subtractability, that is, use by one user will subtract benefits from another user’s enjoyment of the resource
• It is difficult to exclude users
Management of CPRs
• Economic Theory predicts Nash equilibrium and overharvesting
• Solutions to derive cooperative solution: – Government will manage the resource– A market will be created
• Laboratory experiments and field studies show an alternative: self-organization of institutions.
Factors important for self-organization
• Type of communication
• Building up mutual trust relationships
• Rules how to monitor and sanction defined by the local users and implemented by local users
• Memory of successful solutions by taboos, rituals, religions, etc.
Immune System
• Distributed system which is able to detect and eliminate invasions of pathogens.
• Detection: self vs non-self
• Response: generation antibodies
• Memory: storing successful responses
Pathogens
• Bacteria
• Parasites
• Viruses
• Fungi
Detection
Recognition
Response
- Continue generation of new cells.
- Replication of cells which bind lots of pathogens: Antibodies
- Antibodies neutralize pathogens
Impact of Memory
Artificial Immune Systems
• Distributed systems for information processes.
• Origin: – study of immune systems– bio-algorithms:
• genetic algorithms
• neural networks
Language development• Different perspectives on language.
• Universal grammar/language:• Genetic transmission
• Localized hard-wired neurological structures: crickets and songbirds
• Higher animals learn language gradually: training parameters of neural network
Complex adaptive system approach
• Language:– result of local interactions of language users– self-organizing process– agents benefit from being understood (fitness)– clustering of agent with same language/dialect
Methodology
• Games:– game theory for institutions, repeated games
with prisoners dilemma– language games, imitation games– evolution of grammar: fitness related to mutual
understanding
Vowels
(De Boer, 2000)
Emergence of vowels by adaptive imitation games
Methodology (II)
• Networks:– Neural networks: learning by finding the right
connection strengths– Immune networks: maintaining immune
memory, spreading information over other parts of the network.
– Social networks.
Methodology (III)
• Evolutionary Computation– Genetic and evolutionary algorithms:
• fitness
• selection
• mutation
• (cross-over)
Modeling self-organization of institutions
• Coding rules
• Creating rules
• Selecting rules
• Remembering rules
Coding rules
• Grammar of Institutions (Crawford and Ostrom, 1995)
• Rules are build up from 5 components:– Attributes (characteristics of the agents)– Deontic: may/must/must not– Aim: action of the agent– Conditions: when, where and how– Or else: sanctions when not following a rule
Creation of Rules
• Mutations and cross-over
• Immune systems: constant generation of new lymphocytes
• Language: interaction with other groups and with new experiences: – Computer led to new words (e-mail & internet)
and new meanings (windows & mouse)– Social groups: jargon of scientists
Genetic Libraries
Selection of RulesRules: Constitutional Collective Operational
Levels of analysis:
Constitutional Collective Operationalchoice choice choice
Processes: Formulation Policy-making AppropriationGovernance Management ProvisionAdjudication Adjudication MonitoringModification Enforcement
Selection of rules (II)
• Criteria for success
• Social networks
• Mutual trust relationships
• Recognition of trustworthy others (reputation, symbols, indirect reciprocity)
Remembering Rules
• Law, universities, taboos, rituals, religions
• Reinforcement and disturbances
• Resilience
• Redundancy
Coverage of antigen space by antibodies
Fitness versus redundancy
(Hightower et al, 1995)
Fitness related to redundancy
(Hightower et al, 1995)
Training the system
• Allow small disturbances to maintain training of the strength of the network, the diversity and functional redundancy
Discussion
• Empirical evidence for self-organization of institutions.
• Formal models may help to explain observations.
• But how to formally model how rules emerge, get selected and be remembered?
Discussion (II)
• We may learn from similarities and differences between institutions, immune systems, and language development.
• Computational tools exists to simulate immune systems and language development
• Toward computational laboratories for social-ecological systems.