Chapter 1Chapter 1You Are On Your Own For This One. You Are On Your Own For This One.

What is Chemistry?What is Chemistry?

A) The next thing you have to take to get an A) The next thing you have to take to get an advanced diploma.advanced diploma.

B) A means of torturing children that should B) A means of torturing children that should probably be outlawed.probably be outlawed.

C) A science that allows you to explain why C) A science that allows you to explain why things behave the way they do, and predict things behave the way they do, and predict how they will behave in new situations you how they will behave in new situations you haven’t studied yethaven’t studied yet

Is it relevant to my life?Is it relevant to my life?

How should I know? But since Chemistry is all around you, I’m going to guess YES.

And, you signed up for it, so study it and learn it just for the sake of learning it.

Chemistry is fun, and it’s called “the central science,” because an understanding of chemistry is vital to learning other sciences.

The Chemistry SOLThe Chemistry SOL

No, that isn’t a graph of the JMHS Chemistry SOL scores over the years! But it is an actual graph from a previous test question.

Actually, a total of 98% passed the Chemistry SOL test with 400 or better. (THAT is an all-time JM record!!)

About 1/3 of all Advanced students scored 500 or better.

The SOL is YOUR FINAL!The SOL is YOUR FINAL!

Yes, it’s the final EXAM for this course.Yes, it’s the final EXAM for this course.

It’s probably also the easiest Chemistry test It’s probably also the easiest Chemistry test you will take this year.you will take this year.

By the time we get there, the SOL should be a By the time we get there, the SOL should be a piece of cake. You WILL know that much piece of cake. You WILL know that much Chemistry, and much more!Chemistry, and much more!

We’ll take a few SOL practice tests, and We’ll take a few SOL practice tests, and practice tests and questions may be found all practice tests and questions may be found all over the internet.over the internet.

What do you ALREADY What do you ALREADY know about know about CHEMISTRY?CHEMISTRY?

http://culinaryarts.about.com/od/glossary/g/maillard.htmhttp://culinaryarts.about.com/od/glossary/g/maillard.htmProbably much more than you think.

Cooking and chemistry have lots in common, for example. Cooking dinner is like doing a lab procedure. And as you know with dinner, labs don’t always work out the way you thought they would.

There is even a special name for the reaction that causes meats to brown, when the proteins and the fats in the meat start to break down.

Rachael Ray getting ready to cook something delicious. Maybe a Maillard reaction?

STUDY HARD!!STUDY HARD!!

15-30 minutes every night!

If you do, you won’t end up looking like this poor kitty the night before the test.

Who am I kidding? I mean the period before my class (you know, when you usually do your studying)…

You can listen to my advice or ignore it, but if you just study a little every night, your life will be easier and your grade will be better!

Are you KIDDING me, Are you KIDDING me, Mr. Schwartz??Mr. Schwartz??

No one studies every day. (No one studies every day. (He did just say He did just say study every night, right?study every night, right?))

That’s not necessarily true. (That’s not necessarily true. (And, that’s after And, that’s after all your reading and homework is done.all your reading and homework is done.))

Notice I didn’t say cram right before the test. Notice I didn’t say cram right before the test. ((That doesn’t work, and I can prove it to you.That doesn’t work, and I can prove it to you.))

Study. Study some more. However much Study. Study some more. However much work you put into this is what you will get out work you put into this is what you will get out of it. If you miss a day, fine. But get back to of it. If you miss a day, fine. But get back to it the next day.it the next day.

What’s in it for YOU?What’s in it for YOU?

Well, statistics show that if you review something LATER THAT SAME DAY, you have an 80% better chance of remembering it.

That’s pretty good odds. Sounds like a good investment of your time. So give me 15 minutes, ok?

You will get out of this what you put into it. Chemistry isn’t the hardest course in the world, but if you don’t study, it will seem like your worst nightmare, EVER!

Start Time

End Time

TextbookTextbookhttp://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001MIZOHS/ref=pd_lpo_k2_dp_sr_2?http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001MIZOHS/ref=pd_lpo_k2_dp_sr_2?

pf_rd_p=304485901&pf_rd_s=lpo-top-stripe-pf_rd_p=304485901&pf_rd_s=lpo-top-stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0140444173&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0XAVB6R07NQFFCG1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0140444173&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0XAVB6R07NQFFCG

DX5S3DX5S3

The textbook should be read. But The textbook should be read. But you can’t read a Chemistry book like you can’t read a Chemistry book like you read a novel for English, or even you read a novel for English, or even like you read your history textbook.like you read your history textbook.

You have to read it over and over, if You have to read it over and over, if you need to, for understanding. you need to, for understanding. Sometimes, you might have to read Sometimes, you might have to read the same paragraph 3 or 4 times to the same paragraph 3 or 4 times to get it. get it.

