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1/17/18 1 Review of General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding Chapter 1 What is Organic Chemistry? Organic compounds: from living organisms Inorganic compounds: from minerals Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon.

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Page 1: Chapter 1 · 1/17/18 1 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Review of General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding Chapter 1 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc

1/17/18

1

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Review of General

Chemistry: Electronic Structure

and Bonding

Chapter 1

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

What is Organic Chemistry?

Organiccompounds:fromlivingorganisms

Inorganiccompounds:fromminerals

Organiccompoundsarecompoundsthatcontaincarbon.

Page 2: Chapter 1 · 1/17/18 1 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Review of General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding Chapter 1 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc

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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Isotopes

AllCarbonAtomsHavetheSameAtomicNumber=#ofprotons

CarbonAtomsCanHavetheDifferentMassNumbersMassNumber=#ofprotons+#ofneutrons

Isotopes: atoms of the same element with different mass

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Structure of an Atom

Protonsarepositivelycharged.Neutronshavenocharge.

Electronsarenegativelycharged.

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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Structure of an Atom

Protonsarepositivelycharged.Neutronshavenocharge.

Electronsarenegativelycharged.

N,atomicnumber=#ofprotons

Nforcarbon=6

carbonatomhassixprotonsandsixelectrons.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Distribution of Electrons in an Atom

•  Thefirstshellisclosesttothenucleus.•  Theclosertheatomicorbitalistothenucleus,theloweritsenergy.

•  Withinashell,s<p.

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• Aufbauprinciple:Anelectrongoesintotheatomicorbitalwiththelowestenergy. 1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<3d

• Pauliexclusionprinciple:Nomorethantwoelectronscanbeinanatomicorbital.• Hund’srule:Anelectrongoesintoanemptydegenerateorbitalratherthanpairingup.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Atoms in the First Column of the Periodic Table Lose an Electron

Anatomismoststableifitsoutershelliseitherfilledorcontains8electrons.

Lithiumandsodiumachieveafilledoutershellbylosinganelectron.

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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Atoms on the Right Side of the Periodic Table Readily Gain an Electron

Fluorineandchlorineachieveafilledoutershellbygaininganelectron.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

A Hydrogen Atom Can Lose or Gain an Electron

Ahydrogenatomachievesanemptyshellbylosinganelectronorafilledoutershellbygaininganelectron.

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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Achieving a Filled Outer Shell by Sharing Electrons

Abondformedbysharingelectronsiscalledacovalentbond.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Achieving a Filled Outer Shell by Sharing Electrons

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© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

How Many Bonds Does an Atom Form?

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Nonpolar and Polar Covalent Bonds

Nonpolarcovalentbond=bondedatomsarethesameorhavesimilarelectronegativities.

Polarcovalentbond=bondedatomshavedifferentelectronegativities.