chapter 1 autocad fundamentals -...

AutoCAD 2015 Tutorial: 2D Fundamentals 1-1

Chapter 1AutoCAD Fundamentals

• Create and Save AutoCAD drawing files4 Use the AutoCAD visual reference

commands• Draw, using the LINE and CIRCLE

commands• Use the ERASE command• Define Positions using the Basic Entry

methods• Use the AutoCAD Pan Realtime option

1-2 AutoCAD 2015 Tutorial: 2D Fundamentals

AutoCAD Certified User Examination Objectives CoverageThis table shows the pages on which the objectives of the Certified User Examination arecovered in Chapter 1.

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Section 1: Controlling the Display in DrawingsPrecision 1-6Zoom Extent 1-7Drawing LIMITS 1-6Status Bar 1-10GRID Display 1-10, 1-11PAN Realtime 1-20

Section 2: Creating Basic DrawingsFormat 1-5Units Setup 1-5LINE Command 1-8Coordinates 1-8Interactive Input Method 1-10SNAP Option 1-12World Space 1-15User Coordinate System 1-15World Coordinate System 1-15UCS Icon Display 1-16TTR, Circle 1-23Relative Coordinate 1-17Coordinate Systems 1-17Cartesian coordinate system 1-17Absolute Coordinates 1-17, 1-18Positions, Defining 1-18LINE, Close Option 1-19CIRCLE Command 1-23TTT, Circle 1-23ARC Command 1-33

Section 3: Manipulating ObjectsERASE Command 1-13Selection Window 1-14

AutoCAD Fundamentals 1-3

IntroductionLearning to use a CAD system is similar to learning a new language. It is necessary tobegin with the basic alphabet and learn how to use it correctly and effectively throughpractice. This will require learning some new concepts and skills as well as learning adifferent vocabulary. Today, the majority of the Mechanical CAD systems are capable ofcreating three-dimensional solid models. Nonetheless, all CAD systems create designsusing basic geometric entities and many of the constructions used in technical designs arebased upon two-dimensional planar geometry. The method and number of operations thatare required to accomplish the basic planar constructions are different from one system toanother.

In order to become effective and efficient in using a CAD system, we must learn to creategeometric entities quickly and accurately. In learning to use a CAD system, lines andcircles are the first two, and perhaps the most important two, geometric entities that oneshould master the skills of creating and modifying. Straight lines and circles are used inalmost all technical designs. In examining the different types of planar geometric entities,the importance of lines and circles becomes obvious. Triangles and polygons are planarfigures bounded by straight lines. Ellipses and splines can be constructed by connectingarcs with different radii. As one gains some experience in creating lines and circles,similar procedures can be applied to create other geometric entities. In this chapter, thedifferent ways of creating lines and circles in AutoCAD 2015 are examined.

Starting Up AutoCAD 20151. Select the AutoCAD 2015 option on the Program menu or select the AutoCAD

2015 icon on the Desktop. Click Start Drawing to start a new drawing.

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Devices and Printers

Def suit Programs

Help and Support

Once the program is loaded into memory, the AutoCAD 2015 main drawingscreen will appear on the screen.


> Note that AutoCAD automatically assigns generic names, Drawing X, as newdrawings are created. In our example, AutoCAD opened the graphics window usinjthe default system units and assigned the drawing name Drawing!.

2. If necessary, click on the down-arrow in the Quick Access bar and select ShowMenu Bar to display the AutoCAD Menu Bar. The Menu Bar provides accessto all AutoCAD commands.

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3. To switch on the AutoCAD Coordinates Display, use the Customization optionat the bottom right corner.

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Drawing Units Setup> Every object we construct in a CAD system is measured in units. We should

determine the system of units within the CAD system before creating the firstgeometric entities.

In the[Format]

select:[Units]

The AutoCAD Menu Bar contains multiple pull-downmenus, where all of the AutoCAD commands can beaccessed. Note that many of the menu items listed in

/fri Scale List., j| the pull-down menus can also be accessed through the

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On your own, examine the other settings that areavailable.

4. In the Drawing Units dialog box, set the Length Type to Decimal. This will setthe measurement to the default English units, inches.

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5. Set the Precision to two digitsafter the decimal point as shown inthe above figure.

6. Pick OK to exit the Drawing Unitsdialog box.

Drawing Area Setup<* Next, we will set up the Drawing Limits by entering a command in the

command prompt area. Setting the Drawing Limits controls the extents of thedisplay of the grid. It also serves as a visual reference that marks the workingarea. It can also be used to prevent construction outside the grid limits and as aplot option that defines an area to be plotted/printed. Note that this setting doesnot limit the region for geometry construction.

