chapter 03 - plant kingdom

8/10/2019 Chapter 03 - Plant Kingdom

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CHAPTER 03: PLANT KINGDOM

INTRODUCTION

1. Look at the chart beo! to "#$er%ta#$ the &a#t h'erarch(.

T)PE* O+ CLA**I+ICATION

,. D'--ere#t %(%te% o- ca%%'-'cat'o# &ro&o%e$ -ro t'e to t'e ha/e

bee# $'/'$e$ '#to three ba%'c cateor'e%: %(%te%2

%(%te% a#$ %(%te%. Re$-or$ 14567 '#c"$e$ %(%te% a%

a -o"rth cateor(.

artificial, natural, phylogenetic, mechanical

Art'-'c'a %(%te o- ca%%'-'cat'o#

3. The art'-'c'a %(%te o- ca%%'-'cat'o# !a% '#tro$"ce$ b( 2 the

e$er ,5 8 94 AD7. It '% ba%e$ o# o#e or a -e! re%eba#ce%

rather tha# o# #at"ra or e/o"t'o#ar( reat'o#%h'&%.

Pliny, superficial

. The ear'e%t %(%te o- ca%%'-'cat'o# "%e$ o#( ro%% %"&er-'c'a

character% %"ch a% hab't2 coo"r2 #"ber a#$ %ha&e o- ea/e%2 etc.

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morphological

;. The ear'e%t %(%te% o- ca%%'-'cat'o# !ere ba%e$ a'#( o#

character% or o# the %tr"ct"re %(%te '/e# b( L'##ae"%7.*"ch %(%te% !ere < the( %e&arate$ the co%e( reate$ %&ec'e%

%'#ce the( !ere ba%e$ o# a -e! character'%t'c%.

vegetative, androecium, artificial

6. The Greek #at"ra'%t% ca%%'-'e$ a#'a% accor$'# to %''ar't'e% '#

a#$ .

habits, habitats

9. 35 8 3,, =.C.72 !ho '% k#o!# a% the >-ather o- ?ooo(@2 !a%

the -'r%t to a$o&t th'% %(%te o- ca%%'-'cat'o#.

Aristotle

5. Ar'%tote '$e#t'-'e$ a -e! tho"%a#$ t(&e% a#$ create$ o#( t!o

$'/'%'o#%: a#$ .

group, species

4. 2 rear$e$ a% the -ather o- A("r/e$a2 '%te$ abo"t 30 &a#t%

a#$ ,00 a#'a% '# h'% book o# I#$'a# e$'c'#e.

Charaka

10. The book !r'tte# b( Charaka !a% .

Charaka Samhita

11. 390 8 ,5; =.C.72 k#o!# a% the -ather o- bota#(2 !a% a $'%c'&e

o- Pato a#$ ater Ar'%tote. I# h'% book De Historia Plantarum, he

ca%%'-'e$ abo"t ;00 k'#$% o- &a#t% '#to -o"r aor ro"&%: tree%2

%hr"b%2 %"bB%hr"b% a#$ herb%.

Theophrastus

1,. Ca'"% P'#'"% *ec"#$"% ,3 8 94 AD7 $e%cr'be$ the b'oo'ca2

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e$'c'#a a#$ ar'c"t"ra a%&ect% o- &a#t% '# 39 /o"e% o-

Natural History. He "%e$ the ter >@ -or the -'r%t t'e.

stamen

13. Pe$a#'o% D'o%cor'$e% 6, 8 1,5 AD7 $e%cr'be$ abo"t 600 &a#t% o-

e$'c'#a '&orta#ce '# h'% book2 .

Materia Medica

1. Para%hara ,;0 8 1,0 =.C.7 $e%cr'be$ &a#t% '# a %c'e#t'-'c a##er

'# h'% book2 2 !h'ch ea#% >*c'e#ce o- Pa#t L'-e@.

rikshayurveda

1;. A#$rea Cae%a&'#o 1;14 8 16037 $e%cr'be$ 1;,0 %&ec'e% '# 16

/o"e% o- h'% bookDe Plantis libri ro"&e$ a% herb% a#$ tree%. He

-"rther ca%%'-'e$ &a#t% ba%e$ o# a#$ character%.

fruit, seed

16. Caro% L'##ae"% '% k#o!# a% the -ather o- . He e%tab'%he$

#oe#cat"re.

ta!onomy, binomial

19. Caro% L'##ae"% a/e a %(%te o- ca%%'-'cat'o# ba%e$ ec"%'/e( o#

character%. I# h'% book Genera plantarum, he $e%cr'be$ a the

&a#t e#era k#o!# to h'. A#other !ork b( h' !a% .

floral,Hortus cliffortianus

15. The be%t k#o!# !ork o- Caro% L'##ae"% '% 2 !h'ch he

&"b'%he$ '# 19;3. I# th'% book he '%te$ a#$ $e%cr'be$ a %&ec'e% o-

&a#t% k#o!# to h'.

Species plantarum

14. The art'-'c'a %(%te% o- ca%%'-'cat'o# a/e e"a !e'htae to

a#$ character'%t'c%.vegetative, se!ual

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,0. The art'-'c'a %(%te% o- ca%%'-'cat'o# a/e e"a !e'htae to

/eetat'/e a#$ %e"a character'%t'c%. Th'% '% #ot acce&tabe %'#ce

!e k#o! that o-te# the /eetat'/e character% are ore ea%'(a--ecte$ b( the .

environment

Nat"ra %(%te o- ca%%'-'cat'o#

,1. The #at"ra ca%%'-'cat'o# %(%te !a% ba%e$ o# #at"ra ao#

the ora#'%% a#$ co#%'$er2 #ot o#( -eat"re%2 b"t a%o

-eat"re%2 'ke "traB%tr"ct"re2 a#ato(2 ebr(oo( a#$ .affinities, e!ternal, internal, phytochemistry

,,. The E#'%h #at"ra'%t2 16,9 8 190;7 !a% the -'r%t

%(%teat'%t to -or eaborate a% the ba%'% o- ca%%'-'cat'o#.

He !a% the -'r%t %c'e#t'%t to ha/e a o$er# co#ce&t o- a .

#ohn $ay, structural likeness, species

,3. oh# Ra( $e-'#e$ a %&ec'e% a% a# a%%ebae o- '#$'/'$"a% $er'/e$

-ro %''ar a#$ ha/'# the ab''t( to &a%%

character'%t'c% to the #et e#erat'o#.

parents, parental

,. oh# Ra( coecte$ &a#t% a#$ a#'a% a#$ !orke$ o"t a #"ber o-

ro"&% -or the. He "%e$ a#$ character% '# h'%

ca%%'-'cat'o#2 th"% ak'# %(%teat'c% a %c'e#t'-'c $'%c'&'#e.

constant, %ell&defined

,;. oh# Ra( &"b'%he$ acc"rate $e%cr'&t'o# o- o/er 152000 &a#t% '#

h'% 3B/o"e book .

'istoria (eneralis Plantarum

Ph(oe#et'c %(%te o- ca%%'-'cat'o#,6. At &re%e#t2 ca%%'-'cat'o# %(%te% ba%e$ o# e/o"t'o#ar(

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reat'o#%h'&% bet!ee# the /ar'o"% ora#'%% are acce&tabe. Th'%

a%%"e% that ora#'%% beo#'# to the %ae taa ha/e a coo#

.

phylogenetic, ancestor

,9. N"er'ca Tao#o(2 !h'ch '% #o! ea%'( carr'e$ o"t "%'#

co&"ter% '% ba%e$ o# a character'%t'c%. N"ber% a#$

are a%%'#e$ to a the character% a#$ the $ata are the# &roce%%e$.

I# th'% !a(2 each character '% '/e# e"a a#$ at the %ae

t'e2 h"#$re$% o- character% ca# be co#%'$ere$.

observable, codes, importance

,5. C(totao#o( '% ba%e$ o# '#-orat'o# 'ke chroo%oe

#"ber2 %tr"ct"re.

cytological

,4. Cheotao#o( "%e% the co#%t't"e#t% o- the &a#t to re%o/e

co#-"%'o#%.chemical

DIFI*ION THALLOPH)TA

30. The !or$ thao&h(ta '% $er'/e$ -ro the Greek !or$% >@

ea#'# "#$'--ere#t'ate$ a#$ >@ ea#'# &a#t.

thallos, phyton

31. Thao&h(ta co&r'%e% the %'&e%t &a#t%2 !h'ch &o%%e%% or

tha"% 'ke -or. o- root%2 %te% a#$ ea/e% '% a%o ab%e#t.

undifferentiated, *ifferentiation

3,. I# thao&h(ta2 the %tae a% !e a% a#$ echa#'ca t'%%"e%

are ab%e#t. The re&ro$"ct'/e ora#% are %'#eBcee$2 ora#%

cae$ . A%e"a re&ro$"ct'o# b( %&ore% '% /er( coo#.

embryo, vascular, non&+acketed, gametangia, accessory


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33. Pre%e#t(2 thao&h(ta '#c"$e% o#( .

algae

ALGAE3. Aa2 '# Lat'#2 ea#% .

sea %eed

3;. The ter >aae@ !a% '/e# b( . The %t"$( o- aae '% k#o!# a%

.

-innaeus, phycology

36. The -ather o- &h(coo( '% . He ha% !r'tte# the book .

.ristch, Structure and $eproduction of algae

39. The -ather o- I#$'a# &h(coo( '% .

M/0/P/ yengar

35. Aae are Bco#ta'#'# thao&h(te%. A the ce% are -ert'e.

chlorophyll

34. I# h'ttaker@% ca%%'-'cat'o#2 aae are ro"&e$ '# three k'#$o%:

2 a#$ .

monera, protista, plantae

CHARACTERI*TIC O+ ALGAE

0. Aae are "%"a( 2 e'ther ar'#e or -re%h !ater. O#( a -e!

aae occ"r '# o'%t hab'tat% 'ke tree tr"#k%2 !et rock%2 o'%t

%o'2 etc.

auatic, terrestrial

1. The -or a#$ %'?e o- aae '% h'h( /ar'abe a#$ ra#e% -ro the

'cro%co&'c "#'ce"ar -or% 'ke to coo#'a -or% 'ke

a#$ to the -'ae#to"% -or% 'ke a#$ . A -e! o- the

ar'#e -or% %"ch a% -or a%%'/e &a#t bo$'e%.

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Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, kelps

,. The &a#t bo$( o- aae '% 2 '.e. a -or !'tho"t a#(

$'--ere#t'at'o# '#to root2 %te a#$ ea/e%.thalloid

3. >@ $e%cr'be% a bo$(B-or !here there '% #o $'--ere#t'at'o# '#to

root2 %te a#$ ea/e%.

Thalloid

. Aae2 'ke other a"at'c &a#t%2 are co/ere$ a o/er b( 2 !h'ch

&rotect% the -ro ro!th a#$ $eca('# e--ect o- !ater. It

a%o &re/e#t% '- the aae et e&o%e$ o# the %hore% $"r'# o!

t'$e.

mucilage, epiphytic, desiccation

;. I# aae2 t'%%"e% are ab%e#t. =e'# a"at'c2 co#$"ct'o# '%

#ot re"'re$. Ho!e/er2 %oe o- the 'a#t aae $o ha/e a %(%te -or

co#$"ct'o# o- . +or %a aae2 th'% '% #ot re"'re$ beca"%e o-

the %a a#$ the &re%e#ce o- ce% a o/er the bo$(.

vascular, %ater, food, si4e, photosynthetic

6. I# aae2 a t'%%"e '% ab%e#t. The bo$( '% -e'be. It he&% the

aae to %!a( !'th the t'$e !'tho"t be'# .

mechanical, torn

9. I# aae2 the #"tr't'o# '% . are ab%e#t '# the choro&a%t%.

photosynthetic, (rana

5. Aae co#ta'# choro&h(B2 a#$ . A$$'t'o#a &'e#t%

'ke 2 occ"r '# %&ec'-'c ro"&%.

a, carotenes, !anthophylls, phycobilins, fuco!anthin

4. a#$ are the "#'/er%a &'e#t% o- aae.

