Chapter 1

Anatomy & Physiology

Fifth Edition

Seeley/Stephens/Tate

(c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

BIOLOGY 2870• Anatomy and Physiology• Summer Term 2002

• Instructor: Dr. Curtis Greene• Office: 2110 Biological Sciences Bldg. • Office Hours: By appointment• E-mail: curtisg477@aol.com

• Lecture: (All sections)• Room: 2009 Science• Time : 4:30 - 6:05 T-Th

• Laboratory: Room: 415 Natural Sciences Building• Time: varies with section number (see schedule of classes to confirm your lab

time • Laboratory syllabus will be given to students at the first class meeting• Required lab materials:dissecting tools (kit) and latex gloves

• Texts:• Required:• Anatomy & Physiology• 5 SUP thEd. by Seely, Stephens, et al; McGraw-Hill 2000• (As specified for Laboratory)

• Optional Study Material:• Student Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology• 5 SUP th• Ed. by Tate , et al 2000

• Course Website TBA:

• Course Description:

• This course is a comprehensive survey of the structures that make the human body and the functions of those structures. The laboratory portion of this course emphasizes the anatomy of the body, from the cells and tissues to the organization of organs into body wide systems performing highly specialized functions. The lectures will focus on the physiology of those cells, tissues, and organs that compose the body. Interdependence, control, (regulation), and balance of tissue and organ function will be constant themes throughout this course.

• Exams and Grading:• Grading in this course is base on the following exercises:

• 3 lecture exams* = 145 (worth 45, 50, 50 points respectively)• 3 lab practical exams = 120 ( worth 40 points each)• 2 lab quizzes = 20 ( worth 10 points each)• 3 lab assignments = 15 ( worth 5 points each)• = 300 total points

• *Lecture exams will consist of 45 or 50 multiple choice and true-false questions, each worth 1 point.

Your total points earned are converted to an overall % performance (total points earned divided by300) at the end of the term. Your final grade is based on a modified straight scale:

A > 90 % (this is an absolutely firm and unchangeable cut-off)A- = 85 %B+ = 83 %B = 77 %B- = 75 %C+ = 72 %C = 61 %C- = 55 %D+ = 48 %D = 43 %D- = 38 %F = 37%

The instructor reserves the right to adjust the grading scale taking into account the overall classperformance. The cut- off for an A, however, will not be adjusted. The decision to adjust the gradingscale will be made at the end of the term. Any adjustment to the grading scale may vary between 1-2%.

Note: there are NO-make-up lecture exams or lab exams or lab practical exams!!!However, if I am personally contacted at least one day before a lecture exam is given, I will arrangean alternate essay test for documented personal emergency. This does apply to any lab exam orassignment.

The laboratory portion of this course is just over half the total point score that the final grade is based on.In other words, both lecture and lab portions of this course are equally important to your grade. You mustplan to attend every lecture and go to every scheduled lab session if you desire to do well in this course.

A > 90 % (this is an absolutely firm and unchangeable cut-off)A- = 85 %B+ = 83 %B = 77 %B- = 75 %C+ = 72 %C = 61 %C- = 55 %D+ = 48 %D = 43 %D- = 38 %F = 37%

Note: there are NO-make-up lecture exams or lab exams or lab practical exams!!!However, if I am personally contacted at least one day before a lecture exam is given, I will arrangean alternate essay test for documented personal emergency. This does apply to any lab exam orassignment.

• How to earn a good grade ( helpful hints)• This is a 5 credit course. For each credit earned - as established by the University -

you are expected to spend 3 hours minimum per week reading, learning, and studying. So, for this class, 5 credits translates to a minimum of 15 hours per week. Seven hours a week are spent in the class, lecture, and lab leaving a least 8 hours per week for study outside of class. Make sure you schedule that much study time outside of class because there is an extremely large volume of reading and study material associated within this course. You should read and study the material before the lecture, you will get more out lecture if you do.we will cover about 2 chapters per week. The lecture exams will be based on material covered in lecture. Lecture exams test for understanding and application of ideals and concepts, not memorization of details. You memorize for lab, not for lecture. Remember, lab is worth half of your grade and based on past experience, it’s worth all the extra time memorizing the anatomy. Mastery of the anatomy just takes a lot of repetitive memorization, so, stay in your lab for the full 2 hours each class and just keep repeating those terms over and over again. Schedule lab time for review of old stuff, don’t just do the new exercise and leave. If you do the work your lab score will bring up your over-all course score.