1. In the Menu Bar select:[Format] -> [Drawing Limits]

2. In the command prompt area, the message "Reset ModelSpace Limits: Specify lower left corner or [On/Off]<0.00,0.00>:" is displayed. Press the ENTER key once toaccept the default coordinates <0.00,0.00>.

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3. In the command prompt area, the message "Specify upper right corner<12.00,9.00>:" is displayed. Press the ENTER key again to accept the defaultcoordinates <12.00,9.00>.

Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF]

LIMITS Specify upper right corner <12.&&,9.Q&>:

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4. On your own, move the graphics cursor near the upper-right comer inside thedrawing area and note that the drawing area is unchanged. (The Drawing Limitscommand is used to set the drawing area, but the display will not be adjusted untila display command is used.)

5. Inside the Menu Bar area select:[View] [Zoom] -> [All]

*> The Zoom All command willadjust the display so that allobjects in the drawing aredisplayed to be as large aspossible. If no objects areconstructed, the DrawingLimits are used to adjust thecurrent viewport.

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6. Move the graphics cursor near the upper-right comer inside the drawing area andnote that the display area is updated.

7. Hit the function key [F7] once to turn off the display of the Grid lines.*. H B .-.

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Note that function key [F7] is a quick key, which can be used to quickly toggleon/off the grid display. Also, note the commandpromp/ area can be positioned todock below the drawing area or float inside the drawing area as shown.

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Drawing Lines with the LINE Command

Move the graphics cursor to the first icon in theDraw panel. This icon is the Line icon. Notethat a brief description of the Line commandappears next to the cursor.

2. Select the icon by clicking once with the left-mouse-button, which will activate the Linecommand.

In the command prompt area, near the bottom of the AutoCAD drawing screen,the message "' Jine Specify first point:" is displayed. AutoCAD expects us toidentify the starting location of a straight line. Move the graphics cursor inside thegraphics window and watch the display of the coordinates of the graphics cursorat the bottom of the AutoCAD drawing screen. The three numbers represent thelocation of the cursor in the X, Y, and Z directions. We can treat the graphicswindow as if it was a piece of paper and we are using the graphics cursor as if itwere a pencil with which to draw.

X

Command: line

Coordinates of the graphicscursor

f - LINE Specify first point:

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We will create a freehand sketch of a five-point star using the Line command. Do not beoverly concerned with the actual size oraccuracy of your freehand sketch. Thisexercise is to give you a feel for the AutoCAD2015 user interface.


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4. We will start at a location about one-thirdfrom the bottom of the graphics window.Left-click once to position the startingpoint of our first line. This will be point 1of our sketch. Next, move the cursorupward and toward the right side of point1. Notice the rubber-band line that followsthe graphics cursor in the graphicswindow. Left-click again (point 2} and wehave created the first line of our sketch.

5. Move the cursor to the left of point 2 andcreate a horizontal line about the samelength as the first line on the screen.

Repeat the above steps and complete thefreehand sketch by adding three morelines (from point 3 to point 4, point 4 topoint 5, and then connect to point 5 backto point 1}.

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Enter .

Cancel

Recent Input >

Close

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Snap Overrides >

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Notice that the Line command remains activated evenafter we connected the last segment of the line to thestarting point (point 1) of our sketch. Inside the graphicswindow, click once with the right-mo use-button and apopup menu appears on the screen.

Select Enter with the left-mouse-button to end the Linecommand. (This is equivalent to hitting the [ENTER] keyon the keyboard.)

Move the cursor near point 2 and point 3, and estimate thelength of the horizontal line by watching the displayedcoordinates for each point.


Visual Reference

The method we just used to create the freehand sketch is known as the interactivemethod, where we use the cursor to specify locations on the screen. This method isperhaps the fastest way to specify locations on the screen. However, it is rather difficultto try to create a line of a specific length by watching the displayed coordinates. It wouldbe helpful to know what one inch or one meter looks like on the screen while we arecreating entities. AutoCAD 2015 provides us with many tools to aid the construction ofour designs. For example, the GRID and SNAP MODE options can be used to get avisual reference as to the size of objects and learn to restrict the movement of the cursorto a set increment on the screen.

The GRID and SNAP MODE options can be turned ON or OFF through the Status Bar.The Status Bar area is located at the bottom left of the AutoCAD drawing screen, next tothe cursor coordinates.

The second button in the Status Bar is the SNAP MODE option and the third button is theGRID DISPLAY option. Note that the buttons in the Status Bar area serve two functions:(1) the status of the specific option, and (2) as toggle switches that can be used to turnthese special options ON and OFF. When the corresponding button is highlighted, thespecific option is turned ON. Using the buttons is a quick and easy way to make changesto these drawing aid options. The buttons in the Status Bar can also be switched on andoff in the middle of another command.

