chapter 1 - introduction to typography

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 - Introduction to Typography

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KHB246 XYVOJTKVNY ! VKJB EOMVOUIXIOL

ENKVXBT ;0 ILXTOHREXIOL XOXYVOJTKVNY

A k e r c x y o a B h r e k x i o l 4 6 ; 4

B H 4 4 4 0 D k e n b c o t o a B h r e k x i o l . N o l u ) K t x ! H b u i j l B h r e k x i o lF N k g E i v x k R l i q b t u i x i X b g l o c o j i M k t k

;

KHB246

XYVOJTKVNY ! VKJB

EOMVOUIXIOL

VBLJBLKCKL GBVKHK

XKIVOJTKAI

Ilxtohrexiol xo Xyvojtkvny







4

Kx xnb blh oa xniu enkvxbt# uxrhblxu unorch db kdcb xo0

․ B~vckil znkx iu xyvojtkvny klh ihblxiay ix’u enktkexbt

․ Blrmbtkxb klh jkil rlhbtuxklhilj kdorx xnb arlexiolu oa xyvojtkvny il ktx klh hbuijl

․ Bqkcrkxb klh rlhbtuxklh noz xo kvvcy xyvbakebu zixn mbuukjb

․ Eoluihbt il enoouilj xyvbakebu aot ebtxkil krhibleb

․ Bqkcrkxb xnb enktkexbtu klh illbt mbklilj oa xyvbakebu

Od`bexiqbu

Vkhk kgnit dkd ili# vbck`kt ubnktrulyk hkvkx0

․ Mblbtkljgkl xblxklj mkgurh xkivojtkai hkl mbljblkci gktbgxotlyk

․ Mblyblktkigkl hkl mbmknkmi arljui xkivojtkai hkckm ubli tbgkkl

․ Mbljblkc vkuxi hkl mbmknkmi dkjkimklk mblyburkigkl mrgkxkiv hbljkl mbub`

․

Mbmdrkx vbtximdkljkl hkckm mbmicin mrgkxkiv dkji krhibl yklj xbtxblxr

․ Mblicki gktbgxot hkl mkgurh xbtuitkx yklj khk vkhk mrgkxkiv

Od`bgxia







5

;,;, KVK IXR XKIVOJTKAI?

․ Xkivojtkai khkckn mbtrvkgkl tbgkkl hkl `rjk vbljjrlkkl mrgkxkiv rlxrg mblykmvkigkl

mkgcrmkx hbljkl mbljjrlkgkl nrtra yklj hiururl hkckm dblxrg vbtdblhknktkkl gkxk

.qoekdrckty ) hkckm tbgkcbxkg gomrligkui qiurkc,

․ Xkivojtkai `rjk docbn hihbailiuigkl ubdkjki ururlkl grmvrckl mrgkxkiv yklj mblykxrgkl

. rlixy ) klxktk ilaotmkui hkl `rjk licki ubli . ktxiuxie ) vkhk uburkxr tbgkcbxkg ixr,

․ Xkivojtkai docbn xbthiti hkti xrciukl xkljkl gkcijtkai niljjk gbvkhk xkiv hijixkc yklj hitbgk

hbljkl mbljjrlkgkl gomvrxbt,

․ Xkivojtkai mbcivrxi xijk gktbgxot ikixr nrtra# lomdot hkl uimdoc kxkr xklhk dkek,

․ Nrtra xbthiti hkti „K’ niljjk „P’# lomdot 6 niljjk 9 hkl uimdoc ubtxk xklhk dkek yklj xbthiti

hktivkhk xklhk uokc# ubtrkl# gomk# xixig hkl ubmrk uimdoc yklj hijrlkgkl hkckm mbcbljgkvgkl

uburkxr kykx ixr,

;,; ZNKX IU XYVOJTKVNY?

․ Xyvojtkvny iu k hbuijl klh kcuo xnb rub oa xyvbakeb iu xo eolqby ilaotmkxiol dy ruilj cbxxbtu oa

kttkljbmblxu il xnb aotm oa qoekdrckty il xnb aotm oa qiurkc eommrliekxiol ckyorx,

․ Xyvojtkvny ekl kcuo db hbailbh ku kttkljbmblx oa k jtorv oa xyvbakeb# znien rlixbu dbxzbbl

ilaotmkxiol klh ktxiuxie qkcrbu,

․ Xyvojtkvny eol oa ekccijtkvny nklh ztixilj xo hijixkc xyvb# znien iu hbuijlbh dy eomvrxbt,

․ Xnbtb ktb xntbb enktkexbtu oa xyvojtkvny# xnby ktb7 cbxxbt# lrmdbt klh uymdoc ot

vrlexrkxiol,

․ Xnb cbxxbt uxktxu atom „ K’ klh blhu zixn cbxxbt „P’ , Xnb lrmdbt uxktxu atom „6’ klh blhu zixn

lrmdbt „9’ , Uymdocu zicc db ol {rbuxiol mktg #b~eckmkxiol mktg# eommk# klh arcc uxov .hox),

KDE‡‡P

;458‡,,;6#,?0”/+F%("!*.)-'=

Nrtra

Lomdot

Uimdoc

Cbxxbtu

Lrmdbtu

Uymdocu







8

;,4 ARLJUI XKIVOJTKAI

;,4,; Xkiv dbtarljui ubdkjki imb`

․ Hkckm mbhik gomrligkui xbtrxkmklyk mbhik

ebxkg# vbmdkek mbcinkx hkl mkmknkmi mkgcrmkx

yklj hiukmvkigkl dbthkuktgkl gbvkhk imb` jkmdkt

hkl xkiv,

․ Vkhk ububxbljkn tbgkkl kxkr tbgkcbxkg imb

jkmdkt xihkg mkmvr mblykmvkigkl mkgcrmkx

hbljkl `bcku# vbtklkl ili xbtvkguk hidklxr hbljkl

xkiv,

․ Xihkg ubvbtxi xbcbqiuybl# mbhik ebxkg xihkg

mbmvrlyki drlyi kxkr gbukl gnku yklj docbn

mbmdklxr hkckm mblykmvkigkl mkgcrmkx hbljkl

dbtgbukl, Ik dbtjklxrlj ubvblrnlyk vkhk bcbmbl-

bcbmbl yklj xbtebxkg,

․ Ocbn ixr# xkiv dbtvbtklkl mblyrurl mkgcrmkx-

mkgcrmkx ili hkckm dblxrg yklj mrhkn hiaknkmi ocbn

vbmdkek,

;,4 ARLEXIOL OA XYVOJTKVNY

;,4,; Xyvb ku kl imkjb

․ Il eommrliekxiol mbhik buvbeikccy vtilxbh

mbhik# krhiblebu ubb klh rlhbtuxklh xnb ilaotmkxiol

jiqbl dy imkjbu klh xyvb,

․ Il ebtxkil hbuijl ot ckyorx# moux imkjbu akic xo

eolqby xnb tijnx ilaotmkxiol, Ilubtxilj xb~x zicc kccbqikxb xniu vtodcbm,

․ Rlcigb xbcbqiuiol# vtilx mbhik ho lox nkqb uorlh

ot uvbeikc baabex xnkx ekl nbcv il eolqbyilj

ilaotmkxiol, Ix nkthcy hbvblhu ol vtilxbh bcbmblx,

․ Dbekrub oa xnkx# xyvb iu rubh xo otjklipb xnb

ilaotmkxiol il k aotm xnkx ekl db rlhbtuxooh dy

tbkhbtu,

Xklvk xbgu# igckl ili xihkg hkvkxmbmdbti mkgcrmkx hbljkl `bcku

Zixnorx xb~x# xnb khqbtxiubmblx ekl’x jiqbxnb ilaotmkxiol ecbktcy

Xbxkvi kvkdick xbgu hicbxkggkl ik hkvkxmblbtkljgkl hbljkl cbdin ckl`rx xblxkljimb` xbtubdrx,