• Add/Drop Policy:• Course add forms will not be signed by the instructor after the start of the term except

for the purpose of changing sections when appropriate. Course drop forms will not be signed after Friday July 26.

• COURSE TOPICS AND CHAPTERS (tentative)

• Lecture Date Lecture Topic Text Chapters; Pages

• T 5/7 (L1) Anatomy/Physiology/Homeostasis 1: all

• Th 5/9 (L2) Chemistry of Life, Cells 2: all

• T 5/14 (L3) Cellular Anatomy & Physiology 3:58-85;25:840-847

• Th 5/16 (L4) Tissues 4: 103-128

• T 5/2 (L5) Skin 5: all;4:129-131;25:855-6

• Th 5/23 (L6) Bones,Joints,Ca++Balance 6:all;8:225-231;18:556-561

• T 5/28 (L7) Electro physiology 9: 256-271

• Th 5/30 (L8) skeletal Muscle: Structure & Physiology 10: 276-301

• T 6/4 (L9) Nervous Tissue:Function & Organization CNS 12: all; 13: 385-390,420-423

• Th 6/6 (L10) CNS & Efferent PNS 13:390-394;400-405

• 14: 434,443-445:16:all

• T 6/11 (L11) Lecture Exam 1 (covers L1-L10)

• Th 6/13 (L12) Afferent PNS & Special Senses 15: all

• T 6/18 (L14) Endocrinology 9:249,254-5;17:527-533;18:all

• Th 6/20 (L15) Cardiovascular System: Blood 19:583-598

• T 6/25 (L16) Cardiovascular System: The Heart 20: all

• Th 6/27 (L17) Cardiovascular System: Peripheral Circulation 21: 647-651,671-697

• T 7/2 (L18) Lymphatic System & Immunity 4: 128-9;22:703-727

• Th 7/4 July 4 RECESS

•

• T 7/9 Lecture Exam 2 (covers L12-L18)

• Th 7/11 (L19) Respiration 23: all

• T 7/16 (L20) Digestion 24: all

• Th 7/18 (L21) Kidney Function 26: all; 27: all

• T 7/23 (L22) Human Reproduction 28: all

• Th 7/25 (L23) Human Reproduction 29: 981-985

• T 7/30 Lecture Exam 3 (covers L19-L23)

Ch.1: Introduction

• Course ObjectivesTo learn how the human body works starting from its molecular and atomic levels up to clinical implications.

• Introduction– What is Anatomy?– It is the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s

structure.– It includes the studies of :

• Cytology – which studies structural features of cells.• Histology – studies tissues and cells.• Gross anatomy• Systemic anatomy• Etc…….

• What is Physiology?• It is the scientific investigation of the regulatory functions

of anatomical structures through homeostasis.• Since anatomical structures are at different degrees of

organization, physiology may also be sub-divided according to its level of organization, i.e– Cell Physiology – investigates common functions of

cells.– Organ Physiology – studies specific organs e.g. renal

physiology, cardiac physiology, etc…..– System Physiology - investigates specific organ systems

i.e., respiration physiology, reproductive physiology etc..– Pathological Physiology – studies the effects of illness on

organ or system functions as well as cells and tissues.

Structural and Functional Organization• The body can be considered conceptually at seven

structural levels– Chemical– Organelle– Cell– Tissue– Organ– Organ System– Organism

Homeostasis• Is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant

environment within the body..• The normal functions of each cell depends on the maintenance of

it’s fluid environment within a narrow range of conditions, including volume, temperature, and chemical content. These conditions are called variables because their values can change.

• Homeostasis is the maintenance of a variable around an ideal normal value or set point. The value of the variable fluctuates around the set point, establishing a normal range of values.

• Organ systems helps to control the internal environment so that it remains relatively constant. If the fluid surrounding cells deviates from homeostasis, the cells do not function normally and can even die.

Negative-Feedback• Most systems of the body are regulated by negative-feedback

mechanisms that maintain homeostasis.

• Negative means that any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted.

• Many negative feedback mechanisms have three components:– Receptor – which monitors the values of some variables.– Control Center – establishes the set point around which the

variable.– Effector – can change the value of the variable ( produces a

response)

A deviation from the set point is called a stimulus.

Positive-Feedback

• Positive feedback responses are not homeostatic and are rare in healthy individuals.

• Positive implies that when a deviation from the normal values occurs. The response of the system is to make the deviation even greater.

• Positive feedback therefore usually creates a “vicious cycle” leading away from homeostasis and in some cases, resulting in death.

The End.