chapter 1 - introduction to biochemistry (slideshare)
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BCH 400/600 – Introductory Biochemistry
Instructor: David ShintaniOffice: 311C Fleischmann
Ag.Lab: 308 Fleischmann Ag.E-mail: [email protected]: (775) 784-4631
What is Biochemistry?• Biochemistry = chemistry of life.
• Biochemists use physical and chemical principles to explain biology at the molecular level.
• Basic principles of biochemistry are common to all living organism
How does biochemistry impact you?
• Medicine
• Agriculture
• Industrial applications
• Environmental applications
Principle Areas of Biochemistry
• Structure and function of biological macromolecules
• Metabolism – anabolic and catabolic processes.
• Molecular Genetics – How life is replicated. Regulation of protein synthesis
Life Before Biochemistry
Once upon a time, a long long time ago…..
Vitalism: idea that substances and processes associated with living organisms did not behave according to the known laws of physics and chemistry
Evidence: 1) Only living things have a high degree of
complexity2) Only living things extract, transform and
utilize energy from their environment3) Only living things are capable of self
assembly and self replication
Origins of Biochemistry: A challenge to “Vitalism.”
Famous Dead Biochemist!
Fallacy #1: Biochemicals can only be produced by living organisms
•1828 Friedrich Wohler
•Dead Biochemist #1
Fallacy #2: Complex bioconversion of chemical
substances require living matter
•1897 Eduard Buchner
Dead Biochemists #2
Glucose + Dead Yeast = Alcohol
• Emil Fischer
Fallacy #2: Complex bioconversion of chemical substances require living
matterDead Biochemists #3
Fallacy #2: Complex bioconversion of chemical substances require living
matterDead Biochemists #4
1926 J.B. Sumner
Findings of other famous dead biochemist
• 1944 Avery, MacLeod and McCarty identified DNA as information molecules
• 1953 Watson (still alive) and Crick proposed the structure of DNA
• 1958 Crick proposed the central dogma of biology
Organization of Life• elements• simple organic compounds
(monomers)• macromolecules (polymers)• supramolecular structures• organelles• cells• tissues• organisms
Range of the sizes of objects
studies by Biochemist
and Biologist
1 angstrom = 0.1 nm
Most abundant, essential for all organisms: C, N, O, P, S, HLess abundant, essential for all organisms : Na, Mg, K, Ca, ClTrace levels, essential for all organism: Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, ZnTrace levels, essential for some organisms: V, Cr, Mo, B, Al, Ga, Sn, Si, As, Se, I,
Elements of Life
Important compounds, functional groups
Many Important Biomolecules are Polymers
p ro te in com plex
p ro te in su b un it
a m ino ac id
m em b rane
p ho sp ho lip id
fa tty a c id
ce ll w a ll
ce llu lo se
g lu co se
ch ro m o som e
D N A
n uc leo tidemonomer
polymer
supramolecularstructure
lipids proteins carbo nucleic acids
Lipids
m em b rane
p ho sp ho lip id
fa tty a c idmonomer
polymer
supramolecularstructure
Proteins
monomer
polymer
supramolecularstructureEnzyme complex
protein subunit
amino acid
Carbohydrates
ce ll w a ll
ce llu lo se
g lu co semonomer
polymer
supramolecularstructure
ch ro m a tin
D N A
n uc leo tidemonomer
polymer
supramolecularstructure
Nucleic Acids
Common theme:
Monomers form polymers through condensations
Polymers are broken down through hydrolysis.
Prokaryote Cell
Cellular Organization of an E. coli Cell
200 – 300 mg protein / mL cytoplasm
Eukaryote Cell