Knowledge of Smokers and its Effects among Arellano Students in AU JAS campus: An Assessment

Knowledge of Smokers and its Effects among Arellano Students in AU JAS campus: An Assessment

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS

INTRODUCTION:

The National Survey on Drug Use and Health estimates that each day, over 4,000 people under the age of 18 try their first cigarette. This amounts to more than 730,000 new smokers each year. The Final Report of the National Commission on Drug-Free Schools indicates that children and adolescents consume more than one billion packs ofcigarettesevery year. According to economist Kenneth Warner, Ph.D., the tobacco industry needs 5,000 new young smokers every day in order to maintain the total number of smokers. The USDepartment of Health and Human Services estimates that 90% of smokers begin theirtobaccousage before age 20. Of these, 50% begin tobacco use by age 14 and 25% begin their use by age 12. Children are three times more sensitive to advertising as concluded in the April 1996 Journal of Marketing study. The three most heavily advertised cigarette brands areMarlboro, Newport, and Camel. The 1994Center for Disease Control(CDC) report concluded that 86% of underage smokers prefer one of these three brands. As the public became more educated on the effects of smoking, the amount of smokers dropped and is currently about 20%. While smoking among adults consistently declined over time, smoking rates for high school students began to increase in the early 1990s. They did not begin to decrease until the end of the decade. One study in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that, Seventy-two percent of students reported experimenting with, formerly, or ever smoking cigarettes, and 32% reported smoking in the past 30 days. Students who had participated in interscholastic sports were less likely to be regular and heavy smokers. Smoking initiation rates increased rapidly after age 10 and peaked at age 13 to 14. Students who began smoking at age 12 or younger were more likely to be regular and heavy smokers than were students who began smoking at older ages. (Escobedo LG, 2004)Lifetime cigarette use among students in the Philippines was common. In 2000 and 2003, about 4 in 10 students reported ever smoking cigarettes. In 2000 and 2003, boys were significantly more likely than girls to have ever smoked. About 1 in 7 students who had smoked cigarettes reported smoking their first cigarette before age 10 in 2000 and 2003 with no significant difference by gender. Current tobacco use and likely initiation of smoking among students have significantly declined between 2000 and 2003. The percentage of students who reported being a current cigarette smoker and currently using other tobacco products fell dramatically. (Jones, 2003)Smoking means a person has formed an uncontrollable dependence on cigarettes to the point where stopping smoking would cause severe emotional, mental, or physical reactions. Everyone knows that smoking is harmful and addictive, but few people realize just how risky and addictive it is. Chances are that about one in three smokers who do not stop will eventually die because of their smoking. Some will die in their 40s, others will die later. On average, they will die 10 to 15 years earlier than they would have died from other causes. Most smokers want to stop and do indeed try, but only one in three succeeds in stopping permanently before age 60. (PN. Kemboja, 2008)

According to the MMDA, minors who smoke in public cannot be simply arrested. Smokers in public, once caught, are made to pay aP500 fine, while those who cannot pay the penalty are made to render eight hours of community service. MMDA Chairman Francis Tolentino said the agency has formed a task force to closely monitor establishments and street vendors for possible violation of the Tobacco Regulations Act, especially those who are selling cigarettes to minors, including students. (The Philippine Star, 2013)

Information about the harmful effects of cigarette smoking will be integrated into the basic education curriculum, the Department of Education has announced. DepEd Order 62 tasks the department to include the environmental and economic implications of smoking in the elementary and high school curricula. (DepEd, 2012)

Many Filipinos die due to smoking-related diseases. On a daily basis, 240 Filipinos die because of these smoking-related diseases such as heart failure, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peripheral vascular disease and many cancers. This accounts for 87,600 deaths due to smoking-related diseases in the country every year. (WHO, 2009b)

In connection with these dangers of smoking, there are increasing numbers of Filipino smokers and an alarming number of youth smokers. Republic Act of 9211(as cited in Department of Education [DepEd], 2011), or the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 specifies the smoking prohibition in public places:

Section 5. Smoking in Public Places - Smoking shall be absolutely prohibited in the following public places: a. Centers of youth activity such as playschools, preparatory schools, elementary schools, high schools, colleges and universities, youth hostels, and recreational facilities for persons less than eighteen (18) years old (p.1).2

Thus, this law of the country protects specifically the youth from being exposed to smoking.