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Chlorophyll&a, 6&carotene

;0. I# aae2 a#$ o$e% o- re&ro$"ct'o# are ab"#$a#t. A%e"a

%&ore% are o- t!o t(&e%: a#$ . The( are ea%'( $'%&er%e$ '#a"at'c hab'tat '- the( are ot'e. I- the( are #o#Bot'e2 the(

are $'%&er%e$ b( !ater c"rre#t%.

vegetative, ase!ual, mitospores, meiospores, actively, passively

;1. Feetat'/e re&ro$"ct'o# '# aae '% b( .

fragmentation

;,. Feetat'/e re&ro$"ct'o# '# aae '% b( -rae#tat'o#. Each

-rae#t $e/eo&% '#to a .

thallus

;3. ='#ar( -'%%'o# '% -o"#$ o#( '# aae.

unicellular

;. A%e"a re&ro$"ct'o# '# aae '% b( the &ro$"ct'o# o- $'--ere#t

t(&e% o- 2 the o%t coo# be'# the . The( are

ot'e7 a#$ o# er'#at'o# '/e% r'%e to #e! &a#t%.

spores, 4oospores, flagellated

;;. I# aae2 ?oo%&ore% are -ore$ "#$er -a/o"rabe co#$'t'o#%

!herea% 2 a#$ 2 etc. are -ore$ "#$er "#-a/o"rabe

co#$'t'o#%.aplanospores, hypnospores, akinete

;6. re&ro$"ct'o# '% ab%e#t '# b"eBree# aae. It '% &re%e#t '#

other%.

Se!ual

;9. The aae '% #o! #o o#er ca%%'-'e$ a% aae. It '% #o! k#o!#

a% .

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blue&green, cyanobacteria

;5. I# aae2 the ae %e ora# '% cae$ !h'e the -eae %e

ora# '% cae$ .antheridium, oogonium

;4. The %e ora#% o- aae are a#$ .

unicellular, +acketless

60. A% a# ece&t'o#2 the %e ora# o- the aae are "t'Bce"ar

a#$ ackete$.

Chara

61. The ae ora# o- Chara '% k#o!# a% !h'e the -eae %e

ora# '% k#o!# a% .

globule, nucule

6,. aae7 '% k#o!# a% %to#e !ort.

Chara

63. *e"a re&ro$"ct'o# '# aae take% &ace thro"h the -"%'o# o- t!o

aete%. The%e aete% ca# be -aeate$ a#$ %''ar '# %'?e a% '#

or the( a( be #o#B-aeate$ #o#Bot'e7 b"t %''ar

'# %'?e a% '# . *"ch re&ro$"ct'o# '% cae$ .

Chlamydomonas debaryanum, Spirogyra, isogamous

6. G'/e -o"r ea&e% o- aae %ho!'# '%oao"% re&ro$"ct'o#.

Chlamydomonas debaryanum, Ulothrix, Ectocarpus, Spirogyra

6;. *e"a re&ro$"ct'o# '# aae take% &ace thro"h the -"%'o# o- t!o

aete%. he# the%e aete% are $'%%''ar '# %'?e2 a% '# %oe

%&ec'e% o- 2 the re&ro$"ct'o# '% cae$ .

Chlamydomonas braunii, anisogamous

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66. *e"a re&ro$"ct'o# '# aae take% &ace thro"h the -"%'o# o- t!o

aete%. he# the -"%'o# '% bet!ee# o#e are2 #o#Bot'e

aete a#$ a %aer2 ot'e aete2 the re&ro$"ct'o# '% cae$

. Ea&e% o- th'% are: a#$ .female, male, oogamous, Volvox, Fucus, Chlamydomonas coccifera,

Sargassum

69. The &a#t bo$( o- aae '% . There-ore2 %e"a re&ro$"ct'o#

take% &ace thro"h 2 '.e. the -'r%t $'/'%'o# o- the ?(ote '%

2 %o that the ebr(o '% #ot -ore$.

haploid, 4ygotic meiosis, meiosis

65. Aae %ho! /ar'o"% '-eBc(ce%: 2 or .

haplontic, diplontic, diplohaplontic

64. Aae are "%"a( ca%%'-'e$ o# the ba%'% o- the'r 2 a#$

. Ho!e/er2 the'r ca%%'-'cat'o# '% a'#( ba%e$ o# .

pigmentation, flagellation, stored product, pigmentation

90. The ce !a o- aae '% a$e "& o- a#$ . Ho!e/er2

a'#( the ce !a '% a$e "& o- 2 2 a#$ '#era%

'ke .

cellulose, pectin, cellulose, galactans, mannans, calcium carbonate

91. Aae '#c"$e$ "#$er the &a#t k'#$o b( h'ttaker are o- three

t(&e%: aae2 aae a#$ aae.

red, bro%n, green

9,. D'--ere#t'ate bet!ee# re$2 bro!# a#$ ree# aae o# the ba%'% o-

hab'tat.

Re$ Aae =ro!# Aae Gree# Aae

Mostly marine Mostly marine Mostly fresh %ater and sub&aerial

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93. D'--ere#t'ate bet!ee# re$2 bro!# a#$ ree# aae o# the ba%'% o-

ce%.


:nicellular species

are fe%er

:nicellular species

are absent

:nicellular species

are abundant/


th(ako'$%.


Thylakoids are

unstacked

Thylakoids occur in

groups of threes

Thylakoids are

stacked in groups of 2

; 29/

9;. D'--ere#t'ate bet!ee# re$2 bro!# a#$ ree# aae o# the ba%'% o-

choro&h(.


a and d type a and c type a and b type


&re%e#ce o- -"coa#th'#


.uco!anthin may be

present

.uco!anthin is

abundant

.uco!anthin is in

abundance


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the &re%e#ce o- &h(cob''#%.


Phycobilins are

present

Phycobilins are

absent

Phycobilins are

absent


re%er/e -oo$.


$eserve food isfloridean starch/ $eserve food islaminarin/ $eserve food isstarch/


ot''t(.


Motile stages areabsent

Motile/ T%o flagellaare present laterally

and are uneual/

Motile/ 2 to 7 apicaland eual flagella are

present/


ce !a.


Cell %all contains

cellulose and

sulphated

phycocolloids/

Cell %all contains

cellulose and non&

sulphated

phycocolloids

Cell %all is made of

cellulose/

51. G'/e three ea&e% o- ree# aae.

Volvox, Chlamydomonas, Chara

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5,. Look at the -'"re beo! -or %oe ea&e% o- ree# aae: Volvox,

Chlamydomonas a#$ Chara.

53. G'/e three ea&e% o- bro!# aae.

Laminaria, Fucus, ictyota

5. Look at the -'"re beo! -or %oe ea&e% o- bro!# aae:

Laminaria, Fucus a#$Dictyota.

5;. G'/e t!o ea&e% o- re$ aae.

!orphyra, !olysiphonia

56. Look at the -'"re beo! -or %oe ea&e% o- re$ aae:Porphyra

a#$Polysiphonia.

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ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE O+ ALGAE

59. *oe %&ec'e% o- aae are "%e$ a% -oo$. Nae -o"r %"ch aae.

59,!orphyra, Laminaria, Sargassum, Ulva

55. ree# aa7 a#$ b"e ree# aa7 are "#'ce"ar aae

r'ch '# . The( are "%e$ a% -oo$ %"&&ee#t% e/e# b(

tra/eer%.

Chlorella, Spirulina,protein, space

54. Near( o- the tota &hoto%(#the%'% or carbo#B$'o'$e -'at'o#

o- the !or$ '% carr'e$ o"t b( aae. Th"%2 the( '#crea%e the e/e o-

$'%%o/e$ '# the'r 'e$'ate e#/'ro#e#t.

9, o!ygen

40. Aae are &ro$"cer% o- -oo$ '# are bo$'e% o- -re%h2 brack'%h

a#$ %ea !ater%.

primary

41. The ce !a% o- a#( aae co#ta'# aa coo'$%7 that ca#

be etracte$ b( hot !ater.

phycocolloids

4,. The( &h(cocoo'$% are !ater ho$'# %"b%ta#ce%7.hydrocolloids

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43. The three aor &h(cocoo'$% are 2 a#$ .

alginates, agars, carrageenans

4. are etracte$ &r'ar'( -ro bro!# %ea!ee$%. a#$

are etracte$ -ro re$ %ea!ee$%.

Alginates, Agars, carrageenans

4;. The &h(cocoo'$ >aar@ obta'#e$ -ro a#$ '% "%e$ a% a

c"t"re e$'" -or 'crobe%2 '# the ca##'# o- -'%h a#$ eat a#$

'# the %'?'# o- tet'e% a#$ &a&er.

"elidium, "racilaria

46. The &h(cocoo'$ >a'#@ '% obta'#e$ -ro 2 a#$ . It '%

"%e$ '# %tab''%'# %ha/'# crea%2 %ha&oo%2 'ce crea%2

e'e%72 &a%t'c%2 a%% a#$ art'-'c'a -'bre%.

Laminaria, Fucus, Sargassum, emulsions, flameproof, security

49. The &h(cocoo'$ >carraee#'#@ carraee#a#7 '% obta'#e$ -ro

the aae . Th'% aae '% a%o k#o!# a% the o%%.

Carraee#'# '% "%e$ a% a# a#$ ae#t or a eat'#

ae#t7.

Chondrus, rish, emulsifier, clearing

45. The aae2 2 a#$ 2 are "%e$ '# %e!ae $'%&o%a. The(

&ro/'$e co#$'t'o#% -or the $'%&o%a o- %e!ae b( $eco&o%er

ora#'%%.

Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Scendesmus, aerobic

44. Chore'# a#t'b'ot'c '% obta'#e$ -ro .

Chlorella

100. '% a%o "%e$ a% a %o"rce o- o(e# b( %&ace tra/eer%.

Chlorella

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101. aae rea'#% &ara%'t'ca( '# the ea/e% o- the tea &a#t. It

ca"%e% the $'%ea%e .

Cephaleuros, red rust

COMPARI*ON =ETEEN +UNGI AND ALGAE

10,. Co&are -"#' a#$ aae '# re%&ect o- hab'tat.

.ungi Algae

-ive in auatic, sub&auatic and

terrestrial habitats

Are, generally, not found in

terrestrial habitats/

103. Co&are -"#' a#$ aae '# re%&ect o- choro&h(.

.ungi Algae

-ack chlorophyll :sually have chlorophyll

10. Co&are -"#' a#$ aae '# re%&ect o- ab%or&t'o# o- #"tr'e#t%.

.ungi Algae

Absorb ora#'cnutrients from

their environment/

Absorb '#ora#'c nutrients from

their environment

10;. Co&are -"#' a#$ aae '# re%&ect o- '"'#at'o# o- hab'tat.

.ungi Algae

:sually live in dark places/ -ive in %ell lit areas/

106. Co&are -"#' a#$ aae '# re%&ect o- bra#ch'# o- -'ae#t%.

.ungi Algae

.ilaments are usually branched/ .ilaments may be branched orunbranched/

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109. Co&are -"#' a#$ aae '# re%&ect o- &are#ch(a.

.ungi Algae

Parenchyma is seldom formed/

'o%ever, pseudoparenchyma

may be seen

Parenchyma may be produced by

the division of cells in more than

one plane/

105. Co&are -"#' a#$ aae '# re%&ect o- ce !a.

.ungi Algae

Made of chitin or fungus

cellulose/

Made of true cellulose

104. Co&are -"#' a#$ aae '# re%&ect o- -oo$ re%er/e.

.ungi Algae.ood reserve consists of glycogen

and oil globules/ Starch is never

formed/

.ood reserve is starch and oil

globules/

110. Co&are -"#' a#$ aae '# re%&ect o- ot'e %&ore%Jaete%.

.ungi Algae

Motile spores gametes are

common/

111. Co&are -"#' a#$ aae '# re%&ect o- kar(oa(J&a%oa(.

.ungi Algae

n higher forms, karyogamy is

delayed after completion of

Plasmogamy is immediately

follo%ed by karyogamy/

15


18/83

plasmogamy/

11,. Co&are -"#' a#$ aae '# re%&ect o- %e"a't(.