Znbl xb~x iu ilubtxbh vckebh# xnbilaotmkxiol dbeombu ecbktbt ,







2

;,4,4 Mbljjrlkgkl xkiv rlxrg dbtgomrligkui

․ Xbxkvi ubektk rmrmlyk arljui xkiv khkckn ukmk

ikixr rlxrg dbtgomrligkui `igk iklyk xihkg hicinkx vkhk

vbtdbpkkl uburkxr jkyk hkl uxtogb xkiv ixr, Ili khkckn

gbtklk ubxikv dkljuk hkl drhkyk mbmvrlyki dblxrg

xrciukl xkljkl yklj dbtdbpk xbxkvi mkgcrmkx yklj

iljil hiukmvkigkl khkckn ukmk,

․ Ubmrk bcbmbl xkivojtkai dbtukxr hkckm mbhik

ebxkg ubvbtxi vkhk tbgkkl kxkr tbgkcbxkg vouxbt#

tiukckn# gkxkcoj# igckl ebxkg# vbmdrljgrukl# cojo# hklckil-ckil ckji,

․ Hkckm nkc ili# mrgkxkiv nktruckn hiururl hkl

hikxrt mbljigrx gbuburkikl mbhik ebxkg xbtubdrx dkji

mbmrhkngkl krhibl mbmdkek hkl ubxbtrulyk

mbmknkmi ilaotmkui yklj iljil hiukmvkigkl,

․ Xnb blxitb xyvojtkvny bcbmblxu ktb eomdilbh il

vtilx mbhik uren ku vouxbt# dtoenrtb# ekxkcojrb# vtilx

kh# vkegkjilj# cojo bxe,․ Il xniu mkxxbt# xyvbakeb lbbhu xo db kttkljbh

keeothiljcy dkubh ol xnb vtilxbh mbhik xo bkub

tbkhilj dy xnb krhibleb klh ku zbcc ku rlhbtuxklhilj

xnb ilaotmkxiol znien lbbhu xo db eolqbybh,

;,4,4 Rub xyvb aot eommrliekxiol

․ Xnb xyvb arlexiol iu xnb ukmb7 znien iu xo

eommrliekxb ia ixu lox coogbh oa il xbtmu oa hiaabtbleb

oa uxycb ot uxtogb xyvb, Xniu iu dbekrub bqbty tkeb klh

ercxrtb ozlu hiaabtblx ztixilj uxycb drx xnb mkuukjb

zniunbh xo db hbciqbtbh iu xnb ukmb,

Klxktk mbhik ebxkg yklj mbljjrlkgklxkivojtai,

Uomb vtilx mbhik xnkx rub xyvojtkvny,

Tbgkkl cojo yklj mbljjrlkgkl xkivojtkai

Uomb xyvojtkvnie cojo hbuijl







1

․ Ubxikv vbmdkek hi hkckm mkuyktkgkx drhkyklyk#

xblxr xbckn mbljblkci goh uimdoc vkhk ubxikv nrtra

yklj xbckn hiaknkmi ubdkjkimklk gixk xbckn mbljblkci

nrtra „K’, Xklvk vbljblkckl ubvbtxi ili xkiv xihkg hkvkxdbtarljui hbljkl cklekt,

․ Bqbty tbkhbt il xnb eommrlixy iu akmicikt zixn

xnb eohb uymdoc oa bqbty cbxxbt, Xnby ktb glozl ku

noz zb tbeojliubh xnb cbxxbt –K”, Zixnorx xniu

ilxtohrexiol# xyvb ekl’x arlexiol umooxncy

;,4,5 Golubv hkckm tbgkkl mbljjrlkgkl xkivojtkai

․ Ubxikv tbgkkl mbljjrlkgkl jkyk vblykmvkikl

yklj dbtdbpk, Vbljjrlkkl golubv khkckn lkhi rxkmk

gbvkhk ubxikv tbgkkl,

․ Ocbn ixr# ubdkjki vbtbgk# gixk vbtcr mbljblkci

gkxbjoti-gkxbjoti# `bliu hkl gbcrktjk xkiv yklj vbcdkjki

dblxrg uxtogb hkl jkyk yklj docbn hiuburkigkl

hbljkl golubv uburkxr tbgkkl ixr,․ Ubdkjki eolxon# vouxbt Dbbxnoqbl vkhk tk`kn

.giti) khkckn dbtgolubvgkl gckuigkc# ocbn ixr vbtbgk

xbckn mbljjrlkgkl mrgkxkiv ertuiqb urvkyk iklyk

ubckti hbljkl golubvlyk yklj gckuigkc,

;,4,5 Xyvbakeb eolebvx il hbuijl

․ Bqbty hbuijl rubu hiaabtblx gilh oa uxycbu il

vtbublxkxiol, Xnb rub oa eolebvxu zicc db xnb moux

imvotxklx vtbtb{riuixb il kly hbuijl,

․ Hrb xo xnkx ku k hbuijlbt# zb nkqb xo ihblxiay xnb

akmicibu klh ekxbjotibu oa xyvbu# xnbit uxtogbu klh uxycbu

xo mkxen ebtxkil eolebvx oa hbuijl,

․ Ku kl b~kmvcb# aot k Dbbxnoqbl vouxbt .cbax)#

znien dy ixu lkxrtb iu eckuuiekc il eolebvx# k hbuijlbt

rubh xnb uetivx ot ertuiqb xyvb il othbt xo ekvxrtb xnb

eckuuiekc mooh,

Vbljjrlkkl mrgkxkiv ugtiv hkl ertuiqbhkvkx mblrl`rggkl golubv gckuig

Xnb rub oa uetivx klh ertuiqb xyvbunijncijnxu xnb eckuuie eolebvx,

XyvojtkvnyK

Ubxikv dkljuk hkl drhkyk mbmvrlyki dblxrgmrgkxkiv hkl ubdrxkl yklj dbtdbpk# lkmrlarljuilyk ukmk ikixr rlxrg dbtgomrligkui

Bken klh bqbty tkeb klh ercxrtb nku hiaabtblx xyvbakeb aotm klh vtolorleikxiol# drx nku xnb

ukmb arlexiol xnkx iu aot eommrliekxiol







:

;,5 KEEOMMOHKXB XYVAKEBU ZXN MBUUKJB ;,5,; Ilxtohrexiol

․ Il xniu enkvxbt# zb zicc eoluihbt xnb vtoebuu oa

enoouilj xnb tijnx aolxu aot yort mbuukjb klh kcuo

mkuxbtilj xnb ubcbexiol oa aolxu aot yort mbuukjb,

․ Kx vtbublx# xnbtb ktb xnoruklh oa xyvbakebu aot k

hbuijlbt xo enooub atom, Xniu lrmdbtu hobu lox ilecrhb

xnb lbz xyvbakebu xnkx ekl db etbkxbh dy eomvrxbt

uoaxzktb, Ix uxktxbh atom xnb ilqblxiol klh jtozxn oa

xyvbakebu hrtilj xnb Ilhruxtikc Tbqocrxiol il Brtovb

dbaotb xnb blh oa xnb xzblxibxn eblxrty,

․ Ku k hbuijlbt# yor lbbh xo akmiciktiub zixn

lrmbtoru xyvbakebu klh b~vbtimblx ix xo cbktl ruilj

xnbm baabexiqbcy,

;,5 MBLYBURKIGKL XKIV HBLJKL MBUB@

;,5,; Vbljblkckl

․ Hi hkckm xk`rg ili# gixk kgkl mbljbxknri vtoubu

mbmdrkx vbtximdkljkl hkckm mbmicin mrgkxkiv ykljxbvkx dkji uburkxr mbub` yklj iljil hiukmvkigkl hkl

mbmknitgkl hiti hkckm vbmicinkl mrgkxkiv rlxrg

mbub` klhk,

․ Vkhk mkuk gili xbthkvkx dbtidr-tidr `bliu mrgkxkiv

yklj docbn hivicin ocbn vbtbgk, Iklyk xihkg xbtmkurg

mrgkxkiv dktr yklj docbn hieivxk hbljkl

mbljjrlkgkl vbtiuikl gomvrxbt, Iklyk dbtmrck hkti

vbleivxkkl hkl vbtgbmdkljkl mrgkxkiv ubmkuk

Tbqocrui Vbtilhruxtikl hi Btovkn ubdbcrm dbtkgnitlykkdkh gbhrk vrcrn ckji,

․ Ocbn ixr ubdkjki vbtbgk# klhk vbtcr mbmdikukgkl

hiti hbljkl vbcdkjki `bliu mrgkxkiv hkl mbckgrgkl

vbterdkkl dkji mbmvbck`kti dkjkimklk ik hkvkx

hijrlkgkl hbljkl dbtgbukl,

;,5,4 Vbtximdkljkl hkckm mbmicin mrgkxkiv

․ Vkhk mkuk gili# vbljjrlkkl mrgkxkiv docbn hignkugkl rlxrg tbgkkl-tbgkkl yklj xbtxblxr uknk`k#

mbmklhkljgkl gili xbthkvkx vbcdkjki `bliu jkyk hkl dblxrg mrgkxkiv,

․ Lkmrl dbjixr# tbgkkl mrgkxkiv yklj dkig khkckn acbguidbc hkl hkvkx hijrlkgkl hkckm ubmrk `bliu

dblxrg tbgkkl,

․ Khkckn vblxilj rlxrg mbljbxknri kvk yklj docbn hickgrgkl ocbn mrgkxkiv vkhk uburkxr tbgkkl

ubdbcrm klhk mblekti mrgkxkiv yklj uburki hkti drgr-drgr tr`rgkl xkivojtkai,

․ Mblblxrgkl vbmicinkl uburkxr mrgkxkiv ixr khkckn dbtkukugkl gbvkhk uvbuiaigkui krhibl yklj

vbtcr hiekvki hkl dblxrg mbub` yklj nblhkg ukmvkigkl,․ Ubdkjki eolxon# vbmicinkl mrgkxkiv khkckn dbtdbpk klxktk tbgkkl tiukckn abuybl hbljkl tbgkkl

rlxrg mrgk hbvkl ebgbtk vkhkx mrpig tkv,

Xbgu „Pox’u’ ubvbtxi uoub`, Mbmvbtgblkcgkl ikubdkjki vbtlikjkkl mbl`rkc „ noxhoj ’

