chapter 1 chemistry is a physical science honors chemistry, chapter 1 page 1

Chapter 1Chemistry Is a Physical Science

Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1

•Chemistry• The Study of The Composition, Structure, and Properties of Matter and the Changes it Undergoes.

• Branches• Organic Chemistry – Study of Carbon Containing Compounds

• Inorganic Chemistry – Study of All Substances Not Classified As Organic


•Chemistry• Branches (Continued):

• Physical Chemistry – The Study of the Properties and Changes of Matter and Their Relation to Energy

• Analytical Chemistry – Identification of the Components and Composition of Materials

• Biochemistry – The Study of Substances and Processes Occurring in Living Things

• Theoretical Chemistry – The Use of Mathematics to Understand the Principles behind Observed Chemical Behavior


•Types of Chemical Research• Basic Research – A Fundamental Study of How and Why a Specific Reaction Occurs and What The Properties of a Substance Are.

• Applied Research – Applied Research is Carried out to solve a Problem.

• Technological Development – Uses Basic and Applied Research Results to Develop New Products


•Branches of Chemistry

• Many major areas of study Many major areas of study for specializationfor specialization

• Several career opportunitiesSeveral career opportunities• Also used in many other jobsAlso used in many other jobs

•1. Organic Chemistry

• Organic is the study of Organic is the study of matter that contains matter that contains carboncarbon

• Organic chemists study the Organic chemists study the structure, function, structure, function, synthesis, and identity of synthesis, and identity of carbon compoundscarbon compounds

• Useful in petroleum Useful in petroleum industry, pharmaceuticals, industry, pharmaceuticals, polymerspolymers

•2. Inorganic Chemistry

• Inorganic is the Inorganic is the study of matter that study of matter that does NOT contain does NOT contain carboncarbon

• Inorganic chemists Inorganic chemists study the structure, study the structure, function, synthesis, function, synthesis, and identity of non-and identity of non-carbon compoundscarbon compounds

• Polymers, Polymers, MetallurgyMetallurgy

•3. Biochemistry

• Biochemistry is Biochemistry is the study of the study of chemistry in chemistry in living thingsliving things

• Cross between Cross between biology and biology and chemistrychemistry

• Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals and geneticsand genetics

•4. Physical Chemistry• Physical Physical chemistry is the chemistry is the physics of physics of chemistry… the chemistry… the forces of matterforces of matter

• Much of p-chem Much of p-chem is computationalis computational

• Develop Develop theoretical ideas theoretical ideas for new for new compoundscompounds

HONK if you passed p-chem

•5. Analytical Chemistry

• Analytical Analytical chemistry is the chemistry is the study of high study of high precision precision measurementmeasurement

• Find composition Find composition and identity of and identity of chemicalschemicals

• Forensics, quality Forensics, quality control, medical control, medical teststests

•Types of Observations Types of Observations and Measurementsand Measurements

• We make We make QUALITATIVEQUALITATIVE observations of reactions — changes observations of reactions — changes in color and physical state.in color and physical state.

• We also make We also make QUANTITATIVE QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTSMEASUREMENTS, which involve , which involve numbersnumbers..

• Use SI units — based on the Use SI units — based on the metric systemmetric system

•Chapter 1, Section 1 Review1. What is chemistry?2. Give examples of branches of

chemistry.3. How are basic research, applied

research, and technology the same.4. How are they different?


•Matter and Its Properties• Mass is the Quantity of Matter

• Unit of Measure = gram• Not Weight (Weight = Acceleration x Mass)

• Volume is the Space an Object Occupies

• Calculated by V = H x W x D• Unit of Measure = cm3

• Matter is Anything Which Has Mass and Volume


•Basic Building Blocks of Matter• Atom – The Smallest Unit of an Element That Maintains the Properties of the Element.

• Element – A Pure Substance Made up of Only One Kind of Atom.

• Compound – A Substance That is Made From Atoms of Two or More Elements That are Chemically Bonded.


•Properties of Matter• Extensive Properties – Depend Upon the Amount of Matter

• Mass• Volume• Energy

• Intensive Properties – Do Not Depend Upon the Amount of Matter

• Melting Point• Boiling Point• Density• Conductivity


•Matter And Matter And EnergyEnergy SAVE PAPER AND INK!!! When you

print out the notes on PowerPoint, print "Handouts" instead of "Slides" in the print setup. Also, turn off the backgrounds (Tools>Options>Print>UNcheck "Background Printing")!

•The Nature of The Nature of MatterMatter•The Nature of The Nature of MatterMatter

Chemists are interested in the nature of Chemists are interested in the nature of matter and how this is related to its atoms matter and how this is related to its atoms and molecules.and molecules.