.ungi Algae

There is progressive reduction of

se!uality in fungi/

There is progressive evolution of

se! amongst algae/

RED ALGAE

113. Re$ aae are cae$ . Greek: re$2 2 &a#t7

$hodophyta, rhodo, phyta

11. The -oo$ re%er/e '# re$ aae co#%'%t% o- . The( ha/e ab"#$a#t

. Ho!e/er2 the( ack ce%.

floridean, phycocolloids, flagellate

11;. Re$ aae are a# a#c'e#t ro"& o- aae !'th '/'# %&ec'e%.

999

116. Re$ aae are ece&t -or a -e! -re%h !ater %&ec'e%. A#

ea&e o- -re%h !ater re$ aae '% .

marine,#atrachospermum

119. The re$ aae -o"#$ o# a#$ '% .

!orphyridium

115. Maor't( o- re$ aae are !'th reater co#ce#trat'o#% -o"#$ '#

the area%. The( occ"r '# both !eB'hte$ re'o#% co%e to the

%"r-ace o- !ater a#$ a%o at reat '# the ocea#%2 !here

reat'/e( 'tte 'ht &e#etrate%.

marine, %armer, depths

114. Re$ aae '% a"totro&h'c !'th the ece&t'o# o- a -e! 'ke 2

17


19/83

!h'ch are coo"re%% a#$ &ara%'t'c o# other re$ aae.

Harveyella

1,0. The &a#t bo$( o- re$ aae /ar'e% -ro "#'ce"ar e..2 72

-'ae#to"% e.. 72 &%e"$o&are#ch(ato"% e.. 72

&are#ch(ato"% %heet% e.. 72 r'bbo#% e.. 7 to race-"

aceB'ke co&e "t'Bce"ar %ea !ee$% e.. 7.

!orphyridium, Spermothamnion, $sterocystis, !orphyra, Chondrus,

"elidium

1,1. The ce !a o- re$ aae &o%%e%%e% ce"o%e2 &ect'c co&o"#$% a#$co#ta'# "co&o(%acchar'$e% cae$ . The atter '% "%"a( .

phycocolloids, sulphated

1,,. The ce !a o- re$ aae ha% other %"b%ta#ce% a%o: 2 2

a#$ .

!ylan, galactose, polyuronic acid, polysulphate esters

1,3. *oe re$ aae ha/e a# '#cr"%tat'o# o- o/er the'r ce

!a%. The( a&&ear coraB'ke a#$ are cae$ e.. a#$

7.

calcium carbonate, coralline, Corallina, Lithothamnion

1,. Cora'#e aae &ro$"ce . The( are '&orta#t co&o#e#t% o-

-orat'o#% ao# !'th cora%.

limestone, reef

1,;. The &hoto%(#thet'c ora#ee% cae$ chroato&hore% ha/e or

th(ako'$%.

unstacked, single

1,6. The &hoto%(#thet'c &'e#t% '#c"$e choro&h( a2 carote#o'$%

a#$ . Choro&h( ha% bee# re&orte$ '# %oe ca%e%.phycobilins, d

18


20/83

1,9. Ph(cob''#% are !ater %o"be &'e#t% o- t!o t(&e%: re$ coo"re$

a#$ b"eBcoo"re$ a% !e a% . *''ar &'e#t%

occ"r '# .r&phycoerythrin, r&phycocyanin, allphycocyanin, cyanobacteria

1,5. The re$ coo"r o- re$ aae '% $"e to ab"#$a#t -orat'o# o- 2

!h'ch ab%orb% b"eBree# !a/ee#th% o- 'ht. =e'# %horter2 the%e

!a/ee#th% are abe to reach the '#'"Ja'"7

$e&th% o- !ater. There-ore2 re$ aae are -o"#$ $ee& '#%'$e the

!ater !here #o other &hoto%(#thet'c ora#'% ro!%.r&phycoerythrin, ma!imum

1,4. Rho$o&h(te% '/'# '# %hao! !ater% $o #ot a&&ear re$$'%h $"e to

e%%er %(#the%'% o- .

r&phycoerythrin

130. At the %"r-ace o- the %ea2 the ao"#t o- '# re$ aae '% ore

!h'e at $e&th%2 the ao"#t o- '% ore.

r&phycocyanin, r&phycoerythrin

131. Re$ aae are #ot a!a(% re$. The( a( be coo"re$ a%o2 -or

ea&e .

blue,#atrachospermum

13,. e--ect '% a%o -o"#$ '# b"eBree# aae. Th'% &he#oe#o# '%

$e-'#e$ a% the /ar'at'o# o- '# %oe c(a#obacter'a% !'th re%&ect

to cha#e '# !a/ee#th o- 'ht. That '%2 a% 'ht% o- $'--ere#t

!a/ee#th% -a2 the o- the c(a#obacter'a cha#e%.

(audikov?s, colours, colour

133. The re$ tha' o- o%t re$ aae are . *oe o- the ha/e

co&e bo$( ora#'%at'o#.

29


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multicellular

13. The re%er/e -oo$ '# re$ aae '% . I# co#%t't"t'o#2 't '% /er(

"ch %''ar to a#$ .floridean starch, amylopectin, glycogen

13;. Re$ aae "%"a( re&ro$"ce /eetat'/e( b( . The( re&ro$"ce

a%e"a( b( ot''t(7 %&ore% a#$ %e"a( b( ot''t(7

aete%.

fragmentation, non&motile, non&motile

136. A%e"a re&ro$"ct'o# '# re$ aae take% &ace thro"h a /ar'et( o-

%&ore%: %&ore%2 2 2 a#$ .

neutral, monospores, tetraspores, carpospores, gemmae

139. I# re$ aae2 %e"a re&ro$"ct'o# '% a#$ '% acco&a#'e$ b(

co&e &o%tB-ert''%at'o# $e/eo&e#t%. The ae %e ora# '%

k#o!# a% or a#ther'$'". It &ro$"ce% #o#B-aeate ae

aete k#o!# a% .

oogamous, spermatangium, spermatium

135. I# re$ aae2 the -eae %e ora# '% B%ha&e$ a#$ '% tere$

.

flask, carpogonium

134. I# re$ aae2 the car&oo#'" &o%%e%%e% a# eo#ate$ rece&t'/e

ora# #ae$ . *&erat'a are carr'e$ b( to 't% t'&% -or

e--ect'# -ert''?at'o#. The -eae %e ora# rea'#% attache$ to the

&a#t a#$ -or% a #e! %tr"ct"re cae$ .

trichogyne, %ater currents, carposporophyte

10. M"t'Bce"ar -or% o- re$ aae ha/e a# ater#at'o# o- a#$

e#erat'o#%.

21


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haploid, diploid

11. The '-e c(ce o-Polysiphonia'% !h'e that o-atrachospermum

'% .diplobiontic, haplobiontic

1,. Look at the -'"re beo! -or %oe ea&e% o- re$ aae.

COMMON RED ALAGE

17 Gelidium

13. Gelidium '% a %t'-- 2 bra#che$ aar ('e$'# re$ aae that

'% attache$ to the %"b%trat" b( a #"ber o- . It ha% a B

'ke a&&eara#ce.

cartilaginous, pinnately, rhi4oids, lace

1. Gelidium'% the aor %o"rce o- aar2 !h'ch '% obta'#e$ -ro 't%

. Aar ha% bee# a#"-act"re$ '# a&a# %'#ce .

cell %all, 1539

,7Porphyra

1;. Porphyra'% a# e$'be2 -at2 2 ar'#e re$ aa. It '% a%o k#o!#

a% 2 or .

thalloid, -aver, @ori, Amanari

16. The tha"% o-Porphyra '% a$e o- a(er% o- ce% co/ere$ o# the

o"t%'$e b( a c"t'ce o- .

1&2, solidified gel

22


23/83

19. A%e"a re&ro$"ct'o# '# Porphyra occ"r% b( ea#% o- %&ore%.

*e"a re&ro$"ct'o# &ro$"ce% a ?(ote2 !h'ch o# e'o%'%

-or% car&o%&ore%. Each car&o%&ore ro!% '#to a -'ae#to"%%tr"ct"re cae$ .

neutral, diploid, haploid, conchocelis stage

15. I# Porphyra, the co#choce'% %tae a( "t'&( b( ea#% o- .

Ut'ate(2 the co#choce'% %tae &ro$"ce% the t(&'ca -at

tha"%.

monospores, parenchymatous

37atrachospermum

14. atrachospermum '% -re%h !ater rho$o&h(cea# aa. It '%

coo#( k#o!# a% aa. The coo"r o- th'% aa $e&e#$%

"&o# the $e&th at !h'ch 't occ"r% 8 b"eBree# to 2 a#$

&'#k.

filamentous, frog spa%n, purple, violet

1;0. The -'ae#t o- atrachospermum '/e% a bra#che$

a&&eara#ce.

beaded

1;1. The -'ae#t o- atrachospermum '/e% a bra#che$ bea$e$

a&&eara#ce. The bea$% occ"r '# re'o# o- #o$e% !here !hor% o-

or occ"r.

short branches, glomerules

1;,. A%e"a re&ro$"ct'o# '# atrachospermum take% &ace thro"h

.

monospores

1;3. I# %e"a re&ro$"ct'o# '# atrachospermum, occ"r%

2"


24/83

'e$'ate( a-ter -ert''?at'o#. A car&o%&oro&h(te or

c(%tocar& '% -ore$. It &ro$"ce% .

meiosis, haploid, carpospores

1;. I# atrachospermum, the car&o%&ore -or% a h'h( bra#che$

-'ae#to"% %tae. It '% a "/e#'e %tae2 !h'ch ca# "t'&( b(

. The a$"t aa ro!% o/er the %tae.

chantransia, monospores, chantransia

7 Gracilaria

1;;. Gracilaria '% a# aar ('e$'# re$ aa2 !h'ch ro!% '# . The

tha"% '% bra#che$2 2 or . The &a#t% are .

lagoons, cartilaginous, cylindrical, compressed cylindrical, unise!ual

;7Polysiphonia

1;6. Polysiphonia '% a %a "&r'ht2 b"%h( ar'#e aa !'th 2

%tr"ct"re. The &a#t '% -'e$ to the %"b%trat" b( rh'?o'$%2 or

%(%te.

feathery, multi&a!ial, holdfast, prostrate

1;9. Polysiphonia bear% t!o t(&e% o- bra#che%: a#$ .

d%arf, long

1;5. D!ar- bra#che% o-Polysiphonia are . The( $e/eo& %e ora#%.

The ce% %ho! co##ect'o#%.

trichoblasts, pit

1;4. I# Polysiphonia, -ert''?at'o# &ro$"ce% c(%tocar& or

car&o%&oro&h(te. The atter bear car&o%&ore%. O# er'#at'o#2

each car&o%&ore -or% a 2 !h'ch re%ebe% the aeto&h(t'c

&a#t '# or&hoo(.

diploid, diploid, tetrasporophyte

160. I# Polysiphonia, the tetra%&oro&h(te $e/eo&% tetra%&ore%2

2)


25/83

!h'ch er'#ate% to &ro$"ce aeto&h(t'c &a#t bo$(.

haploid

161. The '-ec(ce o- Polysiphonia '% a#$ !'th o#e

aeto&h(t'c #7 a#$ t!o %&oro&h(t'c ,#7 &ha%e%.

diplo&diplohaplontic, triphase

16,. Look at the -o! chart beo! to "#$er%ta#$ the '-ec(ce '#

Polysiphonia.

163. Polysiphonia ha% bee# o#e o- the %o"rce% o- .

bromine

16. TRUE OR +AL*E Re$ aae are a#c'e#t aae.

True

GREEN ALGAE16;. aae are the o%t a$/a#ce$ aae. The( are be'e/e$ to be the

a#ce%tor% o- the h'her &a#t%. The( are a%o cae$ . The(

re%ebe h'her &a#t% '# ha/'# a ce !a2 a% -oo$

re%er/e a#$ both choro&h( a#$ choro&h( a%

&hoto%(#thet'c &'e#t%.