„Pox’u” xb~x coogu cigb ukrukjb, Ilxtohrebh dyk eomvkly xnkx ubccu nox hoju,

Vbljjrlkkl mrgkxkiv ugtiv rlxrg vbtgkxkkl–Xtkhixiolkc” mbljrkxgkl ckji golubv vbtgkxkklixr ubektk qiurkc,

Xnb rub oa uetivx xyvbakebu aot „Xtkhixiolkc’ zoth bmvnkuipbu qiurkccy xnb eolebvx dbnilh oa zoth,

Kvkdick mbub` hkl mrgkxkiv ixr dbtxblxkljkl#ik docbn mblertijkgkl vbmdkek kxkr kgklmbljnklxkt mbub` yklj dbtekmvrt-ekmvrt himklk mbub` yklj hixbtimk grtklj dbtgbukl,

Znbl xnb xyvbakeb klh xnb mbuukjb ktbovvoubh# ix ekl vbtg xnb ertiouixy oa xnbtbkhbt# ot ix ekl ublh k mi~bh mbuukjb# znienekl db vootcy tbebiqbh







>

;,5,4 Eoluihbtkxiol il enoouilj xyvbakebu

․ Loz hkyu# xnb rub oa xyvbakeb ekl db uvbeiaibh aot ebtxkil hbuijlu# ol loz xnbtb ktb qktioru uxycb

klh xyvbakeb,

․ Nozbqbt# jooh xyvbakebu hbuijlu ktb acb~idcb klh ekl db rubh il ubqbtkc oa hbuijlu xyvbu,

․ Ix iu imvotxklx xo gloz znkx bken xyvbakeb ekl eolqby dbaotb ubcbexilj olb aot yort hbuijl, Eolurcx

xnb xyvojtkvny tbabtbleb doog,

․ Xo ubcbex kl kvvtovtikxb xyvbakeb# ix iu dkubh ol xnb krhibleb klh xnb mbuukjb xnkx lbbhu xo db

eolqbybh,

․ Aot b~kmvcb# k akuniol dtoenrtb hbuijl rubu k hiaabtblx xyvbakeb atom k EH kcdrm eoqbt oa k tkv

uiljbt,

․ Hkckm mblblxrgkl vbmicinkl mrgkxkiv rlxrg

krhibl xbtxblxr ubvbtxi gklkg-gklkg hkl `rjk

jocoljkl zktjk xrk vbtcr hidbti vbtnkxikl yklj

iuximbzk,

․ Mrgkxkiv rlxrg vbmdkek yklj dbtrmrt xihkg

ubvkxrxlyk mbljklhrlji vbtmrgkkl yklj dbtuilkt

vkhk mrgkurtkx# iklyk ubnktrulyk ergrv dbukt

rlxrg hidkek hbljkl mrhkn hkl `rjk nktrumbljjrlkgkl zktlk yklj jbckv dkji mbmrhkngkl

mbtbgk yklj mbmvrlyki vbljcinkxkl yklj xbtnkh

rlxrg mbmdkeklyk,

․ Nrtra dbtukip ; ilei hkvkx hicinkx hkti `ktkg 26

gkgi ocbn krhibl yklj xihkg dbtjbtkg,

Xkiv yklj hivicin rlxrg EH mrpig tkv

Xnb xyvbu xnkx nkqb dbbl enoubl aot k tkv mruieEH,

Xkiv yklj hivicin rlxrg tiukckn abuybl

Xnb xyvbu xnkx nkqb dbbl enoubl aot akunioldtoenrtb,







9

․ Enichtbl klh ubliot eixipblu lbbh xo db jiqbl

uvbeikc eoluihbtkxiol znbl ix eombu xo ubcbexilj

xyvbakebu aot mbuukjbu mbklx aot krhibleb,

․ Xyvbakeb aot kl bchbtcy krhibleb mrux lox db

jcktilj# iluxbkh unorch db cktjb blorjn xo db

ecbktcy tbkh# klh mrux rxiciub hktg eocortu xo db

bkuicy tbkh dy xnoub zixn cimixbh uijnx,

․ K uxkxiolkty krhibleb ekl tbkh k xyvb zixn ;-

ilen ekv nbijnx atom 26 abbx,

;” Nbijnx

26 abbx

․ Gklkg―gklkg vrck mbmbtcrgkl mrgkxkiv yklj

dbukt urvkyk mbtbgk mrhkn mbmdkek hkl `rjk

mbmdbpkgkl klxktk ukxr nrtra hbljkl nrtra yklj

ckil,

․ Ubdkjki eolxon# nrtra dbukt dkji –I” . i ) nktru

`bcku dbtdbpk hkti nrtra gbeic –c” . C ) gbtklk

gbdklykggkl gklkg-gklkg dktr mbljblkc kd`kh hkl

dbck`kt mbljblkcilyk mbckcri vbtdbpkkl yklj

xbthkvkx vkhk kd`kh-kd`kh xbtubdrx,

․ Ocbn ixr# gbrxkmkkl mrgkxkiv xbtnkhkv gklkg-

gklkg dikuklyk hixbxkvgkl gbvkhk mrgkxkiv Ubtia

yklj dbukt, Ili mbl`khigkl vbtdbpkkl yklj `bcku hi

klxktk kd`kh,

․ Ili khkckn klxktk akgxot-akgxot mbljkvk vbtcrlyk

mbljblkci xbtcbdin hknrcr krhibl klhk ubdbcrm

mbmicin mrgkxkiv rlxrg tbgkkl,

Otklj dbtrmrt ubtilj mbmvrlyki mkukcknvbljcinkxkl# ocbn ixr khkckn vblxilj rlxrg gixkmbljkmdic gitk akgxot ili hkckm vbmicinklmrgkxkiv,

Ubliot eixipbl kczkyu vouubu uijnx vtodcbmu#xnru ix iu buublxikc xo eoluihbt il xniu akexot il

ubcbexilj xyvbakeb,







;6

․ Enichtbl lbbhu cktjb xyvbakeb uo xnkx xnby ekl

tbkh bkuicy klh kcuo hiuxiljriun olb cbxxbt atom

kloxnbt,

․ Aot b~kmvcb# xnb ekvixkc –I– .i) unorch db

ecbktbt xnkl xnb cozbtekub –I” .C) uileb enichtbl

ktb `rux hbeohilj xnb cbxxbtu klh cbktlilj xo

tbeojlipb xnbm dy xnbit hiaabtblebu,

․ Dbekrub oa xnbub lbbhu# xnb rukjb oa xyvbakeb

aot enichtbl ktb rurkccy ubx il k qbty cktjb ubtia aolx

xnkx mkgb xnb hiaabtblebu dbxzbbl xnb cbxxbtu qbty

ecbkt,

․ Xnbub ktb uomb oa xnb tbkuolu zny zb lbbh xo

ihblxiay xnb krhibleb dbaotb enoouilj xnb xyvbu aot

ort hbuijlu,;,5,5 Vbtuolkcixi mrgkxkiv

․ Ubxikv mrgkxkiv mbmvrlyki vbtuolkcixi yklj

dbtdbpk, Kxrt nrtra . xyvb ubxxilju ) hkl ururlkl

cbkhilj hkvkx mbl`klkgkl vbtkukkl yklj dbtdbpk,

․ Khkckn vblxilj rlxrg vbtbgk yklj dbtvbljkckmkl

rlxrg mbljblkci hkl mbljjrlkgkl dbdbtkvk

mrgkxkiv dbthkuktgkl gbuburkikllyk hkl mbljkixgkl

vicinkl mrgkxkiv ixr gbvkhk dbdbtkvk `bliu vicinkl

tbgkkl hkl gbvrxrukl hkckm tbgkkl,

․ Ubdkjki vbtbgk gixk nktru mbmdrkx vicinkl di`kghbljkl mbmicin mrgkxkiv yklj hkvkx mbl`kzkv

ubjkck vbtmkukcknkl hkl ubxbtrulyk hkvkx

mblbtkljgkl hbljkl `bcku urd bg vblxilj hkckm

ububdrkn tbgkdblxrg,

Vbtdbpkkl klxktk nrtra dbukt –I” hkl nrtra gbeic –C” docbn higblkci hbljkl cbdin `bcku `igkmbljjrlkgkl mrgkxkiv Ubtia,

Xnb hiaabtbleb dbxzbbl rvvbtekub –I” klh cozbtekub –C” iu ecbktcy hbxbexbh dy ruilj Ubtia xyvbakeb,







;;