I’m sorry it’s like that, but if you I’m sorry it’s like that, but if you know it, you will be better prepared. know it, you will be better prepared. If you still don’t understand, ASK If you still don’t understand, ASK ME!ME!

TextbookTextbook

Look at and DO the practice problems. Not Look at and DO the practice problems. Not only will they help you understand the only will they help you understand the problems for homework, but you will do problems for homework, but you will do better on your tests.better on your tests.

It’s up to you. It’s your grade. I just add up It’s up to you. It’s your grade. I just add up the points, and whatever you get, you get.the points, and whatever you get, you get.

I don’t give a lot of extra credit. Don’t ask. I don’t give a lot of extra credit. Don’t ask. Don’t beg. Just do your work, and you Don’t beg. Just do your work, and you won’t need any extra credit assignments. won’t need any extra credit assignments.

Study GuidesStudy Guides

Read the study guides thoroughly. They Read the study guides thoroughly. They are essentially “MY NOTES” on the are essentially “MY NOTES” on the chapters.chapters.

I wrote them. I think they are good. But a I wrote them. I think they are good. But a lot of kids from last year thought so too.lot of kids from last year thought so too.

If you are one of those students who NEVER If you are one of those students who NEVER reads textbooks, you will not do well in reads textbooks, you will not do well in here. At least read the study guides, here. At least read the study guides, although reading both would be better. although reading both would be better.

My WebsiteMy Website

I have a website for the class. Use it I have a website for the class. Use it frequently!!frequently!!

It’s called CHEM IS TRY.It’s called CHEM IS TRY.

Find it at Find it at http://blogit.cityschools.com/sschwartz

Let’s take a quick look!Let’s take a quick look!

Remember…Remember…

What you actually learned is…

What you have left after you forgot all the other stuff I told you.

Learning requires real effort on your part. Teaching just requires you to sit there and act like you are paying attention.

I am here to help you learn!

Chapter 1Chapter 1

You will read and study Chapter 1 on your own. Luckily, it’s pretty short and pretty easy.

You should do the reading in the Chapter, AND answer any homework questions I have assigned. (GOOD NEWS: None for Chapter 1)

What in the world ISN’T What in the world ISN’T Chemistry?Chemistry?

Chemistry is the study of the composition of Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter (the stuff things are made of) and the matter (the stuff things are made of) and the changes matter undergoes (during chemical changes matter undergoes (during chemical reactions).reactions).

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space (ie, has volume).space (ie, has volume).

Pure ChemistryPure Chemistryhttp://www.fotosearch.com/CRT207/008348il/http://www.fotosearch.com/CRT207/008348il/

Pure chemistry is chemistry done Pure chemistry is chemistry done just for the sake of doing just for the sake of doing chemistry.chemistry. New discoveriesNew discoveries Expanding knowledgeExpanding knowledge Creating new compoundsCreating new compounds Most scientists work at Most scientists work at

universities, like UVAuniversities, like UVA May not have any practical May not have any practical

benefit at allbenefit at all

Applied ChemistryApplied Chemistryhttp://www.rockstar69.com/product.php?pdt=4http://www.rockstar69.com/product.php?pdt=4

http://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en-us&q=tylenol+pictures&ie=UTF-http://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en-us&q=tylenol+pictures&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-88&oe=UTF-8

Applied chemistry is done for a Applied chemistry is done for a specific purpose, and usually to specific purpose, and usually to make money.make money. Formulating a new cancer drugFormulating a new cancer drug Creating a new “energy drink”Creating a new “energy drink” Scientists work for a companyScientists work for a company Must have practical benefits Must have practical benefits

and potentially be worth a lot of and potentially be worth a lot of moneymoney

Profitable Mistakes Profitable Mistakes (http://www.mindfully.org/Plastic/Teflon/Teflon-(http://www.mindfully.org/Plastic/Teflon/Teflon-

HistoryDuPont.htm)HistoryDuPont.htm)

Teflon was a mistake. Note: you do Teflon was a mistake. Note: you do not have to get all this into your not have to get all this into your notes…just listen and learn.notes…just listen and learn.

The story of Teflon® began April 6, The story of Teflon® began April 6, 1938, at DuPont's Jackson 1938, at DuPont's Jackson Laboratory in New Jersey. Laboratory in New Jersey.

By 1945, Teflon had been born.By 1945, Teflon had been born.

Teflon is PTFE Teflon is PTFE (polytetrafluroroethylene). It was (polytetrafluroroethylene). It was created quite by accident.created quite by accident.

Profitable MistakesProfitable Mistakes

Teflon is inert to virtually all chemicals and is Teflon is inert to virtually all chemicals and is considered the most slippery material in existence. considered the most slippery material in existence.