(reen, chlorophyta, cellulosic, starch, a, b

166. Gree# aae are hab'tat7 '# #at"re. Maor't( o- ree# aa are

-o"#$ '# !ater. *e/era eber% are . *tra'#% o- ca#

bear o$erate hot !ater%. *oe 'ke a#$ '/e '# %#o! or

-ro?e# ake%.

cosmopolitan, fresh, sub&aerial, Chlorella, Scotiella, Hormidium

169. Gree# aae are -o"#$ '# a#( -or%. Nae the.:nicellular, Colonial, Multicellular filamentous, Multicellular thalloid

2


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or Parenchymatous

UNICELLULAR GREEN ALGAE

165. '% a ot'e2 "#'ce"ar aa. It o/e% !'th the he& o- -aea.

Chlamydomonas

164. '% a #o#Bot'e2 "#'ce"ar aa.

Chlorella

190. Ca/'# $'%co/ere$ the Ca/'# C(ce b( e&er'e#t'# o# .

Chlorella

191. '% k#o!# a% the "brea &a#t. Haer'# e&er'e#te$ o#

th'% aa.

$cetabularia

19,. '% the are%t "#'ce"ar &a#t. The $'aeter o- 't% ce '%

c.

$cetabularia, 19

193. Accor$'# to the -'/e k'#$o %(%te2 "#'ce"ar aa co"$ ha/e

bee# &ace$ '# K'#$o Prot'%ta. Ho!e/er2 %'#ce the'r '%

%''ar to ree# aae2 the( are %t"$'e$ '# Pa#tae.

life cycle

COLONIAL GREEN ALGAE

19. *oe ree# aae -or a coo#( o- ce%. The #"ber o- ce% '# acoo#( '% -'e$. A coo#( !'th -'e$ #"ber o- ce% '% cae$ .

coenobium

19;. A# ea&e o- a coo#'a ree# aa '% . It -or% a ot'e

coo#(.

Volvox

MULTICELLULAR +ILAMENTOU*

23


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196. Mo%t ree# aa are a#$ .

multicellular, filamentous

199. G'/e t!o ea&e% o- ree# aa.

Ulothrix, Spirogyra

195. The ree# aa2 2 '% k#o!# a% &o#$ !oo.

Ulothrix

194. The ree# aa2 2 '% k#o!# a% &o#$ %'k.

Spirogyra

150. *oe ree# aae are 2 '.e. the( ha/e t!o t(&e% o- bra#che%:

a#$ .

heterotrichous, prostrate, erect

151. G'/e three ea&e% o- heterotr'cho"% aae.

Fritschiella, Stigeoclonium, Coleochaete

15,. ha% a&&roach to the ear( a#$ &a#t%.Fritschiella tuberose

MULTICELLULAR THALLOID OR PARENCH)MATOU*

153. *oe aae are "t'Bce"ar '# a#$ . A# ea&e '% .

length, %idth, Ulva

PHOTO*)NTHETIC PIGMENT*

15. Gree# aae ha/e choro&h( a#$ choro&h( . The( a%oha/e carote#e.

a, b, 6

15;. The a#tho&h(% &re%e#t '# ree# aae are a#$ 2 !h'ch

'% (eo! coo"re$.

-utea!anthin, iolo!anthin

156. Mo%t ree# aae %tore the'r -oo$ a% %tarch. *oe a%o %tore -oo$ a%

25


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.

oil

159. O#e or ore are a%o &re%e#t '# choro&a%t a% %torae bo$'e%.

The%e bo$'e% co#ta'# be%'$e% %tarch.

pyrenoids, protein

ECONOMIC *IGNI+ICANCE O+ GREEN ALGAE

155. Gree# aae are "%e$ a% -oo$. A-ter!pirulina, """" ha% the are%t

ao"#t o- &rote'#. Th'% aae '% "%e$ a% a %o"rce o- -oo$ a#$

b( %&ace tra/eer%.

Chlorella

154. The a#t'b'ot'c2 2 '% obta'#e$ -ro Chlorella.

chlorellin

140. aae rea'#% &ara%'t'ca( '# the ea/e% o- the tea &a#t a#$

ca"%e% the $'%ea%e re$ r"%t.

Cephaleuros

141. *e!ae o'$at'o# &o#$% co#ta'# a #"ber o- ree# aae:

Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, """".

Scenedesmus

*OME COMMON GREEN ALGAE

17 Chlamydomonas

14,. The ce !a o- Chlamydomonas co#%'%t% o- . Ce"o%e '%ab%e#t.

glycoprotein

143. A%e"a re&ro$"ct'o# '# Chlamydomonas occ"r% thro"h -orat'o#

o- ?oo%&ore%2 a&a#o%&ore%2 h(o%&ore% a#$ .

palmella stage

14. The &aea %tae $e/eo&% '# re%&o#%e to a#$

27


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"#-a/o"rabe co#$'t'o#%.

to!ic chemicals, %ater

,7 Volvox

14;. Volvox '% a -re%h !ater ree#2 hoo!2 B'ke coo#'a aa. The

ce% o- the coo#( are '#terco##ecte$ b( .

ball, cytoplasmic strands

146. '% a%o cae$ ro'# aa.

Volvox

37 #lothrix149. #lothrix '% a# attache$2 "#bra#che$2 ree#2 aa '/'# '#

-re%h aerate$ !ater.

filamentous

145. #lothrix are attache$ to a %o'$ %"b%trat" b( ea#% o- a

coo"r7 o!ero%t ce cae$ . The rea'#'# ce% are

coo"r7.

colourless, holdfast, green

144. Feetat'/e re&ro$"ct'o# take% &ace '# #lothrix thro"h .

fragmentation

7!piro$yra

,00. *&'ro(ra '% a# "#bra#che$2 co/ere$2 ree# -'ae#to"% aa.

It '% a%o cae$ 2 or .mucilage, pond scum, %ater silk, mermaid tresses

,01. Feetat'/e re&ro$"ct'o# '# !piro$yra '% b( . *e"a

re&ro$"ct'o# occ"r% b( .

fragmentation, con+ugation

,0,. Co#"at'o# '# !piro$yra occ"r% b( t!o etho$%: co#"at'o#

a#$ co#"at'o#.

28


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scalariform, lateral

;7 Chara

,03. Chara '% a ree# aa -o"#$ ro!'# at the o- %hao! -re%h

!ater%. It '% a%o cae$ . L'e '#cr"%tat'o# a( occ"r '#

%oe %&ec'e%. He#ce 't '% a%o k#o!# a% .

bottom, auatic horsetail, stone%ort

,0. The aa '% -oo$ -or a#( a"at'c a#'a% a#$ ca# a%o be

"%e$ a% a#"re.

Chara

,0;. Mo%"'to ar/ae $o #ot occ"r '# aa7 !ater%.

Chara

,06. Chara '% -'e$ to the %"b%trat" b( ea#% o- h'h( bra#che$

"t'ce"ar .

rhi4oids

=RON ALGAE OR *EA EED*

,09. =ro!# aa '% a%o cae$ .

phaeophyta

,05. =ro!# aae are "t'Bce"ar2 2 -o"#$ '# !ater. U#'B

ce"ar -or% are . The%e are the are%t '# %'?e a#$ ea%"re

"& to '# e#th.

filamentous, absent, marine, 199

,04. G'a#t bro!# aae are k#o!# a% . The are%t bro!# aae '%

.

kelps,%acrocystis

,10. The /eetat'/e ce% o- bro!# aae ha/e a ce !a "%"a(

co/ere$ b( a eat'#o"% coat'# o- .cellulose, algin

"9


31/83

,11. The tha"% o- bro!# aae '% $'/'$e$ '#to three &art%. Nae the.

-amina, Stipe, 'old fast

,1,. The a'#a '% a%o k#o!# a% . It '% the &art or the &art

o- the bro!# aae.

frond, leafy, photosynthetic

,13. Co#$"ct'# t"be% or are &re%e#t '# the %t'&e. The%e t"be%

co#$"ct . The( are "%"a( %ee# '# bro!# aae or ke&%.

trumpet hyphae, food, large

,1. Tr"&et h(&hae are a#aoo"% to o- /a%c"ar &a#t%. D"e

to the a'#a a#$ %t'&e2 bro!# aae ook 'ke .

sieve tubes, leaves

,1;. The ho$ -a%t he&% '# o- the aae to the %"b%trate.

attachment

,16. Ce% o- bro!# aae &o%%e%% re-ract'e /e%'ce% cae$ . The%e

/e%'ce% co#ta'# a che'ca cae$ .

fucosan vesicles, fucosan

,19. +"co%o# '% coo"re%% '#%'$e !ater b"t becoe% or o#

e&o%"re to a'r.

bro%n, black

,15. G'/e three ea&e% o- bro!# aae.

Fucus, ictyota, Ectocarpus

,14. =ro!# aae co#ta'# choro&h( a#$ choro&h( . =ro!#

aae o#( ha/e carote#e. Ao#%t the a#tho&h(%2 '%

the a'# &'e#t &re%e#t.

a, c, 6, fuco!anthin

"1


32/83

,,0. +"coa#th'# '% '# coo"r !herea% o%t a#tho&h(% are

'# coo"r.

bro%n, yello%

,,1. The ao"#t o- '% ore '# bro!# aae $"e to !h'ch the%e

aae are bro!# '# coo"r.

.uco!anthin

,,,. +oo$ '% %tore$ '# bro!# aae a% a#$ . =oth o- the%e are

$er'/at'/e% o- .

-aminarin, mannitol, carbohydrates

,,3. Coo'$ 'ke %"b%ta#ce% are &re%e#t o# the o- bro!# aae.

The%e are cae$ .

cell %all, phycocolloids

,,. Ph(cocoo'$% are co&'o"% '# %&ec'e% o- bro!# aae $!e'# '#

area%. Coo# ao#%t the &h(cocoo'$% are 2

a#$ .

tidal, fucinic acid, alginic acid, fucoidin

,,;. &rotect the bro!# aae -ro $e%%'cat'o# $"r'# o! t'$e2

"#$er o! te&erat"re a#$ !he# beate# aa'#%t rock%.

Phycocolloids, free4ing , in+ury

,,6. Ph(cocoo'$% are "%e$ '# the &re&arat'o# o- 'ceBcrea a% a ae#t.

thickening

,,9. A'#ate%2 %at% o- a'#'c ac'$%2 are "%e$ -or ea%"ree#t.

dentury

,,5. A'#ate% or a'#'c ac'$ ca# be obta'#e$ -ro 2 2 2

etc.

"2


33/83

Laminaria, Fucus, %acrocystis

,,4. A'#ate% are "%e$ '# the a#"-act"r'# o- 2 'ceBcrea2 &o'%h2

a#$ .soap, cream, plastic

,30. The '-e c(ce o- %ctocarpus a#$ ke&% are . The '-e c(ce o-

Fucus '% .

diplohaplontic, diplontic

,31. oo%&ore% a#$ aete% o- bro!# aae are B%ha&e$ a#$ ha/e

t!o "#e"a atera( attache$ .

pear, flagella

,3,. *e"a re&ro$"ct'o# '# bro!# aae ( be 2 or .

isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous

,33. bro!# aae7 '% k#o!# a% G"- !ee$ beca"%e the aae '% a

-ree -oat'# aae.Sargassum

,3. !ar$assum ro!% ra&'$( '# North Ata#t'c ocea# a#$ co/er%

tho"%a#$% o- hectare% o- area. There-ore2 th'% re'o# '% cae$ a%

.

sargasso sea

,3;. Ke&%7 '% cae$ De/'@% A&ro#.

Laminaria

,36. Io$'#e a#$ =ro'#e are obta'#e$ -ro .

Laminaria

,39. '% k#o!# a% $e/'@% a&ro#.

Laminaria

""


34/83

,35. '% a# a#t'bacter'a a#$ a#t'-"#a etract obta'#e$ -ro

!ar$assum.

Sarganine

,34. '% a e#ace to %h'&&'#.

Sargassum

HA=ITAT* O+ *OME IMPORTANT ALGAE

,0. aae are -o"#$ '# o'%t %o' a#$ !a. A# ea&e '% .