;,5,5 Xyvbakebu vbtuolkcixy

․ Bqbty xyvbakeb nku hiaabtblx vbtuolkcixibu, Xyvb

ubxxilju klh cbkhilj kttkljbmblxu jblbtkxb hiaabtblx

abbcilju,

․ Ix iu imvotxklx aot xnb b~vbtiblebh hbuijlbt xo

tbeojlipb klh rub xyvbakebu kvvtovtikxbcy# tbckxilj

xnb ubcbexiol oa xnb aolx xo oxnbt hbuijl enoiebu klh

hbeiuiolu,

․ Hbuijlbt mrux mkgb umktx ubcbexiolu oa xyvbakeb

dy enoouilj xnb xyvbakeb xnkx kluzbtu kcc vtodcbmu

klh b~vckilu ecbktcy xnb imvotxklx urd`bex il k

vktxierckt hbuijl,

․ Gbdklykggkl tbgkkl mrgkxkiv yklj dkig

dbtgomrligkui hbljkl vbtkukkl qiurkc, Eolxonlyk

yklj xbthkvkx vkhk tk`kn ubdbckn,

․ Mrgkxkiv Doholi hkvkx mbzr rhgkl ukxr

vbtkukkl bcbjbl# tiljgku# hkl `rjk xtkhiui# mklkgkck

mrgkxkiv Ovximk vrck khkckn dbtuin hkl gckuig

hbljkl jkyk yklj xihkg aotmkc, Mrgkxkiv Lbz Eblxrty Uenoocdoog khkckn dbtuiakx vtkjmkxig hkl

mrhkn hidkek, Mohrck vrck hkvkx mbmdbtigkl ukxr

imvtbui tkhigkc yklj dbtjkyk# mklkgkck Bmdkuuy

hkvkx mbmdkljgixgkl vbtkukkl dbtmrxr xiljji#

ublukui ubtxk ilhkn,

MOLOXYVB EOTUIQK

Moloxyvb Eotuiqk nku k abmililb vbtuolkcixy,

Mrgkxkiv Moloxyvb Eotuiqk mbmvrlykivbtuolkcixi yklj eblhbtrlj gbvkhk gbzklixkkl,







;4

․ Mkly zbcc-hbuijlbh xyvbakebu eommrliekxb il k

qiurkc mohb, B~kmvcb ktb ku unozl ol xnb cbax,

․ Xnb Doholi xyvbakeb tkhikxbu k abbcilj oa

bcbjkleb# ecktixy# klh xtkhixiol7 znicb Ovximk iu ecbkl

klh eckuuie zixn ilaotmkc ackit, Lbz Eblxrty

Uenoocdoog xyvb iu vtkjmkxie klh bkuy xo tbkh,

Mohrck jiqbu k uxyciuncy tkhiekc imvtbuuiol# znicb

Bmdkuuy etbkxbu k abbcilj oa eckuuy# ublurkc klh dbkrxiarc,Mrgkxkiv gckuig# ubvbtxi Ilhruxtikc :51 hidkzkn#

higblkci gbtklk mrgkxkiv ili `bcku hkl mrhkn hidkek,Iklyk mbmvrlyki tbgkkl yklj ubimdklj hklnktmoli, Ik xihkg mbl`khi igrxkl# hkl xihkg ckti hktimbl`khi vicinkl ubmkuk, Mrgkxkiv gckuig ubvbtxi ilikhkckn ukxr vicinkl ubckmkx rlxrg vbckljjkl ykljgolubtqkxia,

Eckuuie aolxu# uren ku Ilhruxtikc :51 kdoqb# ktbloxbh aot xnb ecktixy klh cbjidicixy oa xnb cbxxbtu,Xnby nkqb k ebtxkil dkckleb klh nktmoly oa hbuijl, Xnby ktb lbqbt xtblhy# klh xnby ktb lbqbt orx oa qojrb, Eckuuie aolxu ktb kczkyu k ukab enoieb

aot eolubtqkxiqb eciblxu

ILHRUXTIKC :51

NBCQBXIEK TBJRCKT

Mrgkxkiv hikxku mbmvrlyki vbtdbpkkltkhigkc gbvkhk vbmdkek, Ubmkuk gixkmbcinkx mbtbgk# erdk ekti vbljjrlkkl ykljuburki rlxrg mbtbgk,

Kdoqb iu xyvb xnkx nku xnb tkhiekccy hiaabtblx kuuoeikxiolu aot xnb qibzbt, Znicb zb coog kx xnbm# xty xo ailh xnkx urixkdcb kvvciekxiol

aot xnbm,







;5

․ Ybx# xniu hobul’x mbkl xnkx xnbub aolxu ktb

tbuxtiexbh xo xnbub jblbtkcixibu ku ix ekl db enkljbh xo

hiaabtblx lrmdbt oa zkyu,

․ Olb zky mijnx db xo eolxtkux xnb xyvbakeb zixn

kloxnbt xyvbakeb ot rub xnb xyvbakeb zixn kl rlrurkc

uipb ot zixn kl rlb~vbexbh xb~xrtb# uren ku xnb Doholi

xyvbakeb# znien rubu xnb cbovkth ugil xo vtbublx xnb

ubluixiqb abbcilj, .Ubb aijrtb)

․ Lkmrl dbjixr# ili xihkg dbtmkglk mrgkxkiv-

mrgkxkiv xbtubdrx xbtigkx hbljkl gbxbxkvkl ili, Ik

docbn hirdkn gbvkhk dbdbtkvk ektk yklj ckil,

․ Ukckn ukxr ektk yklj docbn hickgrgkl ikckn hbljkl

mbljgolxtkgkl mrgkxkiv xbtubdrx hbljkl mrgkxkiv

yklj ckil# kxkr mbljjrlkgkl mrgkxkiv ixr hbljkl ukip

yklj crktdikuk kxkr hbljkl mbljjrlkgkl `kcilkl yklj

xihkg hiukljgk, Eolxonlyk mrgkxkiv Doholi docbn

mbljjrlkgkl `kcilkl grcix nktimkr dilxklj rlxrgmbljjkmdktgkl ukxr vbtkukkl yklj ukljkx ubluixia,

.cinkx tk`kn)

․ Ubdkjki vbtbgk# gixk nktru mbmdrkx vbmicinkl

mrgkxkiv dbthkuktgkl vbljbxknrkl# mbljkmdic gitkvbtximdkljkl ilxrixia .jbtkg nkxi) xbtnkhkv uburkxr

mrgkxkiv ixr hkl `rjk vbtkukkl buxbxigk yklj khk

vkhk mrgkxkiv xbtubdrx kvkdick ik dbtnrdrljgkix

hbljkl mbub hkl mooh yklj hiiljili hkckm

ububdrkn tbgkcbxkg ixr,

․ Vbtbgk `rjk ubnktrulyk dbtdileklj hbljkl

vbckljjkl rlxrg mblblxrgkl ukmk khk vblkmvickl

tbgkcbxkg ixr khkckn ubtiru# crer# kgkhbmig# jkl`ic#

golxbmvotkti# mblkgrxgkl# mbljjbmditkgkl kxkr

ubhin,

․ Ubdkjki eolxon cinkx tk`kn# mrgkxkiv Ximbu

Tomkl xihkg gbcinkxkl vbcig# mrgkxkiv Gkdbc xihkg

gbcinkxkl ubtiru# hkl Brtouxicb xihkg vrck crer# kxkr

khkgkn ubdkciglyk? Kvk vblhkvkx klhk?

Ububxbljkn mrgkxkiv ubvbtxi Nbcqbxiek xbcknmblbljjbckmgkl vbtubgixktkl qiurkc yklj kgklmblybdkdgkl gixk xihkg ckji mbcinkxlyk ubdkjki ukxrmrgkxkiv rlig hkl khk vbtuolkcixi, Ik mbl`khi ukxrmrgkxkiv yklj xihkg higblkci yklj xihkg mbmdbtigklmkglk xbtxblxr gbvkhk vbmdkek,

Uomb aolxu# uren ku Nbcqbxiek unozl kdoqb# nkqb uo acoohbh ort qiurkc blqitolmblx xnkx zb lo coljbt ubb ix ku k rli{rb aolx zixn k vbtuolkcixy, Ix dbeombu kl klolymoru aolx xnkx hbloxbu loxnilj

uvbeiaie xo xnb tbkhbt,

DOHOLI ZIXN CBOVKTH UGIL







;8

․ Ku hbuijlbtu zb mrux ubcbex dkubh ol ort ozl

glozcbhjb# eoluihbtilj xnb ilxrixiqb `rhjmblx oa xnb

aolxu# klh xnb kbuxnbxie ubluidicixy ku ix tbckxbu xo xnb

mbuukjb klh xnb ilxblhbh mooh oa hbuijl ckyorx,

․ Xnb hbuijlbt mrux hiueruu zixn xnb eciblx xo ubb

ia xnb kvvbktkleb oa xnb ckyorx unorch db ubtioru#

arlly# bhrekxiolkc# dippkkt# eolxbmvotkty#

atijnxblilj# nkvvy ot mbcklenocy,․ Ku b~kmvcb unozl il xnb viexrtb# Ximbu Tomkl

xyvbakeb hobul’x coog dipkkt# Gkdbc iu lox ubtioru#

klh Brtouxicb iul’x arlly# ot eorch ix db? Znkx iu

yort oviliol?