Background of the study:

Smoking is a practice in which tobacco is burned and the smoke is inhaled. Smoking that contains Tobacco in which tobacco is an agricultural product that forms nicotine, and that nicotine affects our health.

Smoking usually starts during the teenage years, and psychosocial factors provide the primary forces that lead adolescents to begin. Several aspects of the social environment are influential in shaping teenagers attitude, beliefs, and intentions about smoking.

Parents, friends and cultural influences play major roles in whether adolescents take up smoking at such a young age. Despite their knowledge of the unhealthy consequences of smoking, young people often fall victim to their surroundings. Adolescents need to be reminded of the potential hazards of smoking to resist the temptations so many of them face.

The researcher motivates to do this study, because it helps to provide necessary information about the effects of cigarette smoking in the students. By doing this, the researcher needs to be aware about this existing problem and be better to know the early prevention in the effects of cigarette smoking.

We the researchers realized that by doing this study will help will help others by giving them additional information about the effects of cigarette smoking in among students to minimize the incidence in acquiring disease regarding on this problem.

Statement of the Study:

The researchers want to determine the Knowledge of Students Smokers and its effect in terms of Physical, Social, and Psychological.

Specifically to determine the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of the following:

Age

Gender

Socio-economic Status

2. What is the level of Knowledge of the Student Smokers regarding the effects of Smoking in terms of?

a. Physical

b. Social

c. Psychological

Is there a significant relationship between the demographic profile of the respondents and the knowledge of the student smokers regarding on its effects.

Hypothesis:

There is no significant relationship between the demographic profile of the respondents and the level of knowledge of the students smokers and its effects.

Significance of the study:

Students:

This research will guide the student smokers in different facts about cigarette smoking that will help them to gain knowledge and better understand the risk of smoking.

Family:

It will increase their awareness on the effects of cigarette smoking. By this it will influenced their children in avoiding any smoking practices.

Community:

This study will facilitate change by making them realize the dangers of cigarette smoking. Through methods from this study, a comprehensive community-based care could be utilized.

Health Provider:This study will contribute to the growing concern against cigarette smoking and provide them an additional data from assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation of ongoing measures, thus continuously improving current trends with regards to smoking prevention.

School Administration

This research study will provide a rich background and overview of student smokers in Arellano University. This is may also serve a basis with the school in providing the students in terms of Physical, Social, and Psychological effects of Cigarette Smoking.

Government

This study is significant endeavor in promoting proper law implementation of among the youth today. This is also helpful to those government agencies like DepEd and Non-Government organization who are promoting anti-smoking among the Filipino youth today.

Future Researchers:

The future researchers can assess the data provided by this study and will significant literature that can be used as a basis for comparison of results with their related topics. Furthermore this may serve as a guide for novice researchers who are eager to take the path of continuing excellence in doing Research Studies.

Scope and Delimitations:

This study will focused in student smokers to determine the knowledge of students regarding on the effects of cigarette smoking. This was held at Arellano University Jose Abad Santos Pasay Campus on 4th week of July 2013 was the target date to collect data among the respondents by doing an interview.

Definition of Terms:

Knowledge: It is the level of understanding of students smokers regarding on the effects of cigarette smoking. Smoking: This is the practice in holding or puffing the smoke cigarette or tobacco.Smoker: A person who habitually smokes tobacco in 5-9 sticks a day. Cigarette: Manufacture product made of tobacco that is used for smoking. Effect: A change that is a result and is caused by some previous phenomenon regarding smokingPhysical: Relating to the body changes result to the consequences of cigarette smoking. Social: It is how a person communicates with others with the use of tobacco.Psychological: Related to the mental and emotional state of a person related to cigarette smoking.CHAPTER 2

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Local Review Related Literature

Cigarette smoking has become so prevalent in the country that students have now become heavy consumers. Medical professionals prove that cigarette smoking among the youth targets them differently from adults. As all are aware, Nicotine makes it extremely hard for addicted smokers to quit the bad habit. Indeed, the availability of extremely affordable cigarettes makes it easier for the youth to start smoking and develop addiction. (Health Justice Philippines 2011)