Terrestrial, &errentofolia

,1. are aae &re%e#t o# &a#t% '.e. o"t%'$e the &a#t bo$(7. A#ea&e '% .

piphytes,!rotococcus

,,. are aae &re%e#t '#%'$e &a#t%. A# ea&e '% . It ro!%

o# the &a#t.

ndophytes, Coleochaete nitelum,@itella

,3. aae are &re%e#t o# a#'a%. Ea&e% are 2 !h'ch '%

&re%e#t o# the %he a#$ a#$ =GA72 !h'ch are

&re%e#t o# .

pi4oic, Cladophora, mollusca, Cyanoderma, &richophilus, sloth bear

,. aae are &re%e#t '#%'$e the bo$( o- a#'a%. Ea&e% are

a#$ 2 !h'ch are &re%e#t '#%'$e .

ndo4oic,'oochlorella, 'ooxenthellae, hydra

,;. Aae -o"#$ '# hot !ater are cae$ . A# ea&e '% .

thermophilic, Chlorella

,6. Aa -o"#$ '# &oar re'o#% a#$ '# co$ re'o#% are cae$ .

*oe %&ec'e% o- occ"r '# the%e re'o#%. $e/eo&% re$

%#o! '# &oar re'o#.cryophytes, Chlamydomonas, Haematococcus nivalis

")


35/83

,9. ro! o# the bark o- tree%.

piphloephytes

MORE ON THALLOPH)TA,5. The ter >thao&h(ta@ !a% '/e# b( . Accor$'# to the t!o

k'#$o ca%%'-'cat'o#2 a aae2 -"#' a#$ &rokar(ote% !ere

&ace$ '# thao&h(ta beca"%e the'r &a#t bo$( '% .

ndlicher, thallus

,4. I# thao&h(ta2 the ae %e ora#% are cae$ !h'e the -eae

%e ora#% are cae$ . The %e ora#% are h'#t: #"ber

o- ce%7 a#$ .

antheridia, oogonia, unicellular, +acketless

,;0. *e ora#% '# thao&h(ta are ackete%%. >acket@ re-er% to a a(er o-

ce%.

sterile

,;1. *e"a re&ro$"ct'o# '# thao&h(ta '% 2 a#$ .

isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous

,;,. I# thao&h(ta2 %e"a re&ro$"ct'o# take% &ace thro"h .

He#ce2 the ebr(o '% #ot -ore$.

4ygotic meiosis

DEMERIT* O+ TO KINGDOM CLA**I+ICATION,;3. TRUE OR +AL*E I# t!o k'#$o ca%%'-'cat'o#2 &rokar(ote% a#$

e"kar(ote% are &ace$ '# the %ae ro"&.

True

,;. I# the t!o k'#$o ca%%'-'cat'o#2 &hoto%(#thet'c ree# aae a#$

#o#B&hoto%(#thet'c -"#' are &ace$ '# the %ae ro"&: .

plantae

"


36/83

,;;. TRUE OR +AL*E I# the t!o k'#$o ca%%'-'cat'o#2 "#'ce"ar

a#$ "t'Bce"ar ora#'%% are &ace$ toether.

True

,;6. I# the t!o k'#$o ca%%'-'cat'o#2 bacter'a !ere &ace$ '# &a#tae

o# the ba%'% o- .

cell %all

,;9. I# the t!o k'#$o ca%%'-'cat'o#2 the &o%'t'o# o- !a% #ot

-'e$.

Euglena

=R)OPH)TA

,;5. The ter >=r(o&h(ta@ !a% &ro&o%e$ b( . The %t"$( o-

br(o&h(te '% k#o!# a% .

$obert Braun, Bryology

,;4. '% co#%'$ere$ to be the -ather o- =r(oo(. ="t2 accor$'# to

%oe %c'e#t'%t%2 '% the -ather o- =r(oo(.'ed%ig, Cavers

,60. The -ather o- I#$'a# =r(oo( '% .

Prof/ Shiv $am ashyap

,61. =r(o&h(te% are the -'r%t a#$ &a#t. It '% be'e/e$ that the(

or''#ate$ -ro &a#t% a#$ the( cae o# a#$ thro"h !ater.

Th'% '% beca"%e %oe br(o&h(te% ha/e character% %''ar to a"at'c

&a#t% 8 -or ea&e2 &re%e#ce o- .

auatic, air canal

,6,. =r(o&h(te% are k#o!# a% o- the &a#t k'#$o beca"%e the%e

&a#t% ca# '/e '# %o' b"t are $e&e#$e#t o# !ater -or .

amphibians, fertili4ation

"3


37/83

,63. =r(o&h(te% are #ot co#%'$ere$ a% %"cce%%-" a#$ &a#t% beca"%e

'% ab%e#t a#$ the( #ee$ !ater -or -ert''?at'o#.

vascular tissue

,6. D"e to the ab%e#ce o- /a%c"ar t'%%"e%2 br(o&h(te% $o #ot ro! /er(

. The &roce%% o- !ater co#$"ct'o# '# br(o&h(te% take% &ace

!'th the he& o- 2 !h'ch '% a '/'# t'%%"e.

tall, parenchyma

,6;. =r(o&h(te% $o #ot ha/e . *teB'ke a#$ ea-B'ke %tr"ct"re% o-

br(o&h(te% are -"#ct'o#a( %''ar to the %te a#$ ea/e% o- h'her&a#t%.

roots

,66. =r(o&h(te% are B the( &re-er to ro! '# o'%t !et7 a#$ %ha$(

&ace%.

sciophytes

LI+E C)CLE O+ =R)OPH)TA

,69. The a'# &a#t bo$( o- br(o&h(ta '% ha&o'$J$'&o'$7. It

&ro$"ce% aete%. There-ore2 't '% cae$ a .

haploid, gametophyte

,65. I# br(o&h(ta2 %e ora#% are -ore$ o# the . *e ora#% are

#"ber o- ce%7 a#$ #o#Backete$Jackete$7. The ae

%e ora# '% cae$ !h'e the -eae %e ora# '% cae$ .

The -eae %e ora# '% B%ha&e$.

gametophyte, multi&cellular, +acketed, antheridium, archegonium, flask

,64. The ae aete% o- br(o&h(te% are ot'eJ#o#Bot'e7. The%e

ae aete% are cae$ .

motile, anthero4oids

,90. =r(o&h(ta: A#thero?o'$% are "%"a( B%ha&e$ a#$ h'#t:

"5


38/83

#"ber o- -aea7. The -eae aete '% cae$ .

comma, biflagellate, egg

,91. I# br(o&h(ta2 -ert''?at'o# '% &er-ore$ b( 2 '.e. the ae

aete '#to !ater to reach the -eae aete a#$ -ert''?e% 't.

4oodiogamy, s%ims

,9,. t(&e o- -ert''?at'o# '% -o"#$ '# br(o&h(te%. A% a re%"t o- the

-ert''%at'o#2 a ha&o'$J$'&o'$7 ?(ote '% -ore$. The( ?(ote

$oe% #ot "#$ero 'to%'%Je'o%'%7 'e$'ate(. Th'% ?(ote

'#'t'ate% the 2 !h'ch '% a $'&o'$ %tae.0ogamous, diploid, meiosis, sporophytic generation

,93. =r(o&h(ta: The ?(ote -or% %&horo&h(te b(

'to%'%Je'o%'%72 !h'ch '% k#o!# a% . The ce &re%e#t '# the

%&oro&h(te -"#ct'o#% a% the %&ore .

mitosis, sporogonium, mother cell

,9. =r(o&h(ta: M'to%'%JMe'o%'%7 take% &ace '# the %&ore other

ce. A% a re%"t2 ha&o'$J$'&o'$7 %&ore% are -ore$. The

er'#at'o# o- %&ore% '% or .

Meiosis, haploid, direct, indirect

,9;. =r(o&h(ta: The er'#at'o# o- %&ore% '% $'rect or '#$'rect. I#

a#$ 2 the er'#at'o# '% $'rect2 '.e. each %&ore -or% a

aeto&h(te a-terJbe-ore7 er'#at'o#2 '.e. each %&ore -or%

o#e .

liver%orts, horn%orts, after, thallus

,96. =r(o&h(ta: The er'#at'o# o- %&ore% '# '% '#$'rect.

moss

,99. I# o%%2 a h'#t: #"ber o- ce%7 -'ae#t '% -ore$ a-ter the

"7


39/83

er'#at'o# o- %&ore%. Th'% -'ae#t '% k#o!# a% .

multi&cellular, protonema

,95. =r(o&h(ta: are -ore$ o# the &roto#ea. Each o- the%e

$e/eo&% a#$ -or% a &a#t.

Buds, gametophyte

,94. =r(o&h(ta: D'rectJI#$'rect7 er'#at'o# '% be%t -or %"r/'/a.

ndirect

,50. Mo%%e% are '# #at"re beca"%e the( a&&ear '# ro"&.

gregarious

,51. Proto#ea that $e/eo& -ro %&ore% are cae$ &roto#ea

!h'e tho%e that $e/eo& -ro other &art% are k#o!# a%

&roto#ea.

primary, secondary

,5,. *e"a re&ro$"ct'o# '# br(o&h(te% '% o- the t(&e. The '-e c(ce

'% t(&e.

oogamous, haplodiplontic

,53. Look at the -'"re beo! to "#$er%ta#$ the '-ec(ce o- br(o&h(ta.

"8


40/83

,5. =r(o&h(ta '% $'/'$e$ '#to three ca%%e%. Nae the.

'epaticopsida, Anthocerotopsida, Bryopsida or Musci

HEPATICOP*IDA 8 LIFERORT*,5;. A br(o&h(te% '#c"$e$ '# the ca%% he&at'co&%'$a are %ha&e$ 'ke

the -or ea&e2 7 or the( are -at -or ea&e2 7.

He#ce2 the( are k#o!# a% .

liver,%archantia, (iccia, liver%orts

,56. The &a#t bo$( o- he&at'co&%'$a '% B'ke a#$ . Rh'?o'$% a#$

%cae% are &re%e#t o# the . Rh'?o'$% are h'#t: #"ber o-

ce%7 a#$ bra#che$J"#bra#che$7. *cae% are h'#t:

#"ber o- ce%7

thalloid, dorsiventral, thallus, unicellular, unbranched, multi&cellular

,59. The eber% o- he&at'co&%'$a ha/e t'#( ea-B'ke a&&e#$ae%

'# #"ber7 ro!% o# the %te 'ke %tr"ct"re%. +or ea&e2

.

leafy, t%o,!orella

,55. The %&oro&h(te o- '/er!ort% '% co&ete( $e&e#$a#t o# the

o# !h'ch 't '% $e&e#$a#t -or -oo$2 !ater a#$ hab'tat. Th"%2 't '%

&ara%'t'c o# the .

gametophyte, gametophyte

,54. The %&oro&h(te o- '/er!ort% '% a$e "& o- 2 a#$ .

Ho!e/er2 '% a$e "& o- o#( the ca&%"e.

foot, seta, capsule,(iccia sporophyte

,40. are &re%e#t '# %&oro&h(te o- %oe eber% o- '/er!ort%.

The( are a#$ the( he& '# the $'%&er%a o- %&ore%.

laters, hygroscopic

)9


41/83

,41. I# 2 the #"r%e ce% are o$'-'e$ '#to eator%.

%archantia

,4,. G'/e %' ea&e% o- '/er!ort%.

(iccia, %archantia, Cryptothallus, (iella, !ellia, !orella

,43. I# br(o&h(te%2 the %&oro&h(te o- '% the %'&e%t.

(iccia

,4. A%e"a /eetat'/e7 re&ro$"ct'o# '# '/er!ort% take &ace b( the

-rae#tat'o# o- the or b( the -orat'o# o- %&ec'a'%e$

%tr"ct"re% cae$ .thalli, gemmae


42/83

300. The %&oro&h(te o- hor#!ort% '% #ot co&ete( $e&e#$a#t o# 't%

aeto&h(te2 '.e. 't '% . It% %&oro&h(te '% a#$2 there-ore2

ca# a#"-act"re 't% o!# -oo$. *o2 the %&oro&h(te $oe% #ot $e&e#$o# the aeto&h(te -or -oo$. It $e&e#$% o# 't o#( -or a#$ .

semi&parasitic, photosynthetic, %ater, habitat

301. I# hor#!ort%2 o# the ba%a &art o- ca&%"e2 a %&ec'a t(&e o- '%

&re%e#t. D"e to 't% act'/'t(2 the ca&%"e ro!% %o!(Jra&'$(7.