;,5,8 Mbljblkci dbdbtkvk mrgkxkiv hbljkl dkig

․ Khkckn cojig `igk hiaigitgkl dknkzk vbtbgk mrhk

vbtcr mbljrkuki vbljjrlkkl mrgkxkiv yklj „gckuig’

hkl dbtub`ktkn ubdbcrm mbmdrkx bguvbtimblxbtnkhkv tbgkkl mrgkxkiv yklj dktr,

․ Ili khkckn gbtklk xbthkvkx dklykg rlxrg hivbck`kti

hkckm ukxr vbtximdkljkl yklj ubtiru xbtnkhkv

uburkxr gbxbxkvkl mrgkxkiv Ubtia yklj mbljigrx

vikzki . uxklhkth ) ikixr hkti ubji xkiv Ubtia yklj

mbmvrlyki ukip yklj ergrv ubcbuk rlxrg hidkek# `ktkg

klxktk dktiu yklj uburki hkl `rjk vkl`klj dktiu

uburkxr xbgu ixr,

․ Vbljrdknurkikl xbtnkhkv `b kg . xtkegilj )#gomvouiui xkiv .acrun ubxxilj)# nrtra dbukt/nrtra gbeic#

`ktkg xk`rg rxkmk# urdnbkh# kxrtkl nitkgi # drccbxu# xkdu#

htov ekv hkl ubdkjkilyk vbtcr hi`bck`kni hkl hinktjki

ubdbcrm ubmrk „vbtkxrtkl’ rlxrg gbubcbukkl

vbmdkekkl vkhk xkivojtkai hixrgkt gbvkhk yklj cbdin

bguxtbm,

Ubxikv tbgkkl mbmvrlyki golubvlyk ublhiti,

Bqbty hbuijl nku xnbit ozl eolebvx,

Crer / arlly

Gotvotkx / eotvotkxb







;2

;,5,8 Glozilj xyvbakebu dbxxbt

․ Uombximbu# ix mkgbu ublub aot yorlj hbuijlbtu xo

mkuxbt xnb baabexiqb rub oa xnb „eckuuie’ niuxotie aolxu

dbaotb bmdktgilj ol motb b~vbtimblxkc lbz xyvbakeb

hbuijl,

․ Xnbtb ktb cox oa xnilju xo db cbktlbh atom ubtioru

eoluihbtkxiolu oa uxklhkth ubtia aolx ubx il eomaotxkdcb

tbkhilj uipbu# kx k tbkuolkdcb cbkhilj klh cilb cbljxn

oa xnb xb~x,

․ Tbailbmblxu oa xtkegilj# acrun ubxxilj# ekvu/umkcc

ekvu# nbkhcilb uvkeilj# urdnbkhu# nibtkteny# drccbxu#

xkdu# htov ekv# bxe# unorch db b~vcotbh klh

kvvtbeikxbh dbaotb kcc oa xnb –trcbu” oa jooh#

tbkhkdcb xyvojtkvny ktb enkljbh xo db b~xtbmb olb,

NKTXILJ

Mrgkxkiv Nktxilj# mbmdbtigkl ukxr vbtkukklxbguxrt yklj gkukt, Rlxrg mblhkvkxgkl ukxr

mrgkxkiv yklj uburki mbmbtcrgkl ruknkvblektikl, Ubmkgil gixk dikuk hbljkl mrgkxkiv#ubmkgil mrhkn hkl ebvkxckn gixk mblhkvkxgklmrgkxkiv yklj uburki,

Nktxilj# unozl kdoqb# jiqbu k qbty torjn#xb~xrtbh abbcilj, Ailhilj `rux xnb tijnx aolx hobuxkgb uomb ubktenilj, Xnb motb akmicikt yor ktbzixn xnb aolxu# xnb bkuibt klh akuxbt yor ubktenzicc db,

․ Gixk hkvkx mbliljgkxgkl ckji gbmknitkl

mbljblkci mrgkxkiv hbljkl mbl`kcklgkl ukxr

bguvbtimbl tiljgku, Hbljkl mbljnkhgkl

vbljjrlkkl mrgkxkiv gbvkhk 8 gbcrktjk Ubtia hkl 8

gbcrktjk Uklu Ubtia # gbmrhikl mblekmvrtgkl hklmblyburkigkl mrgkxkiv Ubtia hkl Uklu Ubtia # ubtxk

mbljjrlkgkl dbtkx hkl gbeolholjkl yklj vbcdkjki #

gixk docbn mbmvbtgbmdkljgkllyk gbvkhk ukxr

mrgkxkiv dktr yklj uxkdic,

․ Kxkr mrckgkl hbljkl bguvbtimbl xbtnkhkv

mrgkxkiv Ubtia xbtcbdin hknrcr ikixr hbljkl mbljkmdic 8

`bliu mrgkxkiv Ubtia hkti ub`ktkn gbcrktjk yklj

dbtckilkl# ubvbtxi hkti gbcrktjk Och Uxycb# Xtkluixiolkc

kxkr Mohbtl, Vkuxigkl vbmicinkl ili khkckn dbthkuktgkl

gbdocbndkekkl hkl ektk mrgkxkiv ixr hidblxrg,

․ Mrckgkl bguvbtimbl hbljkl mbcinkx dkjkimklk

trvk mrgkxkiv xbtubdrx hkckm ukip# `ktkg dktiu # `b`kg

.xtkegilj) yklj dbtdbpk hkl hkckm dblxrg yklj

dbtckilkl .nrtra gbeic# nrtra dbukt),







;1

․ Zb ekl iletbkub ort ugicc il tbeojlipilj xyvbakeb

dy hoilj uomb uimvcb b~vbtimblxu, Dy cimixilj yort

rub oa aolx xo 8 akmicibu oa Ubtia klh 8 akmicibu Uklu

Ubtia# xnbl dy mi~ilj klh mkxenilj xnb Ubtia klh Uklu

Ubtiau klh rub qktioru zbijnx klh ixkcieu# yor ekl

hbqbcov k lbz uxkdcb xyvbakebu,

․ Ot uxktx zixn xnb Ubtiau aitux dy enoouilj 8 Ubtia

aolxu xnkx dbcolj xo hiaabtblx niuxotiekc akmicibu# atom

xnb Och Uxycb# Xtkluixiolkc ot Mohbtl, Mkgb urtb xniu

ubcbexiol iu dkubh ol tbkhkdicixy oa xnb xyvbakeb klh

xnb zky cbxxbtu ktb aotm,

․ Uxktx xnb b~vbtimblx dy coogilj kx xnb qktioru

uipbu# cbkhilj# xtkegilj klh hiaabtblx ekubu .cozbt-

ekub# rvvbtekub) oa xnb xyvbakeb,

․ Ubxbckn gixk mbljbxknri dbdbtkvk mrgkxkiv ixr

hbljkl dkig# khkckn cbdin mrhkn dkji gixk rlxrg mrck

mbljnktjki ubxikv uiakx ubektk xbtvbtilei dkji mrgkxkiv

ckil hkl dkjkimklk dblxrg dtkegbxilj# dbtkx uxtogb

.uxtogb zbijnx)# dbkgu# eorlxbt# dozcu# uxtbuu hkl ckil-

ckil ckji hkvkx mbmdbti gbukl gbvkhk vblkmvickl

uburkxr mrgkxkiv ixr, .Tr rg vkhk dkd 80 Klkxomi

Mrgkxkiv)

․ Ubdkjki vbtbgk# ubmkgil gixk ubluixia hkckm

mblicki uburkxr mrgkxkiv ixr# ubmkgil mrhknckn gixk

mbmdrkx vbmicinkl mrgkxkiv hbljkl dkig hkl

tbgkdblxrg gixk kgkl mbl`khi cbdin mblktig,

․ Kvkdick gixk urhkn docbn mbmdbpkgkl eolxonlyk

klxktk mrgkxkiv IXE Kmbtiekl Xyvbztixbt ixr khkcknmrgkxkiv Ubtia yklj dbtdrer drckx hkl IXE Doogmkl

ixr vrck khkckn Ubtia yklj dbtdrer vbxkg# gixk docbn

mbl`khigkllyk uburki rlxrg hikvcigkuigkl dbtukmk

hbljkl mbub` yklj iljil hiukmvkigkl gbvkhk

vbmdkek, Ili mbtrvkgkl ukxr vbtmrckkl yklj dkig,Eolxon mrgkxkiv IXE Kmbtiekl Xyvbztixbt Mbhirm

B~kmvcb oa IXE Kmbtiekl Xyvbztixbt Mbhirmxyvbakeb,

Rlxrg mbljrkuki vicinkl mrgkxkiv hbljkl dkig#ububotklj vbtbgk ixr nktru mbljgk`i xbtcbdinhknrcr tbgkkl mrgkxkiv-mrgkxkiv kzkc hkldbtub`ktkn ubvbtxi hikxku,