The use of tobacco continues to be a major cause of health problems worldwide. There is currently an estimated 1.3 billion smokers in the world, with 4.9 million people dying because of tobacco use in a year. If this trend continues, the number of deaths will increase to 10 million by the year 2020, 70% of which will be coming from countries like the Philippines. (The Role of Health Professionals in Tobacco Control, WHO, 2005)

The World Health Organization released a document in 2003 entitled Policy Recommendations for Smoking Cessation and Treatment of Tobacco Dependence. This document very clearly stated that as current statistics indicate, it will not be possible to reduce tobacco related deaths over the next 30-50 years unless adult smokers are encouraged to quit. Also, because of the addictiveness of tobacco products, many tobacco users will need support in quitting. Population survey reports showed that approximately one third of smokers attempt to quit each year and that majority of these attempts are undertaken without help. However, only a small percentage of cigarette smokers (1-3%) achieve lasting abstinence, which is at least 12 months of abstinence from smoking, using will power alone (Fiore et al 2000) as cited by the above policy paper.

The policy paper also stated that support for smoking cessation or treatment of tobacco dependence refers to a range of techniques including motivation, advice and guidance, counselling, telephone and internet support, and appropriate pharmaceutical aids all of which aim to encourage and help tobacco users to stop using tobacco and to avoid subsequent relapse. Evidence has shown that cessation is the only intervention with the potential to reduce tobacco-related mortality in the short and medium term and therefore should be part of an overall comprehensive tobacco-control policy of any country.

The Philippine Global Adult Tobacco Survey conducted in 2009 (DOH, Philippines GATS Country Report, March 16, 2010) revealed that 28.3% (17.3 million) of the population aged 15 years old and over currently smoke tobacco, 47.7% (14.6 million) of whom are men, while 9.0% (2.8 million) are women. Eighty percent of these current smokers are daily smokers with men and women smoking an average of 11.3 and 7 sticks of cigarettes per day respectively.

The survey also revealed that among ever daily smokers, 21.5% have quit smoking. Among those who smoked in the last 12 months, 47.8% made a quit attempt, 12.3% stated they used counseling and or advise as their cessation method, but only 4.5% successfully quit. Among current cigarette smokers, 60.6% stated they are interested in quitting, translating to around 10 million Filipinos needing help to quit smoking as of the moment. The above scenario dictates the great need to build the capacity of health workers to help smokers quit smoking, thus the need for the Department of Health to set up a national infrastructure to help smokers quit smoking.

The national smoking infrastructure is mandated by the Tobacco Regulations Act which orders the Department of Health to set up withdrawal clinics. As such DOH Administrative Order No. 122 s. 2003 titled The Smoking Cessation Program to support the National Tobacco Control and Healthy Lifestyle Program allowed the setting up of the National Smoking Cessation Program.

The young and the poor, who smoke and drink excessively, are dying every day. Ten Filipinos die from tobacco use every hour, resulting in 240 deaths every day and 87,600 deaths every year. This is a health crisis. The main reason is low prices of cigarettes and alcohol. The Philippines has one of the lowest prices of the two products in Southeast Asia. Because cigarettes are so cheap, the Philippines have one of the highest smoking rates in the Western Pacific. A 2009 survey showed that 28.3 percent of Filipinos were smokers. It is estimated that some 17.3 million Filipinos who are 15 years old engage in smoking. To discourage Filipinos from smoking, we have to raise taxes. Raise the prices of cigarettes and alcohol, and fewer people will buy them. You cannot argue with the math. Raise the prices of tobacco by 70 percent and you prevent a quarter of all smoking-related deaths worldwide. Both rich and poor smoke, but it is the poor who get sick more often. Thats because the poorest sector spends more for tobacco, than for education, clothing or health. (Philippine Daily Inquirer 2013)

The Constitution is neutral on the use of cigarettes and alcohol. If a Filipino citizen wants to smoke and if big companies want to make big profits from the so-called sins of smoking and drinking alcohol, they are free to do so. But unlike ordinary citizens, Filipinos who are members of Congress are not free to ignore the present disastrous chain of circumstances. Cigarette smoke contains some 70 chemicals which cause cancer. Deaths from stroke and heart attack are most commonly associated with smoking as a risk factor. In its wisdom, the Constitution proclaims health as a fundamental right, and accordingly imposes on the state the duty to protect the peoples right to health and to in still health consciousness. (Philippine Daily Inquirer 2013)