Snap mode - Off

SNAPMODE (F9)

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Display drawing grid - Off

GRIDMQDE CF7)


GRID ON

1. Left-click the GRID button in the Status Bar to turn ON the GRID DISPLA Yoption. (Notice in the command prompt area, the message lt<Gridon> " is alsodisplayed.)

Display drawing grid - Off

GRIDMODE (FT)

}.00 MODEL

2. Move the cursor inside the graphics window, and estimate the distance in betweenthe grid lines by watching the coordinates displayed at the bottom of the screen.

0.50,3.50,0.00 MODEL

The GRID option creates a pattern of lines that extends over an area on the screen.Using the grid is similar to placing a sheet of grid paper under a drawing. The gridhelps you align objects and visualize the distance between them. The grid is notdisplayed in the plotted drawing. The default grid spacing, which means the distancein between two lines on the screen, is 0.5 inches. We can see that the sketchedhorizontal line in the sketch is about 4 inches long.


SNAP MODE ON

1. Left-click the SNAP MODE button in the Status Bar to turn ON the SNAP option.

Snap mode - Off

SNAPMGDE (F9)

2. Move the cursor inside the graphics window, and move the cursor diagonally onthe screen. Observe the movement of the cursor and watch the coordinatesdisplay at the bottom of the screen.

> The SNAP option controls an invisible rectangular grid that restricts cursormovement to specified intervals. When SNAP mode is on, the screen cursor andall input coordinates are snapped to the nearest point on the grid. The default snapinterval is 0.5 inches, and aligned to the grid points on the screen.

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Polyline Circle Arc

Line

Creates straight line segments

3. Click on the Line icon in the Draw toolbar.In the command prompt area, the message"_line Specify first point:" is displayed.

4. On your own, create another sketch of the five-point star with the GRID andSNAP options switched ON.

Cancel

Recent Input

Close

Undo

Snap Overrides

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5. Use the right-mouse-button and select Enter in the popupmenu to end the Line command if you have not done so.


Using the ERASE Command<* One of the advantages of using a CAD system is the ability to remove entities without

leaving any marks. We will erase two of the lines using the Erase command.

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Erase

Removes object;:-from a drawing

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Press Fl for more help

1. Pick Erase in the Modify toolbar. (Theicon is a picture of an eraser at the end of apencil.) The message "Select objects'" isdisplayed in the command prompt area andAutoCAD awaits us to select the objects toerase.

2. Left-click the SNAP MODE button on the Status Bar to turn OFF the SNAPMODE option so that we can more easily move the cursor on top of objects. Wecan toggle the Status Bar options ON or OFF in the middle of another command.

Snap to drawing grid - On

SNAPMODE(F9)

3.45,1.60,0.00 MODEL i

3. Select any two lines on the screen; the selected lines are highlighted as shown inthe figure below.

> To deselect an object from the selection set, hold down the [SHIFT] key and selectthe object again.

4. Right-mouse-click once to accept the selections. The selected two lines areerased.


Repeat the Last Command

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Repeat ERASE.

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Isolate

Undo Erase

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Inside the graphics window, click once with the right-mouse-button to bring up the popup option menu.

1. Pick Repeat Erase, with the left-mouse-button, in thepopup menu to repeat the last command. Notice the otheroptions available in the popup menu.

> AutoCAD 2015 offers many options to accomplish thesame task. Throughout this text, we will emphasize theuse of the AutoCAD Heads-up Design™ interface,which means we focus on the screen, not on thekeyboard.

2. Move the cursor to a location that is above and toward the left side of the entitieson the screen. Left-mouse-click once to start a comer of a rubber-band window.

3. Move the cursor toward the right and below the entities, and then left-mouse-clickto enclose all the entities inside the selection window. Notice all entities that areinside the window are selected.

4. Inside the graphics window, right-mouse-click once to proceed with erasing theselected entities.

> On your own, create a free-hand sketch of your choice using the Line command.Experiment with using the different commands we have discussed so far. Reset thestatus buttons so that only the GRID DISPLA Y option is turned ON as shown.


The CAD Database and the User Coordinate System*t* Designs and drawings created in a CAD system are

usually defined and stored using sets of points in whatis called world space. In most CAD systems, theworld space is defined using a three-dimensionalCartesian coordinate system. Three mutuallyperpendicular axes usually referred to as the X-, Y-,and Z-axes, define this system. The intersection of thethree coordinate axes forms a point called the origin.Any point in world space can then be defined as thedistance from the origin in the X-, Y- and Z-directions. In most CAD systems, the directions of thearrows shown on the axes identify the positive sides ofthe coordinates.

A CAD file, which is the electronic version of the design, contains data that describes theentities created in the CAD system. Information such as the coordinate values in worldspace for all endpoints, center points, etc., along with the descriptions of the types ofentities are all stored in the file. Knowing that AutoCAD stores designs by keepingcoordinate data helps us understand the inputs required to create entities.