Xo imvtoqb k jooh xyvbakeb ubcbexiol# k hbuijlbt unorch aitux b~kmilb bktcy kjb klh kleiblx xyvbakebu hbuijl ku unozl kdoqb,







;:

․ Kaxbt glozilj xnb xyvbakeb dbxxbt# ix iu bkuy aot ru

xo uxktx kvvtbeikxilj bqbty enktkexbtiuxie il hbxkic aot

oxnbt xyvbakeb klh noz xnb dtkegbxilj# nbkqy uxtogb

.uxtogb zbijnx)# dbkgu# eorlxbt# dozcu# uxtbuu klh oxnbtu jiqbu xnb imvkex xo xnb kvvbktkleb oa xyvb,

.Tbabt xo enkvxbt 80 Klkxomy oa Xyvojtkvny)

․ Ku k hbuijlbt# xnb motb ubluixiqb yor ktb il

klkcyuilj k xyvbakeb# xnb motb bkuibt xnb xyvb

ubcbexiol zicc db# klh xnb hbuijl zicc db motb

kxxtkexiqb,

․ Znbl zb ekl hiaabtblxikxb aot b~kmvcb IXE

Kmbtiekl Xyvbztixbt xyvb iu k Ubtia xyvb xnkx nkqb

torlhbh uxtogb klh IXE Doogmkl iu Ubtia xnkx nkqb

u{rktb uxtogb# zb ekl mkgb ix urixkdcb xo db kvvcibh

zixn mbuukjb xnkx lbbhu xo db eolqbybh xo xnb tbkhbtu,

Xniu zicc db k jooh uxktx,

Eolxon mrgkxkiv IXE Doogmkl Cijnx

B~kmvcb oa IXE Doogmkl Cijnx xyvbakeb

;,5,2 Vbtckmdkljkl hkl mkgurh xbtuitkx vkhk

mrgkxkiv

․ Vbtckmdkljkl rlxrg mrgkxkiv xbtxblxr hkvkx

higbxknri hkti vblbtkljkl klkcixigkc kxkr klkciuk

dbtakgxk rlxrg Ubtia hkl `rjk dtkegbxilj # dkjkimklk

xbtmilkc uburkxr mrgkxkiv ixr xbtdblxrg# ktkn hkl `rjkgkixkl dbtkx uburkxr uxtogb ixr, Ili khkckn mbtrvkgkl

klkciuiu yklj aotmkc dkji uxtrgxrt hkl tbgkdblxrg aipigkc

mrgkxkiv ubektk xbtvbtilei# dbthkuktgkl vbmbtnkxikl

xbtnkhkv ubxikv kd`kh,

․ Vblickikl rlxrg mkgurh xbtuitkx dkji mrgkxkiv

khkckn ubjkck vbtgkixkl gixk ubdkjki mklruik# yklj

hkvkx mbmdkzk ilxbtkgui hbljkl ububdrkn mrgkxkiv

ixr, Eolxonlyk ubvbtxi vbtkukkl gixk kvkdick mbcinkx

uburkxr# vbtgktk yklj mrljgil gixk vbtlkn cinkx

ubdbcrm ili# `bliu mrpig yklj mrljgil dbtmkil hi

milhk gixk# hkl mrljgil `rjk `bliu abuybl yklj gixk

aigitgkl kvkdick mbcinkx ububdrkn mrgkxkiv ixr, Ili

khkckn mbtrvkgkl mkgurh xbtuitkx yklj dbtgkix tkvkx

klxktk gixk hkl mrgkxkiv,

KTEKHIK







;>

;,5,2 Xyvb hbloxkxiol klh eolloxkxiol

․ Xnb hbloxkxiol oa k uvbeiaie xyvbakeb iu kl

klkcyxiekc .klkcyuiu zixn akex) hbuetivxiol oa ixu ubtia

klh dtkegbxilj# noz xbtmilkcu ktb aotmbh# klh xnb

hitbexiol klh tbckxiqb zbijnx oa uxtogb, Xniu iu k aotmkc klkcyuiu oa xnb uxtrexrtb klh xnb vnyuiekc hbxkic

oa xnb hbuijl oa xnb xyvbakeb dkubh ol odubtqkxiol oa

xnb cbxxbtu,

․ Xnb eolloxkxiqb bqkcrkxiol oa xnb xyvbakeb iu kcc

kdorx xnb kuuoeikxiolu ku nrmkl dbilju xnkx ekl dtilj

ilxo ilxbtkexiol zixn xnb vktxierckt xyvbakeb, Aot

b~kmvcb# cigb abbcilju ot xnorjnxu xnkx zb nkqb znbl

zb ktb coogilj kx ix# znbtb zb xnilg xnkx zb mky nkqb

ubbl ix dbaotb# znkx gilh oa mruie ix mijnx eol`rtb rv

il ort milhu# bqbl xnb akuniol zb xnilg oa znbl

coogilj kx xnb xyvbakeb, Xnbub ktb xnb eolloxkxiqb

kuuoeikxiolu xnkx zb nkqb zixn xyvbakebu,․ Nktru hiiljkx dknkzk vbtckmdkljkl vkhk

mrgkxkiv# khkckn hbailiui xbtnkhkv akgxk mbljblki

uburkxr mrgkxkiv ixr, Mklkgkck mkgurh xbtuitkx kvk

yklj gixk tkukgkl yklj hkvkx higkixgkl hbljkl

uburkxr mrgkxkiv ixr,

․ Rlxrg mbljjrlkgkl mrgkxkiv hbljkl dkig#

ububotklj vbtbgk ixr nktru mkmvr rlxrg

mbljjrlkgkl vbtgkixkl xbtuitkx yklj khk vkhk uburkxr

mrgkxkiv ixr ubckil mbmdrkx uburkxr gbvrxrukl tbgkkl

mbckcri vbtckmdkljkllyk hkckm mbmdilekljgkl nkuic

gbt`k gixk hbljkl vbckljjkl hkl tkgkl-tkgkl,

Klkciuiu vbtckmdkljkl dkji mrgkxkiv Ktekhik #mblrl`rggkl ik hikukugkl hkti dblxrg jbombxtigkcyklj tiljgku# ubvbtxi dr rt hkl ubjibmvkx# hklmbmvrlyki ^-nbijnx yklj xiljji ubtxk gktbgxot ykljmkmvkx, Ili khkckn mrgkxkiv Uklu Ubtia yklj

mbmvrlyki golxtk xbdkc-liviu vkhk uxtogb lyk,

Xnb hbloxkxiqb klkcyuiu oa xniu xyrvbakeb# Ktekhik# tbqbcu xnkx ix iu dkubh ol uimvcb jbombxtiekc unkvbu# uren ku xnb oqkc u{rktb# klh nku k xkcc ~- nbijnx klh qbty eolhblubh enktkexbtu, Xniu iu Uklu Ubtia aolx zixn xnieg-xnil-

uxtogb eolxtkux,

XTIVCB EOLHBLUB JOXNIE

Klkciuiu vbtckmdkljkl rlxrg mrgkxkiv `bliu ilihikukugkl hkti uxtogb mblbjkg hkl jktiukl-jktiukl dbturhrx xbvkx# hkl cbljgrljkl kgklhijrlkgkl kvkdick vbtcr, Gbxbjrnkl mrgkxkiv ilimbmklhr gixk rlxrg mbljkixgkllyk hbljkldkljrlkl# vbcilhrlj eknkyk# kxkr vbtkjzkxixiljji hkl tkmvilj

Xnb hbloxkxiqb klkcyuiu oa xniu xyvbakeb iu xnkx ix iudkubh ol qbtxiekc uxtogbu klh vbtvblhierckt cilbu#klh ertqbu ktb tbubtqbh aot lbebuuixy, Xnb ilxbluboa xyvbakeb mkgbu ru kuuoeikxb ugyuetkvbtu# qbtxiekc dcilhu# ot xkcc# xnil akuniol mohbcu zixn ix,







;9

․ Tbmbmdbt xnkx hbloxkxiol iu cigb k hbailixiol oa

xnb akex kdorx xnb xyvbakeb, Xnbeolloxkxiol iu znkx

zb abbc kdorx klh kuuoeikxb zixn xnb xyvbakeb,

․ Xo rxicipb xyvb zbcc# ku k hbuijlbt yor nkqb xo db

kdcb xo b~vcoix xnb eolloxkxiqb kuuoeikxiolu oa kxyvbakeb# ybx db kdcb xo ktxierckxb xnb hbeiuiol xnkx yor

mkhb dy hbaililj xnb hbloxkxiqb kxxtidrxbu oa xnb aolx

znbl hiueruuilj yort zotg zixn eciblxu ot eoccbkjrbu,

UBLKXOT XNIL

Klkciuiu vbtckmdkljkl dkji mrgkxkiv Ublkxot Xnil# ikckn ik hikukugkl hkti uxtogb dbturhrx xk`kmhkl jktiukl-jktiukl dbturhrx xbvkx, Dkji klkciuiumkgurh xbtuitkxlyk vrck# ik gbcinkxkl ubvbtximbgkligkc# arxrtiuxig# kxkr todox,