GoldGold MercuryMercury

•Chemistry & MatterChemistry & Matter

• We can explore the We can explore the MACROSCOPIC MACROSCOPIC world — what we can see — world — what we can see —

• to understand the to understand the PARTICULATEPARTICULATE worlds we cannot see.worlds we cannot see.

• We write We write SYMBOLSSYMBOLS to describe to describe these worlds.these worlds.

•A Chemist’s View A Chemist’s View of Waterof Water

H2O (gas, liquid, solid)

MacroscopicMacroscopicMacroscopicMacroscopic

SymbolicSymbolicSymbolicSymbolicParticulateParticulateParticulateParticulate

•A Chemist’s ViewA Chemist’s View

2 H2(g) + O2 (g) --> 2 H2O(g)

MacroscopicMacroscopicMacroscopicMacroscopic

SymbolicSymbolicSymbolicSymbolicParticulateParticulateParticulateParticulate

•Kinetic Nature of Kinetic Nature of MatterMatter•Kinetic Nature of Kinetic Nature of MatterMatter

Matter consists of atoms Matter consists of atoms and molecules in _____.and molecules in _____.

•STATES OF MATTERSTATES OF MATTER•STATES OF MATTERSTATES OF MATTER• ______________ — have rigid shape, fixed — have rigid shape, fixed volume. External shape can reflect the volume. External shape can reflect the atomic and molecular arrangement.atomic and molecular arrangement.

• Reasonably well understood.Reasonably well understood.• ______________ — have no fixed shape and may — have no fixed shape and may not fill a container completely. not fill a container completely.

• Not well understood.Not well understood.• ______________ — expand to fill their container. — expand to fill their container.

• Good theoretical understanding.Good theoretical understanding.

•OTHER STATES OF OTHER STATES OF MATTERMATTER•OTHER STATES OF OTHER STATES OF MATTERMATTER

• PLASMAPLASMA — an electrically charged gas; — an electrically charged gas; Example: the sun or any other starExample: the sun or any other star

• BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATEBOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE — a — a condensate that forms near absolute condensate that forms near absolute zero that has superconductive zero that has superconductive properties; Example: supercooled Rb properties; Example: supercooled Rb gasgas

•Physical Physical PropertiesProperties

What are some What are some physical properties?physical properties?

• colorcolor• melting and boiling melting and boiling pointpoint

• odorodor

•Physical Properties and Physical Changes• Physical Property – A Characteristic That Can be Observed or Measured Without Changing the Identity of the Substance.

• Examples:• Melting Point• Boiling Point


•Physical Change• Physical Change - A Change in a Substance That Does Not Involve a Change in the Identity of the Substance.

• Examples:• Change of State (Gas to Liquid, etc.)• Change in Temperature/Energy• Change in Pressure



Physical States of Matter

• Solids – Definite Volume and Shape– Molecules Rigidly Locked Together

• Liquids – Definite Volume, Take the Shape of the Container (Indefinite

Shape)– Molecules Closely Packed But Move Past Each Other

• Gas– Neither a Fixed Volume Nor a Fixed Shape– Molecules Widely Spaced

• Plasma – High Energy State of Matter– Electrons and Nuclei Separated

•Physical Physical PropertiesProperties

What are some What are some physical properties?physical properties?

• colorcolor• melting and boiling melting and boiling pointpoint

• odorodor

GraphiteGraphite — — layer structure layer structure of carbon of carbon atoms reflects atoms reflects physical physical properties.properties.

•Physical ChangesPhysical Changes• can be observed without changing the identity of the substance

Some Some physical changes physical changes would bewould be

• boiling of a liquidboiling of a liquid• melting of a solidmelting of a solid• dissolving a solid in a dissolving a solid in a liquid to give a liquid to give a homogeneous mixture homogeneous mixture — a SOLUTION.— a SOLUTION.

•Chemical Property• A chemical property relates to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances.

• Examples:• Ability of charcoal (carbon) to burn.• Ability of iron to rust when contacted with water.