The ca&%"e ro!% 'ke the o- a#'a%.

meristem, rapidly, horn

30,. Ea&e% o- hor#!ort% are a#$ .

)otothylus, $nthoceros

=R)OP*IDA OR MU*CI 8 MO**E*

303. A o%%e% are '#c"$e$ '# the ca%% >=r(o&%'$a@. The &a#t bo$( o-

o%%e% '% a$e "& o- %teB'ke2 ea-B'ke .

rhi4oids

30. The rh'?o'$% &re%e#t '# br(o&%'$a are #"ber o- ce%72

bra#che$J"#bra#che$7 a#$ %e&tate.

multi&cellular, branched, obliuely

30;. =r(o&%'$a: The &re%e#ce o- '# aeto&h(te '% the "#'"e

character o- o%% beca"%e '# the &a#t k'#$o2 aeto&hte% $o#ot ha/e .

leaves, leaves

306. =r(o&%'$a: The aeto&h(te co#%'%t% o- %e#$er a'% bear'#

arra#e$ ea/e%.

upright, spirally

309. Feetat'/e re&ro$"ct'o# '# o%%e% '% b( a#$ '# the

)2


43/83

%eco#$ar( &roto#ea. D"r'# %e"a re&ro$"ct'o#2 the %e ora#%

are &ro$"ce$ at the o- ea-( %hoot%.

fragmentation, budding, ape!

305. The %&oro&h(te o- '# br(o&h(ta '% h'h( $e/eo&e$ !h'e the

%&oro&h(te o- '% the %'&e%t.

moss, liver%ort

304. The %&oro&h(te o- o%% '% $'/'$e$ '#to 2 a#$ .

foot, seta, capsule

310. The %&oro&h(te o- o%% '% a%o a 'ke that o- hor#!ort%2 '.e. 't

'% &hoto%(#thet'c. Mo%% ha% a# eaborate echa#'% -or .

semi&parasite, spore dispersal

311. G'/e three ea&e% o- o%%e%.

Funaria, !olytrichum, a*sonia

31,. The o%%2 2 '% cae$ Ro&e Mo%% or Cor$ Mo%%.

Funaria

313. The o%%2 2 '% cae$ ha'r ca& o%%.

!olytrichum

31. '% a# A"%tra'a# o%%. It '% a%o the h'he%t br(o&h(te

%ta#$'# at c.

a*sonia, )

31;. '% a %a&ro&h(t'c o%%. Photo%(#the%'% '% ab%e#t.

#uxbaumia

316. '% cae$ &eat o%%.

Sphagnum

319. Peat o%% '% a -o%%' -"e that '% obta'#e$ -ro bo. The -orat'o#

)"


44/83

o- &eat take% &ace b( the -o%%''?at'o# o- !pha$num. !pha$num

ro!% '# bo. The #"ber o- bacter'a '% e%% '# the bo $"e to

!h'ch the o- $ea$ ce $oe% #ot take &ace. He#ce2 't '% &re%e#t

'# the -or o- .acidic, degradation, fossil

315. '% a t(&e o-!pha$num o%% that -oat% o# !ater.

Euaking bog

314. 'ke% to ro! o# ac'$'c bo.

Bog moss

3,0. or %&rea$% 'ke a car&et o# bo $"e to !h'ch the

%!a& ca##ot be ea%'( %ee#.

Carpet moss, Turf moss

3,1. *&ha#" ca# ab%orb '# /er( h'h ao"#t. There-ore2 't '%

"%e$ '# the -or o- '# E"ro&e.

%ater, absorbent cotton

3,,. =r(o&h(te%2 '# e#era2 are o- 'tte eco#o'c '&orta#ce b"t %oe

o%%e% &ro/'$e -or herbaceo"% a#'a%.

food

3,3. ao# !'th 'che#%2 are the -'r%t ora#'%% to coo#'%e rock%

a#$2 he#ce2 are o- ecoo'ca '&orta#ce. The( rock% ak'#the %"b%trate %"'tabe -or the ro!th o- h'her &a#t%.

Mosses, decompose

3,. *'#ce o%%e% -or $e#%e at% o# the %o'2 the( re$"ce the '&act o-

-a'# ra'# a#$ &re/e#t .

soil erosion

PTERIDOPH)TA

))


45/83

3,;. The ter >Pter'$o&h(ta@ !a% &ro&o%e$ b( . The %t"$( o-

&ter'$o&h(te% '% k#o!# a% . Pter'$o&h(te% are k#o!# a% o-

the &a#t k'#$o. Pter'$o&h(te% are a%o cae$ .

'aeckel, pteridology, reptiles, vascular cryptogams

3,6. Pter'$o&h(te% are %ee$72 h'#t: re&ro$"ct'o# reate$7

&ro$"c'#2 cr(&toa'c /a%c"ar &a#t%.

seedless, spore

3,9. Pter'$o&h(ta are /a%c"ar &a#t%2 '.e. a#$ are &re%e#t '#

't.!ylem, phloem

3,5. I# &ter'$o&h(te%2 '# (e a#$ '# &hoe are ab%e#t.

Ho!e/er2 a% a# ece&t'o#2 2 a#$ co#ta'# .

vessels, companion cells, !teridium, Selaginella, %arsilea, false

vessels

3,4. '% ab%e#t '# &ter'$o&h(te% %'#ce '% ab%e#t.

Secondary gro%th, cambium

330. Pter'$o&h(ta: A% a# ece&t'o#2 %eco#$ar( ro!th '% &re%e#t '# the

%te o- .

+soetes

331. Pter'$o&h(te% are "%e$ -or &"r&o%e a#$ a% %o' . The( area%o ro!# a% &a#t%.

medicinal, binders, ornamental

33,. are cae$ a% the -'r%t %"cce%%-" terre%tr'a &a#t%.

Pteridophytes

333. Pter'$o&h(te% are ore a$a&te$ terre%tr'a &a#t% a% co&are$ to

br(o&h(te%. Th'% '% beca"%e o- the &re%e#ce o- a#$ .

)


46/83

roots, vascular tissues

33. Pter'$o&h(te% are #ot co&ete( %"cce%%-" terre%tr'a &a#t%

beca"%e the( #ee$ !ater -or . *o2 Pter'$o&h(te% ro! '# %ha$(a#$ o'%t &ace%.

fertili4ation

33;. I# &ter'$o&h(ta2 the &a#t bo$( '% co&ete( $'--ere#t'ate$ '#to

2 a#$ .

root, stem, leaves

336. I# &ter'$o&h(ta2 the root rea'#% a'/e o#( -or a %hort

&er'o$. A-ter %oe t'e2 't '% re&ace$ b( root%.

primary, adventitious

339. I# &ter'$o&h(ta2 the %te a( be or . he# the %te '%

"#$erro"#$2 't '% k#o!# a% .

erect, prostrate, rhi4ome

335. O# the ba%'% o- ea/e%2 &ter'$o&h(te% are o- t!o t(&e%.

Pter'$o&h(te% '# !h'ch the %te '% %aer !h'e the ea/e% are

arer are k#o!# a% &ter'$o&h(te%. Pter'$o&h(te% '# !h'ch the

%te '% arer !h'e the ea/e% are %aer are cae$

&ter'$o&h(te%.

macrophyllous, microphyllous

334. G'/e three ea&e% o- acro&h(o"% &ter'$o&h(te%.

!teridium, !teris, %arsilea

30. G'/e three ea&e% o- 'cro&h(o"% &ter'$o&h(te%.

Euisetum, Lycopodium, Selaginella

31. Pter'$o&h(ta: Lea/e% bear'# %&ora#'a are cae$ . The

aeto&h(te '% %a or . It '% "%"a( .

)3


47/83

sporophylls, inconspicuous, independent

3,. *e ora#% are "t'Bce"ar a#$ ackete$J#o#Backete$7.

*&er% are or -aeate$. Ebr(o %tae '% &re%e#tJab%e#t7.

+acketed, bi&, multi&, present

LI+E C)CLE O+ PTERIDOPHTA

33. Pter'$o&h(te '% a 2 '.e. $'&o'$.

sporophyte

3. Mo%t &ter'$o&h(te% are 2 '.e. o#( o#e t(&e o- %&ore '% -ore$

$"r'# re&ro$"ct'o#.

homosporus

3;. G'/e %e/e# ea&e% o- hoo%&or"% &ter'$o&h(ta.

!silotum, Lycopodium, Euisetum, !teridium, ryopteris, $diantum,

!teris

36. *oe &ter'$o&h(ta are 2 '.e. t!o t(&e% o- %&ore% are -ore$:

a#$ .

heterosporus, microspores, megaspores

39. G'/e e'ht ea&e% o- hetero%&or"% &ter'$o&h(ta.

Selaginella, +soetes, %arsilea, Salvinia, $-olla, Stylites, !illularia,

(egnellidium

35. The ea/e% o# !h'ch %&ora#'a are -ore$ are cae$

re&ro$"ct'/e ea/e%7. Nora &hoto%(#thet'c ea/e% are cae$

/eetat'/e ea/e%7.

sporophylls, tropophylls

34. *&ora#'a are &re%e#t '# ro"&%. The%e ro"&% are cae$ .

The( are -o"#$ o# %&oro&h(%.

)5


48/83

sorus


49/83

3;9. NOTE: I# the &a#t k'#$o2 the aeto&h(te '% a!a(%

/a%c"arJ#o#B/a%c"ar7.

non&vascular

3;5. I# hoo%&or"% &ter'$o&h(te%2 the aeto&h(te '% a!a(% . ="t2

'# hetero%&or"% &ter'$o&h(te%2 the aeto&h(te '% .

monoecious, dioecious

3;4. I# hetero%&or"% &ter'$o&h(te%2 -or the ae aeto&h(te

!h'e -or the -eae aeto&h(te.

microspores, megaspores

360. Pter'$o&h(ta: The -orat'o# o- %e ora#% take% &ace o# the

aeto&hte. Mae %e ora#% are cae$ !h'e -eae %e

ora#% are cae$ . The -orat'o# o- ae aete% take% &ace

'# 2 !h'ch are cae$ .

antheridium, archegonium, antheridia, anthero4oids

361. Pter'$o&h(ta: A#thero?o'$% are %ha&e7 a#$ B-aeate

h'#t: #"ber7. Ho!e/er2 the a#thero?o'$ o- are %&'#$eB

%ha&e$ a#$ '# 2 the( are c"r/e$ coa7B%ha&e$ a#$ B

-aeate h'#t: #"ber7. The e '% -ore$ '# the .

spiral, multi, Selaginella, Lycopodium,bi, archegonium

36,. Pter'$o&h(ta: +ert''?at'o# take% &ace b( a#$ ?(ote '%

-ore$ a% a re%"t o- -ert''?at'o#. The ?(ote $e/eo&% a#$ -or%

a# . The ebr(o $e/eo&% a#$ -or% a %&oro&h(t'c &a#t !'th

root2 %te a#$ ea-.

4oodiogamy, embryo

363. Pter'$o&h(ta: The t(&e o- %e"a re&ro$"ct'o# '# &ter'$o&h(ta '%

. The'r '-e c(ce '% t(&e.

)8


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oogamous, diplo&haplontic

36. The "#'"e character o- '-e c(ce o- &ter'$o&h(ta '%

2 '.e. %&oro&h(te a#$ aeto&h(te are '#$e&e#$e#t o- eachother.

ndependent alteration of generation

36;. Look at the -o! chart beo! -or the '-ec(ce o- &ter'$o&h(ta.

366. Pter'$o&h(ta '% $'/'$e$ '#to -o"r ca%%e%. Nae the.

Psilopsida, -ycopsida, Sphenopsida, Pteropsida

P*ILOP*IDA

369. The o%t a#c'e#t /a%c"ar &a#t% are &ace$ '# the ca%% .

Pa#t% '# th'% ca%% a( ha/e &r''t'/e character%.

Psilopsida

365. The bo$( o- &%'o&%'$a '% $'--ere#t'ate$ '#to %te 72 ea/e%

a#$ .

rhi4ome, scaly, rhi4oids

364. O#( o#e '/'# e#"% '% &re%e#t '# the ca%% &%'o&%'$a: 2 !h'ch

'% a '/'# -o%%'

!silotum

9


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390. a#$ are -o%%' &a#t%.