Xnb hbloxkxiqb klkcyuiu oa xniu xyvbakeb#Ublkxot Xnil# iu xnkx ix dkubh ol kljrckt

uxtogbu klh vbtvblhierckt cilbu, Xnbeolloxkxiqb klkcyuiu xbcc ru xnkx ix ubbmumbenkliekc# arxrtiuxie ot todox

;,5,1 Gktbgxot mrgkxkiv

․ Gktbgxot rlxrg mrgkxkiv dbtjklxrlj ubvblrnlyk

gbvkhk vbmknkmkl krhibl xbtnkhkv mrgkxkiv

xbtubdrx,

․ Eolxonlyk# gixk docbn cinkx vkhk ukxr mrgkxkiv hkl

mblblxrgkl ukmkhk iklyk dbtuiakx ub`ktkn# tomklxig

kxkr dbtgblkkl vbtlikjkkl, Gixk docbn mblicki ukmkhk

ik khkckn mrgkxkiv hkti pkmkl 26kl# hkti gomvrxbt#

kxkr hkti lbjktk ckil, Gixk mbljnkgimi gktbgxot

mrgkxkiv ubxikv nkti# hbljkl mbcinkx mk kckn hkl

mbljkixgkl mrgkxkiv xbtubdrx hbljkl vtohrg yklj

hivtomouigkl,

․ Mrgkxkiv# zktlk hkl tbgkcbxkg mbmdbtixknr gixk

ukmkhk vtohrg ixr ubtiru# dbtuin# tomklxig kxkr

mbljjohk, Ubdkjki ubotklj vbtbgk# gixk vbtcr ktia

xblxklj vbxklhk gktbgxot ili# hkl mbljjrlkgkllyk

hbljkl dbtgbukl rlxrg mbmdkzk mbub` ixr gbvkhk

vbmdkek,

ENIEGBL ZITB CKHY

MIETOJTKMMK MOLOXYVB EOTUIQKEOMIE UKLU







46

;,5,1 Xyvbakebu tbuolkleb

․ Xnb tbuolkleb oa k xyvbakeb tbcibu nbkqicy ol xnb

eolloxkxiqb kuuoeikxiolu xnkx zb nkqb zixn xnb xyvbakeb,

․ Aot iluxkleb# yor ekl coog kx k xyvbakeb klh

immbhikxbcy hbxbtmilb ia ix nku niuxotie# tomklxie# ot

druilbuu oqbtxolbu, Yor ekl bqkcrkxb xyvbakebu znbxnbt ix

kvvbktu xo db xyvb atom xnb 26u# atom xnb eomvrxbt ot

aktkzky cklh, Zb `rhjb xnb tbuolkleb oa xyvb bqbtyhky#

uimvcy dy coogilj xntorjn mkjkpilbu klh kuuoeikxilj xnb

ublub oa xnb xyvbakeb zixn xnb vtohrex vtomoxbh,

․ Xnb xyvbakeb# xnb eocort klh xnb ckyorx xbcc ru

znbxnbt xnb vtohrex iu ubtioru# nyjiblie# tomklxie ot

ilhrcjblx, Ku hbuijlbt# yor lbbh xo db kzktb oa xnbubtbuolkleb erbu# klh rub xnbm baabexiqbcy xo jbx yort

mbuukjb ketouu,

Mrgkxkiv hikxku mbmvrlyki gktbgxot ykljdocbn higblkci hbljkl `bcku ocbn vbmdkek,

Erdk aigitgkl vtohrg yklj uburki hiigcklgklmbljjrlkgkl mrgkxkiv-mrgkxkiv hikxku,

Kdoqb xyvbakebu nku k enktkexbt xnkx iutbeojliukdcb bkuicy dy tbkhbtu, Xty xo xnilg k

vtohrex znien iu urixkdcb xo db khqbtxiubh ruilj kdoqb xyvbakebu,







4;

XRJKUKL 4

Kuuijlmblx 4

XRJKUKL ;

Ubcbvku ubcbuki xovig ili# vbck`kt kgkl dbtrvkyk mbljnkuicgkl ukxr gktbgxot hktivkhk mrgkxkiv hbljkl

mbljjrlkgkl xihkg grtklj hktivkhk 5 `bliu mrgkxkiv yklj dbtckilkl ubvbtxi Ktikc# Ximbu hkl Jktkmolh,

Eolxon gktbgxot yklj docbn hinkuicgkl khkckn ubvbtxi moxot# ekzkl# gbtbxk hkl ckil-ckil ckji,

․ Xk`rg0 Gktbgxot hkti mrgkxkiv․ Xbglig0 Khodb Iccruxtkxot kxkr Khodb Vnoxounov․ Ukip0 K8 .49,: ^ 4;em) cklhugkv․ @kljgk mkuk0 ; miljjr․ Ebxkg0 Nixkm hkl vrxin







44

KUUIJLMBLX ;

Kaxbt eomvcbxilj xniu xovie# uxrhblxu zicc db kdcb xo vtohreb kl od`bex ruilj enktkexbtu atom lox motb

xnkl 5 xyvbakebu uren ku Ktikc# Ximbu klh Jktkmolh , B~kmvcbu oa od`bexu xnkx ekl db vtohrebh ktb0 k

erv# k ekt klh oxnbtu,

․ Xixcb0 Enktkexbt ot od`bex atom xyvb

․ Xbenli{rb0 Khodb Iccruxtkxot ot Khodb Vnoxounov

․ Uipb0 K8 .49,: ^ 4;em) cklhuekvb

․ Hrtkxiol0 ; zbbgu

․ Vtilx0 Dckeg klh znixb

Cinkx eolxon ili, Ik khkckn gktbgxot gbtbxkyklj hidrkx hktivkhk vbcdkjki `bliumrgkxkiv,

Coog kx xnb b~kmvcb, Xniu od`bex iu mkhb atom hiaabtblx xyvbu,

․ Hi hkckm vto`bg ili klhk kgkl mbljjrlkgkl

xbxiljgkv ili, Gk`i dknkjikl-dknkjikl xbxiljgkv yklj

kgkl hijrlkgkl rlxrg vto`bg ili,







45

Goxkg Aolx 0 Rdkn gbvkhkvbcdkjki `bliu mrgkxkiv,

Aolx do~0 Enkljb xo xnbhiaabtblx xyvb oa aolx

Enktkexbt0 Doch Ixkcie Tbjrckt

Uipb Eolhblub

․ Il xniu vto`bex# yor zicc nkqb xo rub xniu

vkcbxxb, Uxrhy xnb vktxu oa xniu vkcbxxb xnkx ktb

joilj xo db rubh aot xniu vto`bex,

Vicin aolx

Enooub aolx

Jrlk hkyk gtbkxiqixi klhkhkckm mbmicin mrgkxkiv ykljkgkl hijrlkgkl rlxrggktbgxot klhk,

Nktru hi iljkx jrlkgklubgrtklj-grtkljlyk 5 `bliumrgkxkiv yklj dbtdbpkhkckm vto`bg ili,







48

Rub yort etbkxiqixy ilenoouilj xnb xyvbakeb xnkx iu

joilj xo db rubh il yort enktkexbt,

Nkqb xo tbmbmdbt xnkx yor unorch rub# kx cbkux 5hiaabtblx xyvbu oa xyvbakeb ilxniu vto`bex,

Klhk docbn mbljjrlkgklvbcdkjki ukip mrgkxkivdbtjklxrlj vkhk gktbgxot klhk,

Yor ekl rub hiaabtblx xyvb oa xyvbakebu dkubh ol yort enktkexbt,

Klhk `rjk kgkl mbljjrlkgklxooc ili rlxrg mbmrxkt#mbmdbukt hkl mbljbeicgkl hkl

`rjk rlxrg mbljrdkngbhrhrgkl mrgkxkiv rlxrgmblhkvkxgkl ukxr gomvouiuiyklj dkig,







42

Toxkxb

Aci notipolxkc

Hkckm gktbgxot ili lomdot 5 hkti `bliu Jktkmolh xbcknhijrlkgkl rlxrg mbljnkuicgkldkhkl gbtbxk,

Klhk nktru mbljjrlkgkl hkykgtbkxiqixi hkl `rjk hkyk imijilkuiklhk rlxrg mblhkvkxgkl ukxrgomvouiui yklj dkig,

Il xnb enktkexbt lrmdbt 5 atomJktkmolh nkqb dbbl rubh xo

vtohreb xnb dohy oa k ekt,

Nkqb xo tbmbmdbt# yor zicc nkqbxo rub etbkxiqixy klh imkjilkxiolxo jbx k jooh eomvouixiol

Rlxrg gktbgxot gbtbxk ili# mrgkxkivhirdkn dblxrg urvkyk ik hkvkxhiuburkigkl hbljkl dblxrggktbgxot xbtubdrx,