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The icon near the bottom left corner of the default AutoCAD graphics window shows thepositive X-direction and positive Y-direction of the coordinate system that is active. InAutoCAD, the coordinate system that is used to create entities is called the usercoordinate system (UCS). By default, the user coordinate system is aligned to theworld coordinate system (WCS). The world coordinate system is a coordinate systemused by AutoCAD as the basis for defining all objects and other coordinate systemsdefined by the users. We can think of the origin of the world coordinate system as afixed point being used as a reference for all measurements. The default orientation of theZ-axis can be considered as positive values in front of the monitor and negative valuesinside the monitor.


Changing to the 2D UCS Icon Display*t* Tn AutoCAD 2015, the UCS icon is displayed in various ways to help us

visualize the orientation of the drawing plane.

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right side view of

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1. Click on the View pull-down menu and select

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2. In the UCS icon style section,switch to the 2D option asshown.

3. Click OK to accept the settings.

<* Note the W symbol in the UCSicon indicates that the UCS isaligned to the world coordinatesystem.


Cartesian and Polar Coordinate SystemsIn a two-dimensional space, a point can be represented using different coordinatesystems. The point can be located, using a Cartesian coordinate system, as X and Y unitsaway from the origin. The same point can also be located using the polar coordinatesystem, as r and 0 units away from the origin.

X

Y

For planar geometry, the polar coordinate system is very useful for certain applications.In the polar coordinate system, points are defined in terms of a radial distance, r, from theorigin and an angle 9 between the direction of r and the positive X axis. The defaultsystem for measuring angles in AutoCAD 2015 defines positive angular values ascounter-clockwise from the positive X-axis.

Absolute and Relative Coordinates

• AutoCAD 2015 also allows us to use absolute and relative coordinates to quicklyconstruct objects. Absolute coordinate values are measured from the currentcoordinate system's origin point. Relative coordinate values are specified in relationto previous coordinates.

Drawing Coordinates

COORDS (Ctrl * I)

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> Note that the coordinate display area can also be used as a toggle switch; each left-mouse-click will toggle the coordinate display on or off,

In AutoCAD 2015, the absolute coordinates and the relative coordinates can be used inconjunction with the Cartesian andpolar coordinate systems. By default, AutoCADexpects us to enter values in absolute Cartesian coordinates, distances measured from thecurrent coordinate system's origin point. We can switch to using the relative coordinatesby using the @ symbol. The @ symbol is used as the relative coordinates specifier,which means that we can specify the position of a point in relation to the previous point.


Defining PositionsIn AutoCAD, there are five methods for specifying the locations of points when wecreate planar geometric entities.

> Interactive method: Use the cursor to select on the screen.

> Absolute coordinates (Format: X,Y): Type the X and Y coordinates to locate thepoint on the current coordinate system relative to the origin.

> Relative rectangular coordinates (Format: @X,Y): Type the X and Ycoordinates relative to the last point.

> Relative polar coordinates (Format: @Distance<angle): Type a distance andangle relative to the last point.

> Direct Distance entry technique: Specify a second point by first moving thecursor to indicate direction and then entering a distance.

GRID Style Setup

Polar Snap

Grid Snap

Snap Settings..,

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1. In the Status Bar area, right-mouse-click onSnapMode and choose [Snap settings].

2. In the Drafting Settings dialog box, select theSnap and Grid tab if it is not the page on top.

3. Change Grid Style to Display dotted grid in 2D model Space as shown inthe below figure.

A Drafting Setting!

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Sets the cjrid style to dotted grid for 20 model :pace, (GPJDSTYLE5} stern '/diidble)

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Grid X spacing:

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4. Pick OK to exit the Drafting Settings dialog box.


The GuidePlateWe will next create a mechanical design using the different coordinate entry methods.

The rule for creating CAD designs and drawings is that they should be created at fullsize using real-world units. The CAD database contains all the definitions of thegeometric entities and the design is considered as a virtual, full-sized object. Onlywhen a printer or plotter transfers the CAD design to paper is the design scaled to fiton a sheet. The tedious task of determining a scale factor so that the design will fit ona sheet of paper is taken care of by the CAD system. This allows the designers andCAD operators to concentrate their attention on the more important issues - thedesign.

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<Ja 1 Select the Line command icon in the Drawtoolbar. In the command prompt area, near thebottom of the AutoCAD graphics window, themessage "_Jine Specify first point:" is displayed.AutoCAD expects us to identify the startinglocation of a straight line.

We will locate the starting point of our design atthe origin of the world coordinate system.

Command: _line Specify first point: 0,0(Type 0,0 and press the [ENTER] key once.)


