chapter 1. primary producers nonmotile structurally reinforced to grow against gravity ...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 1
Primary producers Nonmotile Structurally reinforced to grow against
gravity Mechanisms for moving water, mineral
nutrients, and photosynthate Mechanisms for avoiding dessication
against transpiration
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Seed Plants similar Seed plants ??? Vegetative
Photosynthesis Support Anchorage & absorption
Reproductive
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1° growth – new organs and basic plant form Division followed by enlargement producing axial
polarity 2° growth – radial polarity Limited to meristems
Apical Lateral Pericycle – internal meristem
Differentiation after elongation
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3 major systems ….
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Rigid cell wall Middle Lamella ∴ Development depends on
patterns of division and enlargement 1° -- young & thin 2° -- stronger; thicker
Lignin Pits & pit pairs
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Your basic eukaryotic cell Endomembrane system
Includes vacuole, endosomes Secretory processes, membrane recycling and cell cycle
Independently dividing organelles derived from endomembrane system
Oil bodies (oleosomes), peroxisomes, glyoxysomes Independently dividing, semiautonomous
organelles Plastids & mitochondria
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Phospholipid bilayer Chloroplasts glycosylglycerides
No phosphate! Head group
Serine Choline Glycerol Inositol
Amphipathic
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Higher percentages of unsaturated fatty acids Oleic acid (1 double bond) Linoleic acid (2 double bonds) Linolenic acid (3 double bonds)
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Integral Peripheral Anchored Transient aggregates lipid rafts
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Integral -- spans entire width Ion channels Signal transduction pathways Some also bind to cell wall
Peripheral – bound to membrane surface by non-covalent bonds Bonds broken with high-salt or chaotropic agents Interactions between membrane and cytoskeleton
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Anchored – bound via covalently attached lipid molecules Fatty acid and prenyl groups on the cytoplasm
side Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchors (GPI) on
the outside leaflet
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Divide the cell into structural/functional compartments
Distribute membranes and proteins via vesicles
Protein synthesis (some)
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Nuclear genome Sizes from 1.2 x 108 (Arabidopsis thaliana) to 1.5
x 1011 (Kinugasa japonica … largest known genome!) base pairs
Nuclear membrane – subdomain of ER Nuclear pores – connect nucleoplasm with
cytoplasm 100+ nucleoporin proteins in complexes
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Chromosomes Chromatin
Heterochromatin – transcriptionally inactive & highly compact
Euchromatin – transcriptionally active and dispersed
Nucleolus Ribosome synthesis Nuclear ribosomes larger
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Clearly I need a new Cell Biology book …… Rough vs smooth
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Inherent sided-ness Laid down in ER
Enzymes that synthesize photsholipeds Phospholipids different (cytosolic vs lumenal
sides) Lumenal side – which side of Plasma Membrane?
Flippases – counteract membrane sidedness ER & plastids synthesize new membrane Other organelles – fusion & fission
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Seccretory pathway ER to Golgi to plasma membrane and cells exterior
Cotranslational insertion SRP binds and interrupts translation Protein structure (SRP+ribosome) causes
docking with translocon and translation resumes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_translation.gif
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(aka dictyosome) Polarized stack (i.e., sided!) – cis/trans
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Text -> Vesicular Transport Evidence -> Cisternal maturation http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/how-do-proteins-move-thro
ugh-the-golgi-14397318
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(left) Cisternal maturation; (right) Vesicular Transport
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COP II proteins ER to Golgi COP I proteins Golgi to ER
Also trans-face to cis-face Called retrograde movement replenishes
Golgi membranes Clathrin
endocytosis
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Tonoplast Vesicular sap
Protein bodies Secondary metabolites Lytic vacuoles
Not all vacuoles are derives from Golgi!
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Oil bodies Microbodies
Peroxisomes & glyoxisomes
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Mitochondria Chloroplasts and other plastids
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Chloroplasts Chromoplasts carotenoids Leucoplasts – non-pigmented
Amyloplast – starch
Protoplastids Etioplasts (see web topic 7.11)
Division independent of the nucleus!
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Microtubules and Microfilaments ONLY Microtubules – tubulin dimers Microfilaments – G-actin subunits
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Monomers contain bound nucleotide Actin – ATP Tubulin – GTP
Both polarized - tubulin monomer exposed on minus endα - tubulin monomer exposed on plus endβ
Proteins prevent depolymerization (for details watch the Harvard video!
http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/
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Microtubules can “treadmill” throughout the cell! Orientation of microtubules determines
orientation of expansion in the cell wall
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Motor proteins -- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lLxlBB9ZBj4
Myosins – move along microfilaments (towards the plus end) 2 families
Kinesins – microtubules 61 members 2/3 towards plus end Also bind to chromatin and other
microtubules Dyenins (- mvmt) absent in plants
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G1 – pre DNA for replication Pre-replication complex at origins of replication
S – replicate DNA G2 – prepare for mitosis
Mitosis – previously replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated and distributed in an orderly fashion to daughter cells
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Process highly conserved Regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependant protein
kinases (Cdks) Kinases enzymes that phosphorylate proteins using
ATP Three cyclins (A, B, and D) Cdk activity regulated either by
Cyclin systhesis/degredation Cdk inactive unless associated with a cyclin
Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of AA residues within Cdk
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Note: Interphase broken out!
G1, S, and G2 – traditional definitions
Cyclin D and Cdk A – transition from G1 to S
Cyclin A and Cdk A transition from S to G2
Cyclin B and Cdk B transition from G2 to M
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Entire cell structure altered Single central vacuole is split by cytoplasmic
transvacuolar strands – where nuclear division will occur
Organelles partition themselves Cohesins hold sister chromatids together
Plant cells can leave the cell cycle endoreduplication
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Pre-prophase band Ring of microtubules Precursor to cell wall plate Same place cytoplasmic transvacuolar strands were
No centrioles/
centrosomes
Red– microtubules; green– nuclear
envelope; blue -- DNA
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Nuclear membrane re-assimilated into the ER! Nucleolus fragments Spindle assembly checkpoints
Cyclin B-Cdk B complex Transition to Anaphase after
all chromosomes positioned QUICK -- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDAw2Zg4IgE
Red– microtubules; green– nuclear
envelope; blue – DNA. Fig 3: green—
ER
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Anaphase – 2 “components” Chromatids pulled toward poles Poles pushed apart Book says can’t be pulled b/c no centrioles??
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Phragmoplast – microtubules, ER, vesicles Vesicles contain the middle lamella
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Mitotic spindle -> phragmoplast Orients vesicles from Golgi
apparatus. Vesicles fuse to form cell
plate Vesicles contain middle
lamella Cytokinesis complete --
cellulose synthase complex inserted into new membranes
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Cellulose synthase. Synthesizes the chains Assembles them into
microfibrils Extrudes from plasma
membrane into cell wall Cellulose -- synthesized
from uridine diphosphiglucose
Details poorly known
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Cell plate formation – incomplete membrane fusion Plasmodesmata -- Cytoplasmic
continuity between daughter cells Desmotubule -- ER
Symplast – continuous cytoplasmic network throughout plant Allows for exchange of molecules
between cells without crossing membranes.
Apoplast – continuous extracellular/non-cytoplasmic space
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Tubular extensions of the plasma membrane
Connect cytoplasm of adjacent cells – symplast Allows water and
solutes to cross
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