Xo jbx k jooh eomvouixiol yornkqb xo rub xniu xooc xo toxkxb#

uekcb rv# uekcb hozl klh enkljb xnb vouixiol kx xyvbakeb,







41

Hiuxotx

Aot xniu ekt enktkexbt# xnbxyvbu zbtb enkljbh uo xnkx ix ekl db kvvktblx xo xnb aotm,

Cinkx# dkjkimklk jkdrljkllomdot 5 hkl `rjk nrtra „O’mblkmvkggkl ubektk gkukt gktbgxot gbtbxk xbtubdrx,

Coog kx xnb eomdilkxiol oa lrmdbt 5 klh kcuo „o’ xnkx mkgbu unozu k enktkexbt oa kekt,

Hkckm eolxon ili vbcdkjki `bliumrgkxkiv hijrlkgkl rlxrgmbljnkuicgkl gktbgxot gbtbxkxbtubdrx,

Klhk vbtcr mblerdk vbcdkjki `bliu gomvouiui rlxrg mblektiukxr tbgkcbxkg yklj dkig hkldbtuburkikl,







4:

Il xniu b~kmvcb# hiaabtblx xyvb uoxyvbakebu zbtb rubh xo vtohrebh xnb enktkexbt oa k ekt,

Yor ekl xty hiaabtblx xyvbu oa eomvouixiol xo ailh k jooh ckyorx klh kvvktblx,

Ubxbckn ubmrk mrgkxkiv ykljhivicin hijkdrljgkl gixk kgklhkvkx mbcinkx gktbgxot gbtbxkhbljkl `bcku,

Kaxbt kcc xnb enoubl xyvbeomdilbh# zb ekl coog kx xnbenktkexbt il hbxkic,

․ Cinkx eolxon-eolxon ili, Klhk `rjk docbn

mbljjrlkgkl Khodb Vnoxounov hkckm vto bg ili#xbxkvi xbgliglyk mrljgil dbtdbpk ubhigix, Kvkdick

iklyk uikv# xkmvkc nkuic gbt`k klhk vkhk morlxilj

dokth , Ubckmkx mblerdk,







4>

․ Coog kx xnb b~kmvcb# yor ekl rub Khodb

Vnoxounov il xniu vto`bex drx xnb xbenli{rb zicc db

hiaabtblx, Znbl yor ktb ailiunbh# vkuxb yort

ktxzotg ol yort morlxilj dokth , Jooh creg,

Tiljgkukl Dkd ;0 Vbljblkckl gbvkhk xkivojtkai

Enkvxbt ; Urmmkty0 Ilxtohrexiol xo xyvojtkvny







49

XTIVCB EOLHBLUB

JOXNIE

Mblyburkigkl xkiv hbljkl mbub`/ Keeommohkxb xyvbakebu zixn mbuukjb

Kvk ixr xkivojtkai?/ Znkx iu xyvojtkvny? Arljui xkivojtkai/ Arlexiol oa xyvojtkvny

․ Xkivojtkai khkckn mbtrvkgkl tbgkkl hkl rjkvbljjrlkkl mrgkxkiv rlxrg mblykmvkigkl

mkgcrmkx hbljkl mbljjrlkgkl nrtra yklj hiururlhkckm dblxrg vbtdblhknktkkl gkxk .qoekdrckty)hkckm tbgkcbxkg gomrligkui qiurkc,

․ Xyvojtkvny iu k hbuijl klh kcuo xnb rub oa xyvbakeb iu xo eolqby ilaotmkxiol dy ruilj cbxxbtukttkljbh il xnb aotm oa qoekdrckty7 il xnb aotm oa qiurkc eommrliekxiol ckyorx,

․ Xkiv dbtarljui ubdkjki mbmdklxr imb` hkckmmblykmvkigkl mbub`․ Rlxrg dbtgomrligkui․ Xkivojtkai ubdkjki golubv hkckm tbgkkl

․ Xyvb ku kl imkjb nbcvbt il eolqby mbuukjb,․ Aot eommrliekxiol․ Xyvojtkvny ku eolebvx il hbuijl

․ Vbtximdkljkl hkckm mbmicin mrgkxkiv0․ Mblblxrgkl vbmicinkl uburkxr mrgkxkiv ixr khkckn dbtkukugkl gbvkhk

uvbuiaigkui krhibl yklj vbtcr hiekvki hkl dblxrg mbub` yklj nblhkg ukmvkigkl,․ Gklkg-gklkg hkl rjk jocoljkl zktjk xrk vbtcr hidbti vbtnkxikl iuximbzk,

․ Eoluihbtkxiol il enoouilj xyvbakebu0․ Xo ubcbex kl kvvtovtikxb xyvbakeb# ix iu hbvblhu ol xnb krhibleb klh xnb mbuukjb xo db eolqbybh,․ Enichtbl klh ubliot eixipblu lbbh xo db jiqbl uvbeikc eoluihbtkxiol znbl ix eombu xo ubcbexilj xyvbakebu,

․ Vbtuolkcixi mrgkxkiv0․ Gbdklykggkl tbgkkl mrgkxkiv yklj dkig dbtgomrligkui hbljkl vbtkukkl qiurkc,Eolxonlyk Mrgkxkiv Doholi hkvkx mbzr`rhgkl ukxr vbtkukkl bcbjbl# tiljgku#hkl rjk gckuig,

․

Xyvbakebu vbtuolkcixy0․ Mkly zbcc-hbuijlbh xyvbakebu eommrliekxb il k qiurkc mohb, B~kmvcb#xnb Doholi aolx tkhikxbu k abbcilj oa bcbjkleb# ecktixy# klh xtkhixiol,

․ Mbljblkci dbdbtkvk mrgkxkiv hbljkl dkig0․ Bguvbtimbl xbtnkhkv mrgkxkiv hbljkl mbcinkx dkjkimklk trvk mrgkxkiv xbtubdrx hkckm ukip# cbkhilj# xtkegilj ykljdbtdbpk hkl hkckm dblxrg yklj dbtckilkl .nrtra gbeic# nrtra dbukt),․ Ubmkgil gixk ubluixia hkckm mblicki uburkxr mrgkxkiv ixr# ubmkgil mrhknckn gixk mbmdrkx vbmicinkl mrgkxkivhbljkl dkig,

․ Glozilj xyvbakebu dbxxbt0․ Xyvbakebu b~vbtimblx dy coogilj kx xnb qktioru uipbu# cbkhilj# xtkegilj klh hiaabtblx ekubu .rvvbt-cozbt7 ekvu-

umkcc ekvu)․ Xnb motb ubluixiqb yor ktb il klkcyuilj k xyvbakeb# xnb bkuibt xnb aolx ubcbexiol zicc db,

․ Vbtckmdkljkl hkl mkgurh xbtuitkx vkhk mrgkxkiv0∔ Vbtckmdkljkl rlxrg mrgkxkiv xbtxblxr hkvkx higbxknri hkti vblbtkljkl klkcixigkc kxkrklkciuk dbtakgxk,∔ Vblickikl rlxrg mkgurh xbtuitkx dkji mrgkxkiv khkckn ubjkck vbtgkixkl gixkubdkjki mklruik# yklj hkvkx mbmdkzk ilxbtkgui hbljkl ububdrkn mrgkxkiv ixr

․ Xyvb hbloxkxiol klh eolloxkxiol0∔ Xnb hbloxkxiol oa k uvbeiaie aolx iu kl klkcyxiekc .klkcyuiu zixn akex)hbuetivxiol,∔ Xnb eolloxkxiqb bqkcrkxiol oa xnb aolx iu kcc xnb kuuoeikxiolu xnkx zb kunrmkl dbilj ekl dtilj xo ort ilxbtkexiol zixn xnb aolx,





56

․ Gktbgxot mrgkxkiv0∔ gixk docbn cinkx vkhk ukxr mrgkxkiv hkl mblblxrgkl ukmkhk iklyk dbtuiakx ub`ktkn# tomklxig kxkrdbtgblkkl vbtlikjkkl,

․ Xyvbakebu tbuolkleb0∔ Yor ekl coog kx k aolx klh immbhikxbcy hbxbtmilb ia ix nku niuxotie#tomklxie# ot druilbuu oqbtxolbu

Xrjkukl ; / Kuuijlmblx ;

․ Mbljnkuicgkl ukxr gktbgxot hktivkhk mrgkxkiv hbljklmbljjrlkgkl xihkg grtklj hktivkhk 5 `bliu mrgkxkiv ykljdbtckilkl ubvbtxi Ktikc# Ximbu hkl Jktkmolh, Eolxon gktbgxot yklj docbn hinkuicgkl khkckn ubvbtxi moxot# ekzkl# gbtbxk hklckil-ckil ckji,

․ Xo vtohreb kl od`bex bken ruilj enktkexbtu atom lox motb xnkl 5 xyvbakebu uren ku Ktikc# Ximbu klh Jktkmolh ,

B~kmvcbu oa od`bexu xnkx ekl db vtohrebh ktb0 k erv# k ekt klh oxnbtu,

chapter 1 - introduction to typography

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