3. We will create a horizontal line by entering the absolute coordinates of the secondpoint.Specify next point or [Undo]': 5.5,0 [ENTER]I

Specify next point or [Undo]: 5.5,0

Model

LINE Specify next point or [undo] :

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• Note that the line we created is aligned to the bottom edge of the drawingwindow. Let us adjust the view of the line by using the Pan Realtime command.

4. In the Menu Bar area select: [View] -> [Pan] -> [Realtime]

*t* The available Pan commands enable us to move the view to a different position.The Pan-Realtime function acts as if you are using a video camera.

5. Move the cursor, which appears as a hand inside the graphics window, near thecenter of the drawing window, then push down the left-mouse-button and dragthe display toward the right and top side until we can see the sketched line.(Notice the scroll bars can also be used to adjust viewing of the display.)


6. Press the [Esc] key to exit the Pan-Realtime command. Notice that AutoCADgoes back to the Line command.

7. We will create a vertical line by using the relative rectangular coordinates entrymethod, relative to the last point we specified:Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @0,2.5 [ENTER]

Resuming LINE command.

' LINE Specify next point or [Undo]: (3)0^2.5

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We can mix any of the entry methods in positioning the locations of theendpoints. Move the cursor to the Status Bar area, and turn ON the SNAP MODEoption.

—Snap mode - Off

SNAPMODE (F9)

3,0,00 MODEL

<* Note that the Line command is resumed as the settings are adjusted.

ds on> <Coords off> <Coords on>

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Drawing Coordinates

COORDS (Ctrl -I)

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on> <Coords off> <Coords on>

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9. Left-click once on the coordinates displayarea to switch to a different coordinate displayoption. Each click will change the coordinatedisplay.

10. Note the coordinates display area has changedto show the length of the new line and itsangle. Left-click once on the coordinatesdisplay area to switch back to using the worldcoordinate system.

11. Create the next line by picking the location,world coordinates (8,2.5), on the screen.


12. We will next use the relative polar coordinates entry method, relative to the lastpoint we specified:Specify next point or [Close/Undo]': @3<90 [ENTER](Distance is 3 inches with an angle of 90 degrees.)

Reference Coordinate Systemaligned at the previous point

-Y

X

13. Using the relative rectangularcoordinates entry method to createthe next line, we can imagine areference coordinate systemaligned at the previous point.Coordinates are measured alongthe two reference axes.

Specify next point or [Close/Undo]:@-1.5,1 [ENTER]

(-1.5 and 1 inches are measuredrelative to the reference point.)

14. Move the cursor directly to the left of the last point and use the direct distanceentry technique by entering 6.5 [ENTER].

Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: (8-1.5,1

LINE Specify next point or [close Undo]: 6.5

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Enter

Cancel

Recent Input

Cfose

Undo

15. For the last segment of the sketch, we can use the Closeoption to connect back to the starting point. Inside thegraphics window, right-mousc-click and a popup menuappears on the screen.

16. Select Close with the left-mouse-button to connect backto the starting point and end the Line command.

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Creating Circles• The menus and toolbars in AutoCAD 2015 are designed to allow the CAD

operator to quickly activate the desired commands.

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^ n -Line Polyline Circle wrc

Draw ^

In the Draw toolbar, click on the littletriangle below the circle icon. Note that thelittle triangle indicates additional options areavailable.

2. In the option list, select: [Center, Diameter]

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L enter. Diameter

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Center, Diameter

Creates a circle using a center point and a diameter

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Notice the different options available under the circle submenu:

• Center, Radius: Draws a circle based on a center point and a radius.

• Center, Diameter: Draws a circle based on a center point and a diameter.

• 2 Points: Draws a circle based on two endpoints of the diameter.

• 3 Points: Draws a circle based on three points on the circumference.

• TTR-Tangent, Tangent, Radius: Draws a circle with a specified radiustangent to two objects.

TTT-Tangent, Tangent, Tangent: Draws a circle tangent to three objects.


3. In the command prompt area, the message "Specify center point for circle or[3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]:" is displayed. AutoCAD expects us to identify thelocation of a point or enter an option. We can use any of the four coordinate entrymethods to identify the desired location. We will enter the world coordinates(2.5,3) as the center point for the first circle.

Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 2.5,3 [ENTER]

Command; circle

•:» CIRCLE Specify center point for circle or [ 3P 2P Ttr (tan tan radius}]: 2.5,3

Model Layout! Lavcutl! * 10,50,4,50,0.00 MODEL ;

4. In the command prompt area, the message "Specify diameter of circle:" isdisplayed.Specify diameter of circle: 2.5 [ENTER]

Repeat CIRCLE

Recent Input^

Clipboard

Isolate

Undolntellipan

RatioPan

Zoom

^ F p r i nn I1'.' h r- r I ri

5. Inside the graphics window, right-mouse-click tobring up the popup option menu.

6. Pick Repeat CIRCLE with the left-mouse-button in the popup menu to repeat the lastcommand.

7. Using the relative rectangular coordinates entrymethod, relative to the center-point coordinatesof the first circle, we specify the location as(2-5,2).

Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: @2.5,2 [ENTER]


8. In the command prompt area, the message "Specify Radius of circle: <2.50>" isdisplayed. The default option for the Circle command in AutoCAD is to specifythe radius and the last radius used is also displayed in brackets.

Enter

Cancel

Recent Input

Diameter[\T

Snap Overrides

9. Inside the graphics window, right-mouse-click to bring upthe popup option menu and select Diameter as shown.

10. In the command prompt area, enter 1.5 as the diameter.

Specify Diameter of circle<2.5Q>: 1.5 [ENTER]

Saving the CAD Design

1. In the Application Menu, select:

[Application] -> [Save]

<* Note the command can also be activated with thequick-key combination of [Ctrl]+[S].


2. In the Save Drawing As dialog box, select the folder in which you want to storethe CAD file and enter GuidePlate in the File name box.

•A Save Drawing As

Save in

i>1

.*»

B

b

__•

r ' ~"~\1 p-j ,jfc .- --» P~T , , « ,Projects - V CTJ t. . Lj ^ews » Tools *•

Name X Dat. Preview

^Braetetdwg \t the folder ;to store the file.

Thumbnails

pj Update sheet and viewthumbnails now

^File name : ' Guide Plate ^ 1 [ S,a* _ j I

Ftesoftype; [AjtoCAD2013Drav.-ffigC.dwg} H! 9 save J

3. Click Save in the Save Drawing As dialog box to accept the selections and savethe file. Note the default file type is DWG, which is the standard AutoCADdrawing format.

Close the Current Drawing*t* Several options are available to close the current drawing:

1= - f jo} Drafting & Ann

New

Close the drawing

I t Current DrawingL.JJ3 Close the current drawing,

_Ji_F31 — 1

> Select [Close] -> [CurrentDrawing] in the ApplicationMenu Bar as shown.

> Enter Close at the commandprompt.

jcommand: _Q5ave

(>J •- CLOSE

Model Laycutl • Layout? *

> The third option is to click on the [Close] icon, located atthe upper-right-hand comer of the drawing window.


The Spacer Design<* We will next create the spacer design using more of AutoCAD's drawing tools.

Ri.50

01,25

Start a New Drawing

1. In the Application Menu, select [New] to start a newdrawing.

2. The Select Template dialog box appears on the screen.Accept the default acad.dwt as the template to open.

> The dwt file type isthe AutoCADtemplate file format.An AutoCADtemplate file containspre-defined settingsto reduce the amountof tedious repetitions.

K

[ ' ^Name

X

iSda

d-Named Plot Styles.dwt

d -Named Plot Styles3D,dv.t

tt.iiwt

dSOttwtdISO -Named Plot Styles.dwt

-Nsmed Plot Style^D.dwt


Drawing Units Setup> Every object we construct in a CAD system is measured in units. We should

determine the system of units within the CAD system before creating the firstgeometric entities.

1. In the Menu Bar select:[Format] -> [Units]

• The AutoCAD Menu Bar contains multiple pull-downmenus, where all of the AutoCAD commands can beaccessed. Note that many of the menu items listed inthe pull-down menus can also be accessed through theQuick Access toolbar and/or Ribbon panels.

Layer.,.

Layer States Manager

Layer toots

Color,..

Linetype...

Lineweight...

Transparency

Scale List...

>ES

DP

Text Style...

Dimension Style,..

Table Style...

Multileader Style

Plot Style...

Point Style,.,

Multiiine Style.,.

Units... K

Thickness

Drawing Limits

Rename.,,

Click on the Length Typeoption to display the differenttypes of length unitsavailable. Confirm theLength. Type is set toDecimal.

Angle

T>pe:

Decimal Degrees

.Deg/Min/Sec

.GradsRadiansSLjrveyors Units

^ Drawing Units

LengthType:

Decimal

rjuhrtectural

• EngineeringLJFractionalScientific

Insertion scale

Units to scale inserted content:

ockwise

On your own, examine the other settings that areavailable.

4. In the Drawing Units dialog box, set the Length Type to Decimal. This will setthe measurement to the default English units, inches.


i Drawing Units

LengthType:

[Decimal

Precision:

I Qockwise

B.CB3 feO.OIHH}O.CCCDS0.033233

"o.scccccu. _

Haitiple Output '

5. Set the Precision to two digitsafter the decimal point as shownin the above figure.

6. Pick OK to exit the DrawingUnits dialog box.

Drawing Area Setup*** Next, we will set up the Drawing Limits by entering a command in the

command prompt area. Setting the Drawing Limits controls the extents of thedisplay of the grid. It also serves as a visual reference that marks the workingarea. It can also be used to prevent construction outside the grid limits and as aplot option that defines an area to be plotted/printed. Note that this setting doesnot limit the region for geometry construction.