Tobacco use is one of the major preventable causes of premature death and disease in the world. A disproportionate share of the global tobacco burden falls on developing countries, where an estimated 84% of the world's 1.3 billion current smokers live. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), part of the Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS) initiated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and CDC, was developed to monitor youth tobacco use, attitudes about tobacco, and exposure to tobacco smoke, and has been completed by approximately 1.4 million students in 133 countries. A key goal of GTSS is for countries to conduct the GYTS every 4 years. This report presents findings from the GYTS conducted in the Philippines in 2000 and 2003, which revealed substantial declines in the proportions of students aged 13--15 years who currently smoked cigarettes, currently used other tobacco products, were likely to start smoking in the next year, or were exposed to second-hand smoke in public place. The findings also indicated an increase in the proportion of students who supported bans on smoking in public places, had learned about the dangers of tobacco use in school, and had seen anti-tobacco messages in media and advertising. Public health authorities in the Philippines should evaluate their current tobacco-control programs and enhance or expand them to further reduce youth smoking (MMWR, 2005).

The latest surveys in the Philippines indicate that one of every three adult Filipinos currently smoke, 33% of countrys adult population. Another 13% count themselves as ex-smokers. Only four out of ten Philippine households are smoke-free. With an average of 5.1 members per household, there would be approximately 35 million passive smokers in the country. Tobacco use in Filipino youth is alarming. About 30% of adolescents in the urban areas smoke, and of these, more than 70% started smoking between the ages 13-15. On a national level, the study says that as much as 40% of boys and 19% of girls aged 10-14 are already daily smokers. The age 15-19, 38% of both male and female Filipinos are already considered regular smokers (DOH, 2011).

Anti-tobacco mass media campaigns can be cost effective compared with other interventions despite the expense required, and can have a greater impact because they reach large populations quickly and efficiently (DOH, 2011).

The Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 (Republic Act No. 9211) prohibits smoking in all public places, and prohibits tobacco sales within 100 m of schools, playgrounds, and other facilities frequented by youth. It requires retailers to demand proof of age from cigarette buyers, and display signs stating that it is an offence to sell cigarettes to persons less than 18 years. All sponsorship shall be banned by 1 July 2008. Violators of this new Act will be fined between 500 pesos (about US$10) to 400 000 pesos (about US$7,270) and can be imprisoned from 30 days to three years.

Tobacco companies have prepared for these restrictions. For example, a British American Tobacco brand manager stated in 2004 that future marketing would be focused on one-to-one permission marketing in order to counter restrictions placed on mass media strategies. Here, consumers provide marketers with permission to send them promotional messages thus improving targeting precision.Permission marketing allows us to talk to consumers on their level, on their turf.

Further, the Republic Act No. 9211 mandated the creation of Inter-agency Committee-Tobacco (IAC-Tobacco). Its tasks have included the crafting of the implementing rules and regulations (IRR) of the said law and the subsequent exclusive power of administration and implementation.The IAC-Tobacco has nine members, including seven representatives from government agencies, one from the tobacco industry, and one from a non-government organization. The National Tobacco Administration has a long history of pro-tobacco policy. The Department of Trade and Industry, which heads the IAC-Tobacco, has also been labeled as pro-tobacco by anti-tobacco activists. The World Health Organization has concluded that Continuing efforts to enact comprehensive legislation have yet to achieve victory in the Philippines.

SYNTHESIS

Tobacco smoking really hits the young ones around the age of 10-19 years old. Some of the factors that incurred young ones to smoke are the following, separation of parents that are career oriented, parents are working abroad, parents dives not have time for their children sorted to find a group where they can hang out together and from which they will feel secured. I would say that the peer group really influence the young individual especially when they long for their. Parents emotional attachment and if and only if the peer group were all smoking, there is no way that young individual wont. It takes a lot of courage to have a self control but most of the time and sad to say that they can easily be dragged to develop bad vices like smoking. The good thing is the government got so involved and alarmed with the high rates of young people smoking and they came out to do a lot of studies and research on how they can help these young ones that got involved in smoking and divert their attention into more productive way and educate the parents so they will also be involve in making it possible to at least change and decrease the rate of smoking young individual. Most of the places they banned the smoking in public places indoor restaurants and establishments and hospitals, schools and even inside the apartment or houses because of the hazardous effect towards individual. A global effect was being done already about the bad effects it can give them like ailments that will debilitate their health condition related to smoking.