•Chemical Change• In a Chemical Change the Identities of Substances Change and New Substances Form

• Example: Mercury(II)Oxide Mercury + Oxygen or 2 HgO 2 Hg + O2

• Starting Materials = Reactants (Left Hand)

• Final Materials = Products (Right Hand)


•Energy and Changes in Matter• Energy is Always Involved in Chemical And Physical Changes

• Examples:• Heat Required to Melt Ice• Heat Evolved When Charcoal Burns• Heat Absorbed When Chemicals in a “Cold Pack” Are Mixed


•Classification of Matter• Two Groups: Mixtures and Pure Substances• Mixture – A Blend of Two or More Kinds of Matter, Each of Which Retains Its Own Identity and Properties

• Mixture Examples:• Sand and Iron Filings• Sugar in Water• 18-karat Gold (Alloy of Gold, Silver, Copper, and Nickel) (18-karat/24-karat = 75%)


•Types of Mixtures• Homogeneous Mixtures – Mixtures Uniform in Composition, Also Called Solutions

• Clear Washing Detergent• Sprite

• Heterogeneous Mixtures – Mixtures Which are Not Uniform Throughout

• Orange Juice (With Pulp)• Fur Lined Jacket


•Separation of Mixtures• Filtration (Separation of Precipitate from Supernate)

• Centrifugation (Separation of High Density Materials from Low Density Materials)

• Chromatography• Gas Phase (Like Distillation)• Liquid Phase (Different Diffusion Rates)



Pure Substance

• Every Sample of a Pure Substance Has Exactly the Same Characteristic Properties

• Every Sample of a Pure Substance Has Exactly the Same Composition

• Examples: – A Clear Liquid Which Freezes at 0 C. and Boils at 100 C. Is

Probably Water– All Water Molecules are Composed of Two Parts Hydrogen and

One Part Oxygen– A Metal Which Melts at 1083 C. Is Probably Copper

• May Be Either a Compound or an Element

•Purity of Laboratory Chemicals• All Chemicals Have Some Impurities

• Primary Standard• ACS Grade• USP Grade• CP Grade Increasing Purity

• NF Grade• FCC Grade• Technical Grade


•Chapter 1, Section 2 Review1. What is the difference between a

physical property and a chemical property?

2. How does a physical change differ from a chemical change?

3. Explain gas, liquid, and solid states in terms of particles.

4. Distinguish between a mixture and a pure substance.


•The Language of The Language of ChemistryChemistry•The Language of The Language of ChemistryChemistry

• The elements, The elements, their names, and their names, and symbols are symbols are given on thegiven on the

PERIODIC PERIODIC TABLETABLE

• How many How many elements are elements are there?there? 117 elements have been identified117 elements have been identified

• 82 elements occur naturally on Earth82 elements occur naturally on EarthExamples: gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbonExamples: gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon

•35 elements have been created by scientists35 elements have been created by scientistsExamples: technetium, americium, seaborgiumExamples: technetium, americium, seaborgium

•The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 - 1907)Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 - 1907)

•Glenn Glenn SeaborgSeaborg(1912-1999)(1912-1999)

• Discovered 8 Discovered 8 new elements.new elements.

• Only living Only living person for person for whom an whom an element was element was named.named.

•Elements• Periodic Table

• Vertical Columns • Groups or Families• Similar Ability to Bond to Other Elements

• Horizontal Rows• Called Periods

• Two Main Sections• Metal on Left• Non-Metals on Right• Metalloids In between


•Metals• Definition: A Metal Is an Element That Is a Good Conductor of Heat and Electricity

• Characteristics• Malleable• Ductile• High Tensile Strength• Shiny• Silver Appearance (Except for Copper, Gold)


•Non-Metals• A Non-Metal Is an Element That Is a Poor Conductor of Heat And Electricity

• Tend to Be Brittle Rather Than Malleable or Ductile

• Examples:• Phosphorous (Necessary for Life)• Sulfur• Carbon• Oxygen• Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, etc.)


•Metalloids• Metalloids Have Properties of Both Metals and Non-Metals

• Tend to Be Less Malleable Than Metals And Not as Brittle as Non-Metals

• Tend to Be Semiconductors of Electricity

• Examples:• Silicon• Germanium


•Noble Gases• Elements in Group 18 (Far Right-hand Column) Are The Noble Gases

• Very Low Reactivity (No Compounds Known Before 1962 When Xenon Hexafluoride Discovered)

• Examples:• Helium (Lighter Than Air Balloons)• Neon (Neon Signs)• Argon (About 1% of the Air We Breathe)


•Chapter 1, Section 3 Review1. Illustrate the use of a Periodic Table

to give element names and symbols.

2. Given the name of an specific element, give the symbol for that element.

3. How is the Periodic Table arranged?4. What are the characteristics of

metals, non-metals, and metalloids.


chapter 1 chemistry is a physical science honors chemistry, chapter 1 page 1

Documents

study of chemistry

metallurgyhonors chemistry

physics of chemistry

geneticshonors chemistry

polymershonors chemistry

jobshonors chemistry

organichonors chemistry

new productshonors chemistry