1. In the Menu Bar select:[Format] -> [Drawing Limits]

In the command prompt area, the message "Reset ModelSpace Limits: Specify lower left corner or [On/Off]<0.00,0.00>:" is displayed. Press the ENTER key once toaccept the default coordinates <0.00,0.00>.

Layer.,,

Layer Slate; Manag

Layer too Is

Linotype...

Lineweight...

Transparency

Scale List-

Text Style...

Dimension Style...

Table Style...

Multtleacier Style

ptotStyla-

Paint Style...

Multiline Style...

Command; ' limits{Reset Model space limits:.

LIMITS Specify lower left corner or [ON OFF]

M<xlrf~niayc^ti™T~LByout2 . * 7.21SX7.Q502,'

In the command prompt area, the message "Specify upper right corner<12.00,9.00>:" is displayed. Press the ENTER key again to accept the defaultcoordinates <12.00,9.00>.

Model space limitsSpecifyJlower

LIMITS Specify upper right corner <12.

Nlodef Laycuti • Lavout2 : * 0.0012, 3.9069,


4. On your own, move the graphics cursor near the upper-right comer inside thedrawing area and note that the drawing area is unchanged. (The Drawing Limitscommand is used to set the drawing area, but the display will not be adjusted untila display command is used.)

Polar Snap

V Grid Snap

Snap ngs.

1ODEL

5. Inside the Menu Bar area select:[View] - [Zoom] -> [All]

*** The Zoom All command will adjustthe display so that all objects in thedrawing are displayed to be as largeas possible. If no objects areconstructed, the Drawing Limits areused to adjust the current viewport.

Move the graphics cursor near theupper-right comer inside the drawingarea, and note that the display area isupdated.

7. In the Status Bar area, right-mouse-click onSnapMode and choose [Snap Settings].

8. Tn the Drafting Settings dialog box, switch onthe Snap and Grid options as shown.

Drafting Settings

Snap andGrtd Ifojf^^

SSnapOn(F9)

Snap spacing

Snap X spacing:

Snap Y spacing:

[V j Equal X and Y spacing

Polar spacing

Polar distance.

[/> Grid On {FT}

Grid styleDisplay dotted grid in:

G/J2D model space

[<_J Block editor

HJ Sheet/la>Fout

Grid spacing

Grid X spacing:

Grid Y spacing:

Major line every:

On your own, exit the Drafting Settings dialog box and reset the status buttons sothat only GRID DISPLA Y and SNAP MODE are turned ON as shown.

1O DEL D— D


Using the Line Command

Line

Creates straight line segments

LINE

Select the Line command icon in the Draw toolbar.Tn the command prompt area, near the bottom of theAutoCAD graphics window, the message "JineSpecify first point:" is displayed. AutoCAD expectsus to identify the starting location of a straight line.

To further illustrate the usage of the different inputmethods and tools available in AutoCAD, we willstart the line segments at an arbitrary location.Start at a location that is somewhere in the lower leftside of the graphics window.

We will create a horizontal line byusing the relative rectangularcoordinates entry method, relativeto the last point we specified:@6,0 [ENTER]

/'~ LIKE Specify next point

"""""

4. Next, create a vertical line by using therelative polar coordinates entry method,relative to the last point we specified:@3<90 [ENTER]

5. Next, we will use the direct inputmethod. First, move the cursordirectly to the left of the lastendpoint of the line segments.

I ??*_?A**_fi*! 5iLf™ irf_:__LIKE Speeifyjiextjwint or [i-ndo]:

Mndcr.'Ti'.' ill '.'<'*,-.»<>' ' V

I


I V V

Specify next point or [Undo]:

V y •< LIKE Specify next point or [Undo]* 2

Modef • Layoutl Layout2 - *

6. Use the direct distance entrytechnique by entering 2[ENTER].

1.i I -VI

On your own, repeat theabove steps and create thefour additional linesegments, using thedimensions as shown.

Enter

Recent Input

Close

Undo 9.

To end the line command, we can either hit the [Enter] keyon the keyboard or use the Enter option, right-mouse-click and a popup menu appears on the screen.

Select Enter with the left-mouse-button to end the Linecommand.

X


Using the ERASE Command*t* The vertical line on the right was created as a construction line, to aid the construction

of the rest of the lines for the design. We will use the Erase command to remove it.