These properties have made it one of the most These properties have made it one of the most valuable and versatile products ever invented, valuable and versatile products ever invented, contributing to significant advancements in areas contributing to significant advancements in areas such as aerospace, communications, electronics, such as aerospace, communications, electronics, industrial processes and architecture. industrial processes and architecture.

Teflon is a familiar household name, recognized for Teflon is a familiar household name, recognized for non-stick properties associated with its use as a non-stick properties associated with its use as a coating on cookware and as a soil and stain coating on cookware and as a soil and stain repellant for fabrics and textile products.repellant for fabrics and textile products.

Profitable MistakesProfitable Mistakes

The Teflon® trademark was registered in The Teflon® trademark was registered in 1945; the first products were sold 1945; the first products were sold commercially under the trademark commercially under the trademark beginning in 1946. beginning in 1946.

Applications and product innovations Applications and product innovations snowballed quickly. snowballed quickly.

The invention of Teflon has been described The invention of Teflon has been described as "an example of serendipity, a flash of as "an example of serendipity, a flash of genius, a lucky accident ... even a mixture genius, a lucky accident ... even a mixture of all three."of all three."

Profitable MistakesProfitable Mistakes

Whatever the exact circumstances of the discovery, Whatever the exact circumstances of the discovery, one thing is certain: Teflon revolutionized the plastics one thing is certain: Teflon revolutionized the plastics industry and, in turn, gave birth to limitless industry and, in turn, gave birth to limitless applications of benefit to mankind. applications of benefit to mankind.

It also made DuPont a fortune probably in the billions It also made DuPont a fortune probably in the billions of dollars.of dollars.

The scientist who invented it, Dr. Roy Plunkett, was The scientist who invented it, Dr. Roy Plunkett, was inducted into the Plastics Hall of Fame in 1973 and inducted into the Plastics Hall of Fame in 1973 and the Inventors Hall of Fame in 1985, joining inventors the Inventors Hall of Fame in 1985, joining inventors such as Thomas Edison, Louis Pasteur and the Wright such as Thomas Edison, Louis Pasteur and the Wright Brothers.Brothers.

OK, Start Taking Notes OK, Start Taking Notes AgainAgain

http://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en-us&q=csi+miami+pictures&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8http://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en-us&q=csi+miami+pictures&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8

There are 5 main branches of There are 5 main branches of ChemistyChemisty

OrganicOrganicInorganicInorganicBiochemistryBiochemistryAnalytical Analytical Physical Physical

Branches of ChemistryBranches of Chemistry

Process vs ProductProcess vs Producthttp://www.fotosearch.com/BLD037/bld066604/http://www.fotosearch.com/BLD037/bld066604/

In this course, process is more In this course, process is more important than product for lab important than product for lab work. Of course, I want you to work. Of course, I want you to do good chemistry. But I want do good chemistry. But I want you to learn Chemistry, and you to learn Chemistry, and you’ll learn as much from you’ll learn as much from mistakes in the lab as you do mistakes in the lab as you do from successes.from successes.

If you doubt that, ask Dr. If you doubt that, ask Dr. Plunkett. He wasn’t trying to Plunkett. He wasn’t trying to invent Teflon. He did that totally invent Teflon. He did that totally by accident, and it totally and by accident, and it totally and forever changed the course of forever changed the course of his life and his career.his life and his career.

Chemistry Teacher helping a student with a lab procedure.

Scientific MethodScientific Method

What are the steps?What are the steps?

Observation, hypothesis, Observation, hypothesis, experimentexperiment

Observation help us form Observation help us form questions or problems to questions or problems to investigate. You may have to do investigate. You may have to do some “research” in the library some “research” in the library during this step.during this step.

What is this scientist doing?

What is a hypothesis?What is a hypothesis?

In elementary or middle school, you In elementary or middle school, you probably learned that it is “an educated probably learned that it is “an educated guess.”guess.”

That’s a perfectly acceptable definition That’s a perfectly acceptable definition for that level of education. However, for that level of education. However, we’re in high school now and we can do we’re in high school now and we can do better.better.

In order to be a useful hypothesis, a In order to be a useful hypothesis, a hypothesis needs to be more than just a hypothesis needs to be more than just a guess, no matter how “educated.”guess, no matter how “educated.”

What’s the dictionary What’s the dictionary definition of definition of hypothesis?hypothesis?

The American Heritage Science Dictionary

hypothesishypothesis        

A statement that explains or A statement that explains or makes generalizations about makes generalizations about a set of facts or principles, a set of facts or principles, usually forming a basis for usually forming a basis for possible experiments to possible experiments to confirm its viability.confirm its viability.

Must Be Testable; Not Must Be Testable; Not Just an “Educated Just an “Educated

Guess.”Guess.” If a hypothesis isn’t testable, you can’t design If a hypothesis isn’t testable, you can’t design

an experiment to test it. an experiment to test it.

The scientific method falls apart.The scientific method falls apart.

