chapter 1 · 1/17/18 1 © 2017 pearson education, inc. review of general chemistry: electronic...
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1/17/18
1
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Review of General
Chemistry: Electronic Structure
and Bonding
Chapter 1
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is Organic Chemistry?
Organiccompounds:fromlivingorganisms
Inorganiccompounds:fromminerals
Organiccompoundsarecompoundsthatcontaincarbon.
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Isotopes
AllCarbonAtomsHavetheSameAtomicNumber=#ofprotons
CarbonAtomsCanHavetheDifferentMassNumbersMassNumber=#ofprotons+#ofneutrons
Isotopes: atoms of the same element with different mass
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The Structure of an Atom
Protonsarepositivelycharged.Neutronshavenocharge.
Electronsarenegativelycharged.
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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Structure of an Atom
Protonsarepositivelycharged.Neutronshavenocharge.
Electronsarenegativelycharged.
N,atomicnumber=#ofprotons
Nforcarbon=6
carbonatomhassixprotonsandsixelectrons.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Distribution of Electrons in an Atom
• Thefirstshellisclosesttothenucleus.• Theclosertheatomicorbitalistothenucleus,theloweritsenergy.
• Withinashell,s<p.
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• Aufbauprinciple:Anelectrongoesintotheatomicorbitalwiththelowestenergy. 1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<3d
• Pauliexclusionprinciple:Nomorethantwoelectronscanbeinanatomicorbital.• Hund’srule:Anelectrongoesintoanemptydegenerateorbitalratherthanpairingup.
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Atoms in the First Column of the Periodic Table Lose an Electron
Anatomismoststableifitsoutershelliseitherfilledorcontains8electrons.
Lithiumandsodiumachieveafilledoutershellbylosinganelectron.
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Atoms on the Right Side of the Periodic Table Readily Gain an Electron
Fluorineandchlorineachieveafilledoutershellbygaininganelectron.
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A Hydrogen Atom Can Lose or Gain an Electron
Ahydrogenatomachievesanemptyshellbylosinganelectronorafilledoutershellbygaininganelectron.
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Achieving a Filled Outer Shell by Sharing Electrons
Abondformedbysharingelectronsiscalledacovalentbond.
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Achieving a Filled Outer Shell by Sharing Electrons
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How Many Bonds Does an Atom Form?
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Nonpolar and Polar Covalent Bonds
Nonpolarcovalentbond=bondedatomsarethesameorhavesimilarelectronegativities.
Polarcovalentbond=bondedatomshavedifferentelectronegativities.