1. Pick Erase in the Modify toolbar. Themessage "Select objects" is displayed inthe command prompt area and AutoCADawaits us to select the objects to erase.Q SB

Modify

JlTL 1 I * •^r—-/!Z \/\ ' y~,mr\JLwA. r.. vS n^ % 1 :

Erase

Removes objects from a drawing

a! ERASE


2. Select the vertical lineas shown.

3. Click once with theright-mouse-button toaccept the selectionand delete the line.

Using the Arc Command1. Click the down-arrow icon of the Arc command in the Draw

toolbar to display the different Arc construction options.

> AutoCAD provides eleven different ways to create arcs. Notethat the different options are used based on the geometryconditions of the design. The more commonly used options arethe 3-Points option and the Center-Start-End option.

2. Select the Center-Start-End option as shown. This optionrequires the selection of the center point, start point and endpoint location, in that order, of the arc.

// Start, Center, Length

/,<, St.lt, End, Angle

Y Stait, End, Direct

f C*nt£t, Start. End/ * N-iff

Press Fl for more tietp


4. Move the cursor downwardand select the right endpointof the bottom horizontal lineas the start point of the arc.

On your own, repeat theabove steps and create theother arc as shown. Notethat in most CAD packages,positive angles are definedas going counterclockwise;therefore the starting pointof the second arc should beat the endpoint on top.

Move the cursor to themiddle of the two horizontallines and align the cursor tothe two endpoints as shown.Click once with the right-mouse-button to select thelocation as the center point ofthe new arc.

Move the cursor to the rightendpoint of the top horizontalline as shown. Pick this pointas the endpoint of the newarc.


Using the Circle Command

File Edtt View Insert Format

Line Polyline

New Tab

Home ! Insert Annotate Parametric View

=r . . & O

a EiMo

Circle Arc

Center, Radius

/• ) Center, Diameter

:tV

2-PoiCenter, Diameter,. ( . .Lreatesa circle using t

1. Select the [Circle]option as shown.

[Center, Diameter]

.xSpecif/ center point for circle or [3P/;p/Ttr (t»n t«n radim)]:

0- CIRCLE Specify radius of circle or [Dlmetar]: _d Specify diareter of circle: 1.25

2. Select the same locationfor the arc center as thecenter point for the newcircle.

3. In the command promptarea, the message"Specify diameter ofcircle:" is displayed.Specify diameter ofcircle: 1.25 [ENTER]

4. On your own, create the other circle and complete the drawing as shown.

Y


Saving the CAD Design1. In the Quick Access Toolbar, select: [Save]

Save

Saves the current drawing

GSAVE

<* Note the command can also be activated with the quick-key combination of[Ctrl]+[S].

2. In the Save Drawing As dialog box, select the folder in which you want to storethe CAD file and enter Spacer in the File name box.

* 1

fite name:

Rles of type:

Irr j

j Spacer

[AutoCAD 2013 Drawing f.dwg)

3. Click Save in the Save Drawing As dialog box to accept the selections and savethe file. Note the default file type is DWG, which is the standard AutoCADdrawing format.

Exit AutoCAD 2015

=> tiROrt •

Ch D<,«,nt,\iP\s

Y V«iKSum

i Oast »

j Option! i t.it Autodisfc AutotAO »15

To exit AutoCAD 2015, select Exit AutoCAD inthe Menu Bar or type QUIT at the commandprompt. Note the command can also be activatedwith the quick-key combination of [Ctrl]+[Q].


Review Questions: (Time: 20 minutes)1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using CAD systems to create

engineering drawings?

2. What is the default AutoCAD filename extension?

3. How do the GRID and SNAP options assist us in sketching?

4. List and describe the different coordinate entry methods available in AutoCAD?

5. When using the Line command, which option allows us to quickly create a line-segment connecting back to the starting point?

6. List and describe the two types of coordinate systems commonly used for planargeometry.

7. Which key do you use to quickly cancel a command?

8. When you use the Pan command, do the coordinates of objects get changed?

9. Find information on how to draw ellipses in AutoCAD through the AutodeskExchange, and create the following arc. If it is desired to position the center of theellipse to a specific location, which ellipse command is more suitable?

10. Find information on how to draw arcs in AutoCAD through the Autodesk Exchangeand create the following arc. List and describe two methods to create arcs inAutoCAD.

R1.5


Exercises:(All dimensions are in inches.) (Time: 60 minutes)

1. Angle Spacer

l.£5

2. Base Plate

4.DD

a ,00


3. T-Clip

4,00

4. Channel Plate

1,25 0.75

0.25

[,£5

•0,25

0.1 ES

0.30

0,125

45* O.EO

X

0.50

•1.50

45'

• 0.50

0.50

0,375


Notes:

chapter 1 autocad fundamentals -...

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