Hypotheses must be capable of being true or Hypotheses must be capable of being true or false. So, let’s come up with a little better false. So, let’s come up with a little better definition than “educated guess.”definition than “educated guess.”

Definition of HypothesisDefinition of Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or reason for what you observed, which must be reason for what you observed, which must be testable by experiment to determine if it is testable by experiment to determine if it is correct or not.correct or not.

Try not to think of an incorrect hypothesis as Try not to think of an incorrect hypothesis as a “failure.” It doesn’t mean your experiment a “failure.” It doesn’t mean your experiment failed. It just means it did something failed. It just means it did something different than what you thought it was going different than what you thought it was going to do.to do.

ExperimentsExperimentshttp://cdn-viper.demandvideo.com/media/888B4CE0-92EA-4B3F-9CF5-DF558576FA51/jpeg/http://cdn-viper.demandvideo.com/media/888B4CE0-92EA-4B3F-9CF5-DF558576FA51/jpeg/

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Experiments test Experiments test the hypothesisthe hypothesis

Experiments Experiments (and your (and your results) must be results) must be reproducible.reproducible. No matter who No matter who

does them.does them. No matter how No matter how

many times.many times.Teacher testing pH of various household substances. What does pH tell you? Anyone know?

ExperimentsExperiments

Experiments test an independent variable Experiments test an independent variable against a dependent variable.against a dependent variable.

You should have only one of eachYou should have only one of each

All other variables should be controlled.All other variables should be controlled.

There must be a relationship between the There must be a relationship between the independent and dependent variable. independent and dependent variable. Otherwise, your experiment isn’t well Otherwise, your experiment isn’t well designed.designed.

ExperimentsExperiments

The independent variable is the variable The independent variable is the variable that you change during the experiment.that you change during the experiment.

The dependent variables changes on its The dependent variables changes on its own, based on the changes you made to own, based on the changes you made to the independent variable.the independent variable.

You must keep other variables constant, so You must keep other variables constant, so you are sure that the dependent variable is you are sure that the dependent variable is changing as a result of the independent changing as a result of the independent variable, and not because of some other variable, and not because of some other reason.reason.

Analysis of Data & Analysis of Data & ConclusionsConclusions

Aren’t these steps in the scientific method?Aren’t these steps in the scientific method?

Yes, they are. They are really part of the Yes, they are. They are really part of the experiment section, in my opinion. You experiment section, in my opinion. You just don’t DO an experiment. You must just don’t DO an experiment. You must analyze the data and draw conclusions. analyze the data and draw conclusions. Otherwise, your work is only half done.Otherwise, your work is only half done.

If you don’t analyze the data and draw If you don’t analyze the data and draw conclusions, how do you know what the conclusions, how do you know what the experiment is telling you?experiment is telling you?

Scientific TheoryScientific Theoryhttp://phyun5.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/img1.gifhttp://phyun5.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/img1.gif

A theory is a broad and A theory is a broad and extensively tested extensively tested explanation of why explanation of why experiments give experiments give certain results.certain results.

Theories can never be Theories can never be fully proven. You can fully proven. You can always devise an always devise an experiment that experiment that disproves the theory.disproves the theory.

Still, theories are useful, Still, theories are useful, because they allow you because they allow you to predict the behavior to predict the behavior of natural systems.of natural systems.

Theory vs HypothesisTheory vs Hypothesis

In normal speech, these are almost synonyms.In normal speech, these are almost synonyms.

In Chemistry, they are very different.In Chemistry, they are very different.

A hypothesis is used to design an experiment.A hypothesis is used to design an experiment.

A theory is an extensively tested explanation A theory is an extensively tested explanation of why experiments work the way they do.of why experiments work the way they do.

Theory vs HypothesisTheory vs Hypothesis

Scientists don’t “start” with theories. Scientists don’t “start” with theories.

They start with a hypothesis. They start with a hypothesis.

The theory is developed as the The theory is developed as the experiments are analyzed, and more experiments are analyzed, and more experiments are done.experiments are done.

Scientific LawsScientific Lawshttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://soe.ucdavis.edu/ms0708/180Sec2/NguyenST/web/calvin-on-scientific-http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://soe.ucdavis.edu/ms0708/180Sec2/NguyenST/web/calvin-on-scientific-

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A scientific law describes a natural phenomenon without A scientific law describes a natural phenomenon without attempting to explain it.attempting to explain it. Law of GravityLaw of Gravity Law of Conservation of MassLaw of Conservation of Mass Boyle’s Law Boyle’s Law

The EndThe End

What’s Next…What’s Next…

Chapter 2…along with some other stuff Chapter 2…along with some other stuff from from

Chapter 10 on solids, liquids and Chapter 10 on solids, liquids and gasesgases

Chapter 18 on SolutionsChapter 18 on Solutions