Foreign Review Related Literature

Smoking is a practice in which tobacco is burned and the smoke is inhaled. Smoking that contains Tobacco in which tobacco is an agricultural product that forms nicotine, and that nicotine affects our health. Smoking usually starts during the teenage years, and psychosocial factors provide the primary forces that lead adolescents to begin. Several aspects of the social environment are influential in shaping teenagers attitude, beliefs, and intentions about smoking. Tobacco is an herb that can be smoked or chewed, directly affects the brain. While its primary active ingredient is nicotine, tobacco smoke contains almost 400 other compounds and chemicals, including gases, liquids, particles, tar, carbon monoxide, cadmium, pyridine, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, benzene, phenol, acrolein, hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, and hydrogen sulfide. Nicotine is a colorless, oily compound, and poisonous in concentrated amounts. If you inhale while smoking, 90 percent of the nicotine in the smoke is absorbed in your body. Even if you draw smoke only into your mouth and not in your lungs, you still absorb 25 to 30 percent of the nicotine. The FDA has concluded that nicotine is a dangerous, addictive drug that should be regulated. Faster than an injection, smoking speeds nicotine to the brain in seconds. Nicotine affects the brain in much the same way as cocaine, opiates, and amphetamines, triggering the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and addiction, as well as other messenger chemicals. Because nicotine acts on some of the same brain regions stimulated by interactions with love ones, smokers come to regard cigarettes as friends that they turn to when theyre stressed, sad, or mad (Hales, 2006).Smoking is one of the major death causes in the world. Since the mid twentieth century more than 60 million people have died worldwide due to tobacco use. (Engels, Den Exter Blokland, Kemp & Scholte, 2004). In 2000, 49.7% of the deaths among Dutch adults over 20 were caused by smoking (Stivoro, 2001). Adolescence is clearly a sensitive period in the initiation of smoking, since most smokers start their tobacco use during this period and continue to being regular smokers into adulthood. In 2009, 21% of the Dutch youth, between 10-19 years old, smoked at least one cigarette a month and 14% smoked a cigarette daily. Since smoking can have disastrous effects on health, it is important to prevent and reduce this behaviour as soon as possible, in particular in adolescents, which is why prevention programs on smoking among adolescents are designed. (Stivoro, 2009).

According to Shaw (2010); parents, friends and cultural influences play major roles in whether adolescents take up smoking at such a young age. Despite their knowledge of the unhealthy consequences of smoking, young people often fall victim to their surroundings. Adolescents need to be reminded of the potential hazards of smoking to resist the temptations so many of them face.

Adolescents become more likely to smoke when a parent smokes and the risk increases with the number of smoking parents, according to a study published in the February 2009 issue of Pediatrics, the journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Researchers from several universities, including the Harvard School of Public Health, Brown University and Northwestern University, studied 564 adolescents, aged 12 to 17, along with their parents. The risk of smoking for adolescents increased with the length of time they were exposed to their parents' smoking. Children of parents who quit smoking were no more likely to smoke than children of parents who never smoked, the researchers found. There was an increased chance boys would smoke when their fathers smoked.

Mayo Clinic states that many adolescents smoke as a form of rebellion or to feel independent, the friends who smoke have the ability to convince other teens to smoke. Adolescents may want to fit in with a group of friends and take up smoking to feel cool. Teens may smoke thinking it makes them look better to their peers. They also take up smoking as a way to lose weight in some cases. Smoking at a young age intensifies the risk of becoming addicted to nicotine, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says. They tend to suffer the same kind of withdrawal symptoms as adults. A 2008 survey of high school students who smoked found that half tried to quit smoking cigarettes during the previous 12 months of the survey, the CDC reports.A lot of research has been conducted in the field of risk factors for smoking initiation and continuation among adolescents. Previous research on smoking implied that the nearest environment of an adolescent is one of the most important factors in the initiation process, especially parents and best friends (Bothmer, Mattsson & Fridlund, 2002). During adolescence there is an increase of the amount of time spending with friends and a decrease of time spends with parents (Darling & Cumsille, 2003). Parental influence remains strong in adolescents decision making, and especially in areas involving adolescents values and long-term goals, like career choice (Bauman, Carver & Gleiter, 2001). However, since the time spend with peers increases, peer influence, which is the mechanism in which adolescents become more similar to their peers by interacting with them, is crucial during adolescence and especially in day to day activities. That is why this investigation will focus on the extent to which the nearest environment, including peers and parents, influences adolescents smoking behaviour. (Darling & Cumsille, 2003).

