chapter 1 environment (2)
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
1/31
Environmental
Microbiology
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
2/31
Applied & Environmental
Microbiology
applied microbiology is the interaction of
the microbial world and the rest of the
world
genetic variances
microbial effect on soil, water, ourfood
microorganisms are present in most
every aspect of our lives
microorganisms are critical to our
survival on Earth
to be a successful ecosystem on Earth,
youd best be nice to the
microorganisms!
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
3/31
Microbial Ecology:
relationship of microorganisms with each
other and their environment
ecosystem: interaction of livingand non-living components
oceans, deserts, marshes,forests, tundra, lakes
microorganisms play a keyrole in ecosystem structure
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
4/31
Microbial Ecology:
relationship of microorganisms with each other and
their environment
microenvironment: immediately
surrounds a microorganism
relevant to survival and growthof the microorganism
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
5/31
Nutrient Acquisition within an
Ecosystem
3 main levels exist in every ecosystem in regards to
nutrient acquisition
producer
consumer
decomposer
1. primary producers:
convert CO2toorganic material
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
6/31
Nutrient Acquisition within an
Ecosystem
2. consumers
heterotrophs
utilize organic
material created
by producers
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
7/31
Nutrient Acquisition within Ecosystem
3. decomposers
heterotrophs
digest leftovers of primary
producers andconsumers
detritus ( fresh or
partially decomposed
organic matter)
bacteria and fungi are
key players in the
process of decomposition
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
8/31
Low Nutrient Environments:
common in nature
bacteria do best in biofilms if
nutrition availability is low
biofilms are a
polysaccharide encased
community of
microorganisms
microorganisms extract
nutrients that are absorbedby water from air or
nutrients that are adsorbed
onto the biofilm
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
9/31
Microbial competition and antagonism
most environments are suitable to many kinds of
microorganisms
only one or a few can actually occupy the environment
at a given time
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
10/31
Competition and Antagonism:
among microorganismscompetition:
fierce competition for nutrients and water
the faster a microbe reproduces the larger thepopulation
the larger population competes better
critical, especially if the microorganismscompeting utilize similar nutrients
antagonism
bacteriocins: protein produced by bacteria thatdestroys similar strains
WINNER TAKES ALL AND IS KING/QUEEN OF THE
MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEM
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
11/31
Example of Competition
stability of microbial community in human intestine isattributed to competition and antagonism amongst its
members
compete nicely for nutrients
produce toxins to limit growth of new microbes
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
12/31
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
13/31
Microbial Mat:
thick, dense, organized biofilm
generally found attached to a solid substrate or at air-
water interfaces
Microbial mat attached to
rocks
Microbial mat in stream bed
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
14/31
The Study of Microbial Ecology
somewhat difficult to accomplish less than 1% of
environmental
microorganisms can be
successfully cultured in thelab
http://www.ebiomedia.com/gall/drop/drop6.htmlhttp://www.ebiomedia.com/gall/drop/drop7.htmlhttp://www.ebiomedia.com/gall/micronat/Vorticella1.html -
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
15/31
Microbial Habitat
aquatic
marine:
deep waters are usually stable and consistent
shoreline habitat varies due to nutrient rich run-off
http://www.ebiomedia.com/gall/larvae/larva3A.htmlhttp://www.ebiomedia.com/gall/drop/drop1.html -
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
16/31
Microbial Habitat
freshwater:
lakes
stratification allows for the mixing of the water
seasonally.
Increases the presence of O2in the deeper H2O
algae
paramecium
http://www.ebiomedia.com/gall/drop/drop1.html -
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
17/31
Microbial Habitat
moving water
rivers
generally aerobic due to
turbulence facilitating O2circulation
river ostracod
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
18/31
Microbial Habitat
terrestrial
microorganisms are critical to soil habitat
composition of microbes is dependent on soilconditions
wet soil: anaerobic conditions due to water fillingthe pore space in the soil, soil dries andmicrobes go produce endospores for survival
Endospores
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
19/31
Mutualism with Eukaryotes
mychorrhizae: fungus
assist plants in the uptake of
phosphorous
mychorrizae gain nutrient from plant
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
20/31
Mutualism
nitrogen fixers: fix nitrogen
and make it available for
the use by their partner
plant
most common is
Rhizobium, a
microorganism found in
many root nodules
Rhizobiumin root nodules
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
21/31
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
22/31
Carbon cycle
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
23/31
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
24/31
Mutualism: microorganisms and the
worldmicroorganisms and herbivores
animal with a rumens (cow) or cecums
(horse) need microorganisms to digest the
plant food they ingest
Bacillusin a
cow rumen
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.bio.mie-u.ac.jp/junkan/busshitsu/lab1/rumen-bacteria.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.bio.mie-u.ac.jp/junkan/busshitsu/lab1/&h=782&w=1137&sz=134&tbnid=uLQKc9h5ptEJ:&tbnh=102&tbnw=149&start=3&prev=/images%3Fq%3Drumen%2Bbacteria%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8 -
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
25/31
Microorganisms in Sewage Treatment
decreasing biochemicaloxygen demand (BOD)
decreases impact of
sewage on the
environment
BOD is the amount of O2
needed for microbial
decomposition of the
organic material in a
sample
Grit chamber
Biological filter
Clarifier
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
26/31
Microorganisms in Sewage
Treatment
if not treated the high BOD found in sewage could
deplete the O2level in the receiving water
in other words if raw sewage is deposited into a lake or
stream without treatment, it would effectively suck theoxygen out of the water, leaving very little for the fish and
other organisms
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
27/31
Microorganisms in Sewage Treatment
sewage treatment is a controlled process that
strives to eliminate the excess organic material,
thus diminishing the BOD
most of the removal of organic matter is done
by microorganisms
bacterial filaments
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
28/31
Microorganisms and Water Treatment
and Testing
municipal water supplies
are tested and treated for
the removal of pathogenic
microorganisms and
chemicals
this is done with the
use of chemicals
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
29/31
Microorganisms and Solid Waste
Treatment
the elimination of organic waste
material can be enhanced by
microorganisms
increase cost to separate organic
material from inorganic (glass,metal, plastic)
composting: natural decomposition
of organic solid materiel results in
excellent fertilizer
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
30/31
Compost
microorganisms areneeded to breakdown
the organic material
-
8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)
31/31
Bioremediation:use of microorganisms to eliminate or make
harmless pollutants in an environment
pollutants removed
can include
organic solvents
toxic chemicals
hydrocarbons
oil spill