(hynia, Horneophyton

L)COP*IDA391. a o%%7 '% &ace$ '# the ca%% (co&%'$a.

Club moss

39,. L(co&%'$a: The &a#t bo$( o- c"b o%%e% '% $'--ere#t'ate$ '#to

root2 %te a#$ ea/e%. The ea/e% are ree# a#$ &hoto%(#thet'c a#$

k#o!# a% .

tropophylls

393. L(co&%'$a: *&oro&h(% are &re%e#t '# ro"&% at the o- the

&a#t. The%e ro"&% are cae$ or .

tip, strobilus, cone

39. '% the coo# c"b o%%. It '% a%o k#o!# a% or

.

Lycopodium, (round pine, Trailing evergreen

39;. Lycopodium '% a e$'c'#a &a#t. It '% "%e$ a% '# hoeo&ath'c

e$'c'#e%.

tonic

396. a o%%7 '% a%o k#o!# a% 'tte c"b o%%. It '% a%o k#o!# a%

o%%2 or o%% or &a#t.Selanginella, spike, Bird?s nest,(esurrection

399. The L(co&%'$a2 2 '% k#o!# a% >%a#ee/a#'@.

Selaginella bryopteris

*PHENOP*IDA

395. are '#c"$e$ '# the ca%% %&he#o&%'$a.

'orse tails

1


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394. *&he#o&%'$a: The &a#t bo$( o- hor%e ta'% are $'--ere#t'ate$ '#to

root2 %te or a#$ ea/e%.

rhi4ome, scaly

350. *&he#o&%'$a: '% &re%e#t '# the e&'$er'% o- %te a#$ ea/e%.

D"e to the %"r-ace2 the ea/e% becoe ro"h. I- t!o hor%e ta'

&a#t% co'$e2 the# there '% a $a#ero"% cha#e o- .

silica, silicated, forest fire

351. *&he#o&%'$a: The -orat'o# o- %&ora#'a take% &ace o# %&ec'a

bra#che% o- the %te cae$ .

sporangiophores

35,. *&he#o&%'$a: *&ora#'o&hore% are arra#e$ '# a ro"& a#$ -or a

o# a#$ co#e. Th'% co#e '% -ore$ at the &art o- aer'a

%te.

condensed, apical

353. A# ea&e o- %&he#o&%'$a: '% 7

Euisetum, Pipe

PTEROP*IDA

35. '% the are%t ro"& o- &ter'$o&h(te%.

Pteropsida

35;. Ptero&%'$a are coo#( cae$ . Mo%t o- the Ptero&%'$a are

.

ferns, ferns

356. +er#% are acro&h(o"%72 '.e. the rh'?oe '% %a a#$ the

ea/e% are co&arat'/e( arer. The%e ea/e% are k#o!# a% .

megaphyllous, .ronds

359. Ptero&%'$a: M"t'ce"ar ha'r are &re%e#t o# the (o"# ea- a#$

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(o"# rh'?oe o- -er#%2 !h'ch are cae$ .

ramenta

355. Ptero&%'$a: There '% #o $'--ere#ce bet!ee# a#$ '# -er#2

'.e. e/er( ea- o- -er# -or% at the t'e o- re&ro$"ct'o#.

There-ore2 are #ot &ro$"ce$ '# -er#%.

tropophylls, sporophylls, sporangia, cones

354. The -er#2 2 '% cae$ =rake# -er# or *"# -er#.

!teridium

340. The -er#2 2 '% cae$ =rook %h'e$ -er#.ryopteris

341. The -er#2 2 '% k#o!# a% the ak'# -er#.

$diantum

34,. The !ak'# -er# '% #ae$ %o $"e to the'r ra&'$ 2 !h'ch

take% &ace b( ea#% o- . It %&rea$% /er( -a%t.

vegetative reproduction, leaf tip

343. '% k#o!# a% the Ro(a -er# or -o!er'# -er#.

.smunda

34. '% k#o!# a% A$$er@% to#"e -er#.

.phioglossum

34;. '% k#o!# a% the &e&&er !ort -er#.

%arsilea

346. '% a# a"at'c -er#. It '% the %ae%t &ter'$o&h(ta a#$ a%o act%

a% a .

$-olla,biofertiliser

349. T!o other ea&e% o- -er#% are a#$ .!teris, Salvinia

"


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PTERIDOPH)TA: *OME IMPORTANT POINT*

345. I# hetero%&or"% &ter'$o&h(te% a#$ 2 the -eae

aeto&h(te% are reta'#e$ o# the &are#t %&oro&h(te -or /ar'abe

&er'o$%.

Selaginella, Salvinia

344. Pter'$o&h(ta: The $e/eo&e#t o- the ?(ote '#to (o"# ebr(o%

take% &ace !'th'# the aeto&h(te.

female

00. Ge#era 'ke a#$ &o%%e%% &art'a( e#$o%&or'c

$e/eo&e#t o- the ebr(o. Th'% e/e#t '% a &rec"r%or o- hab't2

!h'ch '% co#%'$ere$ a# '&orta#t %te& '# e/o"t'o#.

Selaginella, Salvinia, seed

01. The ea/e% o-!ela$inella are to#"eB%ha&e$7.

ligulate

0,. Pter'$o&h(ta: The '"e '% a %tr"ct"re2 !h'ch %ecrete% !ater

a#$ kee&% the %&ora#'" a#$ the (o"# ea- .

secretory, moist

03. I# %oe &ter'$o&h(te%2 the %&ora#'a '% #ot -ore$ o# the

%"r-ace o- %&oro&h(%.

lo%er

0. I# %oe &ter'$o&h(te%2 %&ora#'a are -ore$ at the a' o- the ea-.

+or ea&e2 .

a!il, Selaginella

0;. I# %oe &ter'$o&h(te%2 the %&ora#'a are -ore$ '# the %&'ke. +or

ea&e2 .

spike, .phioglossum

)


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06. I# %oe &ter'$o&h(te%2 the %&ora#'a are -ore$ '# the %&oroca&.

+or ea&e2 2 a#$ .

%arsilea, $-olla, Salvinia

09. I# %oe &ter'$o&h(te%2 the &rotha"% '% %a&ro&h(t'c. I#

hetero%&or"% &ter'$o&h(te% 'ke a#$ 2 the aeto&h(te%

are #ot cae$ &rotha"%. #ot !e !r'tte#7

Selaginella, Salvinia

G)MNO*PERM*

05. The !or$ >(#o%&er@ '% $er'/e$ -ro the !or$% >(#o%@

ea#'# a#$ >%&era@ ea#'# .

naked, seed

04. G(#o%&er% are &a#t% '# !h'ch the o/"e '% #ot e#co%e$ b( a#(

. It rea'#% e&o%e$2 both be-ore a#$ a-ter .

ovary %all, fertili4ation

10. The %t"$( o- (#o%&er '% k#o!# a% .

(ymnospermology

11. The a'# &a#t bo$( o- (#o%&er% '% $'/'$e$ '#to root2 %te

a#$ ea/e%. The root% are e#era( root%.

tap

1,. Root% '# %oe (#o%&er% ha/e -"#a a%%oc'at'o# '# the -or o-

a% '# 7. I# %oe other%2 'ke 2 %a %&ec'a'%e$ root%

cae$ root% are a%%oc'ate$ !'th #'troe#B-''# c(a#obacter'a.

mycorrhi4a,!inus, Cycas, coralloid

13. The %te% o- (#o%&er% a( be bra#che$ a% '# or the(

a( be "#bra#che$ a% '# a#$ .

Cycas, !inus, Cedrus


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1. The ea/e% o- (#o%&er% a( be %'&e or co&o"#$. I# Cycus2

the ea/e% &er%'%t -or a -e! (ear%.

pinnate

1;. The ea/e% o- (#o%&er% are !eBa$a&te$ to etree co#$'t'o#%.

I# co#'-er%2 the #ee$eB'ke ea/e% re$"ce the . The'r th'ck

a#$ %"#ke# a%o he& re$"ce !ater o%%.

surface area, cuticle, stomata

16. G(#o%&er% a#$ a#'o%&er% are coect'/e( '#c"$e$ "#$er

2 '.e. %ee$ bear'# &a#t%.

spermatophyte

19. G(#o%&er% are #ake$B%ee$ &a#t%2 '.e. #o -orat'o# take%

&ace '# the%e &a#t%. Ho!e/er2 a#$ %ee$ -orat'o# $oe% take

&ace.

seed, embryo

15. G(#o%&er% are /er( ''te$ '# $'%tr'b"t'o#. The( are a'#(

-o"#$ '# re'o#%. I# I#$'a2 (#o%&er% are -o"#$ o# the

. G(#o%&er% occ"r o# %o&e% o- o"#ta'#% '# co$ re'o#%.

There-ore2 the( are .

cold, 'imalayas, !erophytes

14. A (#o%&er% are /a%c"ar &a#t%. There-ore2 /a%c"ar t'%%"e% 8

(e a#$ &hoe 8 are &re%e#t. Ho!e/er2 the (e ack%

a#$ &hoe ack% .

vessels, companion cells

,0. A% a# ece&t'o#2 tr"e /e%%e% are &re%e#t '# the (#o%&er% 2

a#$ .

"netum, Ephedra, /el*itschia

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57/83

,1. *eco#$ar( ro!th take% &ace '# (#o%&er %te%. He#ce2

(#o%&er% %te% are .

%oody

,,. Mo%t o- the (#o%&er% are treeB'ke7. Ho!e/er2 %oe are

&re%e#t a% %hr"b%. +or ea&e2 '% a %hr"b.

arborescent,Ephedra

,3. *oe (#o%&er% are !oo$( c'ber%7. +or ea&e

.

liana, "netum ula

LI+EC)CLE O+ G)MNO*PERM*

,. I# (#o%&er%2 the a'# &a#t bo$( '% $'&o'$7. A

(#o%&er% are 2 '.e. ae a#$ -eae &a#t% are %e&arate. A%

a# ece&t'o# to th'%2 '% o#oec'o"%.

sporophyte, dioecious,!inus

,;. A (#o%&er% are hoo%&or"%Jhetero%&or"%7. At the t'e

o- re&ro$"ct'o#2 t!o t(&e% o- %&ore% are -ore$. -or the

ae aeto&h(te !h'e -or the -eae aeto&h(te.

heterosporus, Microspores, megaspores

,6. I# (#o%&er%2 the t!o t(&e% o- %&ore% are -ore$ o# $'--ere#t

%&ora#'a. M'cro%&ore% are -ore$ '# !h'e ea%&ore% are-ore$ '# the . The ea%&ora#'a are a%o cae$ o/"e.

microsporangia, megasporangia, integumented

,9. I# a#'o%&er%2 both t(&e% o- %&ora#'a are -ore$ o# $'--ere#t

%&oro&h(%. The 'cro%&ora#'a are -ore$ o# !h'e the

ea%&ora#'a are -ore$ o# .

microsporophylls, megasporophylls

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,5. I# a#'o%&er%2 both t(&e% o- %&oro&h(% are -o"#$ '# ro"&% a#$

-or the ae co#e J7 a#$ the -eae co#e 7.

strobilus, microsporangiate, macrosporangiate

,4. A#'o%&er%: Me'o%'% take% &ace '# the ce% o- 'cro%&ora#'"

a#$ ea%&ora#'"2 a#$ -or a#$ 2 re%&ect'/e(.

microspore, megaspore

30. I# (#o%&er% a#$ a#'o%&er%2 the er'#at'o# o- %&ore% '%

2 '.e. the er'#at'o# o- the %&ore take% &ace !'th'# the

%&ora#'a.endosporic

31. G(#o%&er%: The ae aeto&h(te '% -ore$ be-oreJa-ter7

the er'#at'o# o- 'cro%&ore. The ae aeto&h(te '% a%o

k#o!# a% . The ae aeto&h(te -or% the ae aete.

after, pollen grain

3,. I# o!er (#o%&er%2 the ae aete% are a#$ . ="t2

'# h'her (#o%&er% a#$ a#'o%&er%2 the ae aete% are

#o#Bot'e $"e to the ab%e#ce o- a#$ . The ae aete%

$o #ot re"'re !ater -or .