The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) is a joint project of WHO, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Canadian Public Health Association and most WHO member states. The GYTS is a schools-based survey of teenagers aged 1315, which has enabled consistent data collection from 395 sites encompassing 131 countries, plus the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.Overall, 10% of surveyed students had used some form of tobacco product in the 30 days prior to the survey. Smoking rates were highest in the European regions (19%) and lowest in the Eastern Mediterranean regions (5%). The differences between boys' and girls' smoking rates were statistically significant in the African, Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asian and Western Pacific regions, while no significant differences were reported by sex in the Americas and European regions (Table 1.13.2). In many countries the difference between boys' and girls' smoking rates was narrower than expected, reflecting increased uptake of smoking in girls.

The GYTS also reported on susceptibility to taking up smoking, by asking never-smokers whether they would smoke a cigarette if it were offered by their best friend, and whether they thought they might smoke a cigarette within the next year. By these measures, 19% of respondents were susceptible to commencing smoking within the next year. Teenagers in the European region had the highest susceptibility (30%), and teenagers in the Western Pacific region the lowest (13%). National data have also been reported for New Zealand, Canada, Ireland, England and the US. These data are of interest since these countries have adopted, to a greater or lesser extent, tobacco control measures which are similar to those operating in Australia. Key findings from some international surveys are reported briefly here and interested readers should refer to the primary sources for further information. Due to methodological differences, it should be noted that these data are not directly comparable with Australian data or with each other. In New Zealand in 2010, a survey of Year 10 students (aged 1415) found that 10% of respondents were regular (daily, weekly or monthly) smokers. Overall, 5.5% of respondents aged 1415 were daily smokers in 2010. More than 64% of students had never smoked. Results from the 200809 Canadian Youth Smoking Survey (YSS) indicate that 3% of youth in grades 6-9 reported that they were current smokers, a figure unchanged from 200607 but up from 2% in 200405. For youth in grades 1012 however, the 13% of youth who reported that they were current smokers was a statistically significant increase from 200607 when the rate was 11%. This was a reflection of an increase in current daily smokers and a concurrent decrease in less frequent smoking. The prevalence of youth who reported that they had never tried smoking remained unchanged for both grades 69 (78%) and grades 1012 (52%). Ireland's Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Survey 2006 reported that 15% of 1017 year olds were current smokers. A schools-based study in England showed that in 2010, 5% of 1115 year olds smoked regularly (at least once a week). The Monitoring the Future Study from the US reported that in 2009, 19.5% of high school students had smoked during the 30 days before the survey including 13.5% of students in Grade 9, 18.3% of students in Grade 10, 22.3% of students in Grade 11 and 25.2% of students in Grade 12. Daily smoking was reported by 7.7% of Grade 9 students, 8.9% of Grade 10 students, 13% of Grade 11 students and 16.3% of Grade 12 students. (The Cancer Council 2013)

As of 2008, there were 46 million adult smokers in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). That means 20.6 percent of people over 18 expose themselves to the disadvantages of smoking cigarettes. Some are just inconveniences, while others are serious health risks. Smokers face a host of disease and an increased death risk (Nefer, 2010).According to WHO (2010), tobacco use is the biggest contributor to the non-communicable diseases epidemic in the world. And among its effects include heart attack, cancer, stroke and emphysema.Synthesis:

Smoking is a dangerous habit which was now being acquired by the young ones as early as ages 10, 12 , and 18 years old ,if we have to see the statistics of all smokers ,it is indeed very alarming knowing that in the study that was mentioned earlier that the country needs at least 5,000 young ones to start smoking to maintain their numbers and so that means to maintain their income. It was said clearly that when u start smoking at a very early age of 12 then that is most likely be considered a heavy smokers. In my point of view teenagers who tried smoking has a lot of rationale behind it ,just for one example a young teenager that I've known and very close to me has had his try to smoke and mainly because his mother is not around and he missed his mother so much because his mother worked as an OFW , but because his other siblings were also close to each other and make him realized that smoking is not a good outlet and that for me is one of the reason why young teenagers went to try. A lot of things in their life just to get out of a messy world they have even temporarily, others got worse because there was no parental guidance, and that for me is very crucial and most of the young ones do that because they are still vulnerable and come to think about it when they smoke they thought they're matured enough . But it is. A good thing that our Government is making use of all the precautionary measures to prevent teenagers from smoking and by incorporating it in the curriculum is the best way to achieve the goal of decreasing the numbers of smoking teenagers, because they will tend to know the importance /essence of life and treating our body right .i totally agree that most of the out of school youth also got easily affected of it and those that are active in sports tend not to engage themselves to such vices because they're well educated to know the consequences and the bad outcome of it for their health .i don't see no reason of not incorporating it in the curriculum because it will indeed enlighten a lot of our young teenagers to know how bad it could cause to our body .i totally agree to all the measures that the Government is trying to reach young people to at least decrease the numbers of people smoking especially in young ones because it means there will be less smokers in the future if that will be appropriately implemented .

Conceptual Framework

The figure I presents conceptual paradigm of the study and its framework presented in three variables: input, process and output. The input identified in this study is the profile of the respondents which is composed of their age, gender and socio-economic status. The process will be the Knowledge of students smokers on the cigarette smoking in terms of physical, social, and psychological.

The important information will be gathered through the use of survey questionnaires made by the researchers. Through these survey questionnaires, the respondents will be able to come up with an outcome of an assessment to the knowledge of students smokers on the cigarette smoking will serve as a basis for future researchers in formulating their health promotion program among the call center agents.Theoretical Framework

The health promotion model describes the multi dimensional nature of persons as they interact within their environment to pursue health. (Pender, 1996)

The health promotion is not just about disease prevention. Health promotion describes behaviors an individual can perform to bring greater longevity and a high quality of life. Health promotion can bring about a sense of wellbeing and harmony to the individual, can increase energy, and can also decrease social problems including violence and suicide (Peterson & Bredow, 2009). Adolescence can be an important time for intervention and encouragement of health promotion. Adolescents are unique in that they are not completely independent in their health choices and are much more vulnerable to both negative, and positive environmental influences (Srof & Velsor-Friederich, 2006). Therefore it is critical that health promotion be fully explored in this population. Nola Penders Health Promotion Theory is one of the most frequently used models for health promotion in adolescents (Montgomery, 2002).

Nola Penders Health Promotion Model (HPM) was created to serve as a multivariate paradigm for explaining and predicting health promoting component of lifestyle (Pender, 1990, p.326). The model is used to assess an individuals background and perceived perceptions of self among other factors to predict health behaviors.

CHAPTER 3Research Methodology

This chapter presents the research methodology which includes the research design, sample and sampling techniques, instrument used in data gathering procedures and statistical treatment of the data.Research Design

Descriptive research is designed to describe the characteristics of behaviours of a particular population in a systematic and accurate fashion. (Leary M. 2010)

The researcher will use a Quantitative Descriptive Design of research since the purpose of the study is to have a necessary approach to complete an accurate assessment the students knowledge about the effects of smoking on their Physical, Social, and Psychological health status.Sampling DesignThe sampling design that will be use for the study is Purposive or Judgmental Sampling. It is a Non-Probability sampling method in which the researcher selects the participants base on the qualification set by the researchers.

Purposive sampling represents agroupof differentnon-probability sampling techniques. Also known asjudgmental,selective orsubjectivesampling, purposive sampling relies on thejudgmentof the researcher when it comes to selecting theunits(e.g., people, cases/organization, events, pieces of data) that are to be studied. Usually, the sample being investigated is quite small, especially when compared withprobability sampling techniques. The main goal of purposive sampling is to focus on particular characteristics of a population that are of interest, which will best enable you to answer your research questions. ( Laerd D. 2006)

Respondent of the Study

The students who are currently enrolled this 1st semester school year 2013-2014 in Arellano University Pasay Campus. Only student smokers are considered the respondent of the study.

