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Review of General

Chemistry: Electronic Structure

and Bonding

Chapter 1

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What is Organic Chemistry?

Organiccompounds:fromlivingorganisms

Inorganiccompounds:fromminerals

Organiccompoundsarecompoundsthatcontaincarbon.

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Isotopes

AllCarbonAtomsHavetheSameAtomicNumber=#ofprotons

CarbonAtomsCanHavetheDifferentMassNumbersMassNumber=#ofprotons+#ofneutrons

Isotopes: atoms of the same element with different mass

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The Structure of an Atom

Protonsarepositivelycharged.Neutronshavenocharge.

Electronsarenegativelycharged.

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The Structure of an Atom

Protonsarepositivelycharged.Neutronshavenocharge.

Electronsarenegativelycharged.

N,atomicnumber=#ofprotons

Nforcarbon=6

carbonatomhassixprotonsandsixelectrons.

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The Distribution of Electrons in an Atom

•  Thefirstshellisclosesttothenucleus.•  Theclosertheatomicorbitalistothenucleus,theloweritsenergy.

•  Withinashell,s<p.

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• Aufbauprinciple:Anelectrongoesintotheatomicorbitalwiththelowestenergy. 1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<3d

• Pauliexclusionprinciple:Nomorethantwoelectronscanbeinanatomicorbital.• Hund’srule:Anelectrongoesintoanemptydegenerateorbitalratherthanpairingup.

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Atoms in the First Column of the Periodic Table Lose an Electron

Anatomismoststableifitsoutershelliseitherfilledorcontains8electrons.

Lithiumandsodiumachieveafilledoutershellbylosinganelectron.

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Atoms on the Right Side of the Periodic Table Readily Gain an Electron

Fluorineandchlorineachieveafilledoutershellbygaininganelectron.

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A Hydrogen Atom Can Lose or Gain an Electron

Ahydrogenatomachievesanemptyshellbylosinganelectronorafilledoutershellbygaininganelectron.

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Achieving a Filled Outer Shell by Sharing Electrons

Abondformedbysharingelectronsiscalledacovalentbond.

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Achieving a Filled Outer Shell by Sharing Electrons

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How Many Bonds Does an Atom Form?

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Nonpolar and Polar Covalent Bonds

Nonpolarcovalentbond=bondedatomsarethesameorhavesimilarelectronegativities.

Polarcovalentbond=bondedatomshavedifferentelectronegativities.