motile, multi&ciliate, cilia, flagella, fertilisation

33. I# (#o%&er%2 the a'# bo$( o- the o/"e '% a$e "& o- a

$'&o'$ t'%%"e cae$ .

nucellus

3. G(#o%&er%: A ce o- #"ce"% act% a% 2 !h'ch

"#$eroe% e'o%'% a#$ -or% ha&o'$ ea%&ore%. O"t o- the%e2

o#( o#e rea'#% -"#ct'o#a !h'e the other% .

megaspore mother cell, four, degenerate

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3;. G(#o%&er%: The ea%&ore that rea'#% -"#ct'o#a2 $e/eo&%

'#to the -eae aeto&h(te or .

endosperm

36. G(#o%&er%: The ce% o- the e#$o%&er beha/e 'ke

a#$ -or t!o or ore . The -or% the e.

archegonial initials, archegonia, archegonia

39. G(#o%&er%: The &oe# ra'#% reach the o- the o/"e b(

!'#$. Th'% '% cae$ !'#$ &o'#at'o#7. A-ter &o'#at'o#2 the

&oe# ra'#% are %tore$ '# the o- the o/"e.micropyle, anemophily, pollen chamber

35. T!o t(&e% o- -ert''%at'o# take% &ace '# (#o%&er%. Nae the.

Foodio&siphonogamy, siphonogamy

34. A#'o%&er%: oo$'oB%'&ho#oa( occ"r% '# a#'o%&er%.

The ae aete% are a#$ are tra#%-erre$ to the -eae aete

b( .

lo%er, motile, pollen tube

0. G(#o%&er%: *'&ho#oa( occ"r% '# (#o%&er%. The

#o#Bot'e ae aete% are tra#%-erre$ to the -eae aete b(

. A-ter &o'#at'o#2 the ae a#$ -eae aete% -"%e a#$

-or a ?(ote.

higher, pollen tube, diploid

1. I# (#o%&er%2 -ert''%at'o# take% &ace. *o2 o#( the '%

-ore$ $"r'# -ert''%at'o#. I# a#'o%&er%2 -ert''%at'o# take%

&ace. He#ce2 both the a#$ the are -ore$ a-ter

-ert''%at'o#.

single, 4ygote, double, 4ygote, endosperm

8


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,. I# (#o%&er%2 the e#$o%&er '% -ore$ be-oreJa-ter7

-ert''?at'o# b( the ea%&ore. He#ce2 't '% . ="t2 '#

a#'o%&er%2 the e#$o%&er '% -ore$ be-oreJa-ter7

-ert''?at'o# b( -"%'o#. *o2 the e#$o%&er '% *ec. #"ce"%

,#7 ae aete #7.

before, haploid, after, triple, triploid

3. I# a#'o%&er%2 -ert''?at'o# take% &ace b( .

siphonogamy

. G(#o%&er% a#$ a#'o%&er% are toether cae$ .Siphonogama

;. Look at the '-ec(ce o- (#o%&er% beo!.

39


61/83

6. The -o! chart beo! %ho!% -ert''%at'o# '# (#o%&er%.

9. G(#o%&er%: The ebr(o '% -ore$ b( the $e/eo&e#t o- the

ha&o'$J$'&o'$7 ?(ote. A-ter the ebr(o '% -ore$2 the o/"echa#e% to the .

diploid, seed

5. *ee$% are #ot -ore$ '# &ter'$o&h(ta 7 beca"%e o- er'#at'o# o-

%&ore '% 2 '.e. the ebr(o $e/eo&% o"t%'$e the %&ora#'a.

e!osporic

4. G(#o%&er%: The ebr(o '% e#co%e$ '#%'$e the %ee$2 !h'ch

31


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ab%orb% !ater a#$ b"r%t%. The ebr(o er'#ate% a#$ -or% a #e!

&a#t.

diploid

;0. D'--ere#t t(&e% o- &o(ebr(o#( are -o"#$ '# (#o%&er%2 '.e. '#

a %'#e %ee$2 ore tha# o#e are &ro$"ce$.

embryos

;1. The '-e c(ce o- (#o%&er% a#$ a#'o%&er% '% beca"%e the

aeto&h(t'c e#erat'o# '% %hort '/e$. The aeto&h(te '% /er(

a#$ $e&e#$% o# 't% .diplontic, reduced, sporophyte

;,. A#ther'$'a '% &re%e#tJab%e#t7 '# (#o%&er% a#$

a#'o%&er%. That ea#% that '% the a%t ro"& ha/'#

a#ther'$'a.

absent, pteridophyta

;3. D"r'# e/o"t'o#2 the aeto&h(te ha% bee# !h'e the

%&oro&h(te ha% becoe . Th"%2 the aeto&h(te '% /er(

re$"ce$ '# !h'e 't '% !e $e/eo&e$ '# . A%o2 the

%&oro&h(te '% /er( re$"ce$ '# a#$ '% !e $e/eo&e$ '# .

reduced, %ell developed, angiosperms, moss, thallophyta, angiosperms

;. G(#o%&er% are $'/'$e$ '#to t!o ro"&%. Nae the.

Cycadophyta


63/83

ramenta

;9. I# c(ca$o&h(ta2 the aete '% ot'e.

male

;5. C(ca$o&h(ta are $'/'$e$ '#to three or$er%. Nae the.

Cycadofillicales


64/83

66. Cycas: The $'aeter o- 't% o/"e% '% c. It% o/"e2 ae

aete%2 e a#$ ae co#e are the %ae%tJare%t7 '# the

&a#t k'#$o. The ebr(o o- c(ca% ha% t!o .

5, largest, cotyledons

69. I# Cycas, the ae aete '% B%ha&e$. The co#e '% ab%e#t.

top, female

CONI+EROPH)TA

65. +o"r or$er% are '#c"$e$ '# the ro"& co#'-ero&h(ta. Nae the.


65/83

9;. '% k#o!# a% >ch'o?a &'#e@.

!inus gerardiana

96. '% k#o!# a% >ch'r&'#e@.

!inus roxburghii

99. '% k#o!# a% >$eo$ar@.

Cedrus

95. '% k#o!# a% the )e! tree. A# a#t'Bca#cer e$'c'#e2 2 '%

obta'#e$ -ro 't% bark.

&axus, Ta!ol

94. ha% the th'cke%t %te '# the &a#t k'#$o.

&axodium maxicanus

50. The re%'#2 >Ca#a$a ba%a@ '% obta'#e$ -ro . It '% "%e$

to a#"-act"re '# b'oo( aborator(.

$bies balsamea,permanent slides

51. A# o' 8 Ce$ar !oo$ o' 8 '% obta'#e$ -ro the tree2 . It '%

"%e$ a% '# b'oo( aborator(. The o' '% a%o "%e$ '# the

'cro%co&e to '#crea%e 't% . The o' '% "%e$ a%

reo/er.

1uniperus virginiana, cleansing fluid, resolving po%er, nail polish

5,. '% the #ae o- the Chr'%ta% tree. It '% a# or#ae#ta

&a#t.

$raucaria excelsa

53. '% k#o!# a% the Mo#ke( &"??e tree. It '% a# or#ae#ta

&a#t.

$raucaria araucana

5. G(#o%&er%: Pa#t% '# the e#"%2 are hea/(. There-ore2

3


66/83

the( are cae$ the -ather o- -ore%t.

Seuoia species

5;. '% cae$ the Re$!oo$ tree or *hera# tree. It '% the

%ae%tJare%t7 (#o%&er.

Seuoia giganteum

56. There '% o#( o#e tree o-!e'uoia $i$anteum '# the !or$ a#$ that '%

'# .

California

59. '% a '/'# -o%%'. Th'% &a#t '% &re%e#t '# Ch'#a /ae(.%etaseuoia

GNETALE*

55. are the o%t a$/a#ce$ (#o%&er%. A% a# ece&t'o#2

eber% o- th'% ro"& ha/e '# (e.

(netales, vessels

54. Archeo#'a '% ab%e#tJ&re%e#t7 '# #etae%. A% a# ece&t'o#2

archeo#'a '% &re%e#t '# .

absent,Ephedra

40. G'/e t!o ea&e% o- #etae%.

"netum, /el*itschia

41. 2 a e$'c'#a &a#t2 '% coo#( -o"#$ '# Raa%tha#. Ae$'c'#e E&he$r'#e2 '% obta'#e$ -ro 't. It '% a# e--ect'/e e$'c'#e

'# . '%"%e 't2 %o e&he$r'#e '% re%tr'cte$ -or the.

Ephedra, asthma, Athletes

MI*CELLANEOU*

4,. C(ca$o-''cae% !ere the -'r%t &a#t%. I# e#era2 %ee$%

or''#ate$ -ro tho%e 2 !h'ch are #o! et'#ct. The%e !ere

a#ce%tor% o- c(ca$o-''cae%.

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seeded, pteridophytes, pteridophytes

43. *oe hetero%&or"% &ter'$o&h(te% a#$ %ho! or''# o- %ee$

hab't.Selaginella, Salvinia

4. There are t!o a'# re"'ree#t% -or %ee$ -orat'o#. The%e are: a7

Pa#t% %ho"$ be < a#$ b7 The er'#at'o# o- ea%&ore

%ho"$ be .

heterosporus, endosporic

ALLEN UE*TION*

4;. h'ch aa ro"&% ha/e %''ar't( '# &'e#t co&o%'t'o#

a7Re$ aae a#$ bro!# aae.

b7Gree# aae a#$ b"e ree# aae.

c7 Ke&% a#$ $'ato%.

$7D'ato% a#$ e"e#o'$%.


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44. h'ch o- the -oo!'# &a#t ro"&% ha/e %''ar &'e#t

co&o%'t'o#

a7Rho$o&h(ta a#$ &haeo&h(tab7Choro&h(ta a#$ &haeo&h(ta

c7 Rho$o&h(ta a#$ c(a#o&h(ta

$7A


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b7Ab%e#ce o- /a%c"ar t'%%"e.

c7 (ot'c e'o%'%.

$7A the abo/e.


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;1,. =r(o&h(ta '#c"$e% a7 Mo%%e% b7 C"b o%%e% c7 *&'ke o%%e% $7

A the abo/e.


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;19. Lea/e% o- o%%e% a#$ -er#% are:

a7A#aoo"% a#$ hoooo"% both.

b7A#aoo"% b"t #ot hoooo"%.

c7 Hoooo"% b"t #ot a#aoo"%.

$7No#e o- the abo/e.


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;,3. =r(o&h(ta are #ot ta &a#t% $"e to:

a7Ab%e#ce o- er'%te.

b7Ab%e#ce o- /a%c"ar t'%%"e%.c7 Pre%e#ce o- root %(%te.

$7A o- the abo/e.


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G(#o%&er% c7 A#'o%&er% $7 No#e o- the abo/e.


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;36. The a#ther?o'$% o- -er#% are: a7 U#'-aeate b7 ='-aeate c7

"a$r'-aeate $7 M"t'-aeate.


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P%o&%'$a b7 L(co&%'$a c7 *&he#o&%'$a $7 Ptero&%'$a


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;;1. h'ch o- the -oo!'# or$er o- (#o%&er% '% tota( becoe

et'#ct: a7 C(ca$ae% b7 G'#koae% c7 G#etae% $7

C(ca$o-''cae%


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;;5. M"t'c''ate ae aete% are -o"#$ '# a7 Pinus b7 Cycas c7

Gentum$7 Ma#o


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. Th'#B!ae$ re%t'# %&ore% &ro$"ce$ b( Cha($oo#a% '# $r(

co#$'t'o#% o- e#/'ro#e#t are

A. Me'o%&ore%=. A&a#ao%&ore%

C. H(o%&ore%

D. (o%&ore%

6. D"r'# ?oo%&ore -orat'o# o- Cha($oo#a%

A. De/eo&% a /er( th'ck !a

=. Lo%e% the choro&a%t

C. Lo%e% -aea

D. A the abo/e

9. D"r'# -a/o"rabe co#$'t'o#%2 the o%t coo# o$e o-

"t'&'cat'o# '# Cha($oo#a% '% b( &ro$"c'#

A. Gaete%

=. oo%&ore%

C. A&a#o%&ore%

D. H(o%&ore%

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7"

chapter 03 - plant kingdom

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