Research Instrument

The researchers will use a questionnaire for collecting data in assessing the Knowledge of Student Smokers about the harmful effects of smoking.The questionnaire is self-made which was guided by books, related literature and other references. The first part is composed of demographic profile of the respondents and the second part of the questionnaire is regarding the Knowledge of the students smokers and its effects on their health in terms of physical, social, psychological Data Collection/Procedure

Phase 1

The researchers provided a letter sent to the Dean of College of Nursing in Arellano University Jose Abad Santos Pasay Campus for the approval of the title and a letter of permission to conduct the said study. The researchers wrote a letter to Dr. Jhason John J. Cabigon a University Physician of Arellano University Jose Abad Santos Pasay Campus and to Ms. Fredeilyn B. Pena a Faculty of Education Department to seek help for the validation of the self-made questionnaire, the tool that will be used in this study. The researchers also wrote a letter to the administration of the university to ask a permission to conduct a study, and provided a written consent as well to the respondents who will be part of this study.

Phase 2

In this phase the distribution of questionnaires to the respondents was provided with consent. The researchers will explain the instructions and the intention of the researchers to their respondents.

Statistical Treatment

The statistical tools to be used in the interpretation of data and for testing the null hypothesis of the proposed study will include percentage and weighted mean.

Frequency distribution will be used on the demographic profile of the respondents as to their age, gender, socio-economic status.

Weighted mean will be used on the knowledge of students smokers and its effect in terms of physical, social and psychological. The formula is as follows: where, is the mean, ( is the summation, X is the total number of scores, N is the total number of respondents

Chapter 4

Data Analysis and Findings

In this chapter the results of the data analysis are presented. The data were collected and then processed in response to the problems posed in chapter 1 of this dissertation. Two fundamental goals drove the collection of the data and the subsequent data analysis. Those goals were to develop a base on the Knowledge of Smokers and its Effects among Arellano Students in AU JAS campus: An Assessment. These objectives were accomplished.

Response Rate

Demographic Data

Findings

General format

Statistical symbols

Within dissertations (and other manuscripts) statistical symbols are italicized. Words, rather than symbols, should be used in the narrative, while symbols may be used in tables and inside of parentheses within the narrative. For example, The mean of 3.25 for boys was higher than the mean of 3.00 for girls in the sample. But, The boys in the sample scored higher overall (M = 3.25) than the girls (M = 3.00). Among the more commonly used statistical symbols are the following:

M = mean df = degrees of freedom

SD = standard deviation t = t statistic (t tests)

f = frequency F = Fishers statistic (ANOVA)

p = probability r = correlation coefficient (Pearson)

N , n = number X2 = Chi-square statistic

It is also helpful for the reader if some basic information accompanies the statistical results presented in the text. Information usually includes such data as degrees of freedom or sample size. The following examples demonstrate how commonly used statistics would be reported in the narrative.

1. Results of the t test for independent samples indicated a significant difference in mean scores for the boys (M = 3.75) and girls (M = 3.00), t(50) = 2.54, p = .024.

2. Results of the chi-square test indicated a significant association between gender and mathematics achievement, X2(3, N = 48) = 12.54, p < .05.

3. Results of the one-way analysis of variance indicated a significant difference in test scores based upon students grade levels, F(2, 124) = 4.24, p = .036.

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Summary (Optional)

This final section provides a summary of the highlights of the findings from Chapter 4 and provides a transition to Chapter 5.

CHAPTER 5

Summary, Conclusions, Discussion, and Recommendations

As with most other chapters, a brief statement introduces Chapter 5 prior to the first section heading of the chapter. This introduction generally articulates the contents of Chapter 5 and may depict the specific headings into which the chapter is divided.

Summary

The Summary section of Chapter 5 provides a brief recap of the entire study. Generally, this section summarizes the introduction, problem statement and hypotheses/research questions, literature review, methodology, and findings. Someone reading this section would have a good overview of why the study was

Input

Profile of the respondents in terms of:

Age

Gender

Socio-Economic status

Process

Knowledge of students smokers on the cigarette smokThe figure I presents conceptual paradigm of the study and its framework presented in three variables: input, process and output. The input identified in this study is the profile of the respondents which is composed of their age, gender and socio-economic status. The process will be the Knowledge of students smokers on the cigarette smoking in terms of physical, social, and psychological.

The important information will be gathered through the use of survey questionnaires made by the researchers. Through these survey questionnaires, the respondents will be able to come up with an outcome of an assessment to the knowledge of students smokers on the cigarette smoking will serve as a basis for future researchers in formulating their health promotion program among the call center agents.

ing in terms of:

Physical

Social

Psychological

Input

An Assessment

Program to enhance the Knowledge of Student Smokers and its Effects