chapter 10 environmental chemistry professor liu jingling school of environment, beijing normal...
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Chapter 10
Environmental chemistry
Professor Liu JinglingSchool of Environment, Beijing Normal University
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School of Environment, Beijing Normal University
Main content
Transference and transformation discipline Ecology effect of environment pollution Monitoring of compound pollution Case study This book introduces the basic knowledge of environment chemistry in the overall
and systematic aspect. The content includes: air environment chemistry, water environment chemistry, soil environment chemistry, movement process and toxicity of pollutant in the body, the transformation and effect of typical pollutant in each circle and layer, restoration of polluted environment, basic theory and application of green chemistry and so on.
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Chemical pollution and harm
Now we have already known that the injured old people in Shuibao Town reach more than 10000 people, the dead exceed 1000 people.
In May of 1997, there were total 10355people got compensation; the nitrogen fertilizer factory had accumulated paid more than 30 billion Yen.
In order to recover the ecology environment of Shuibao Town, Japan had spent 14 years and invested 48.5 billion Yen to dig 4 meters of Shuibao Town and then cleaned the bottom mud containing mercury. At the same time, it had set separation net in the entrance of Shuibao gulf, catching all the polluted fish and then burying. In the whole of minamata disease, Japan government had at least spent 80 billion Yen.
School of Environment, Beijing Normal University
Introduction to environmental chemistry
One of the important subject branch of environmental science
Factors cause environmental pollution can be divided into three aspects: physical, chemical and biology.
Pollution cause by chemical material accounts for 80% to 90%.
Environmental chemistry is starts from the perspective of chemistry, discusses the change discipline of environmental quality caused by human activity and method principle of environmental management.
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10.1 The migration transformation rule of pollutant
Volatilization and adsorption Dissolution and precipitation Hydrolysis and cooperation Oxidation and reduction Photochemical reaction Biological enrichment and
transformation
Biological enrichment and transformation Biology absorption
Biology absorption is the first step of chemical producing effect of physiological, ecological and heredity.
Type Absorption process of plant.
• Absorption process of root
• Absorption process of leaf
Absorption process of animal • Absorption process of skin, breath and ingestion.
Ingestion of micro-organism
Biological enrichment Basic conception It means absorbing and accumulating certain element or material
difficult for degradation from surround environemnt9water, soil and air), the phenomenon enables the density within organism exceed that of surround environment
Calculation method Biology enrichment coefficient(condensation coeficient) The ration: pollutant density within biology and the pollutant density in
the surviving environment.
Enrichment phenomenon ： Biology accumulation: phenomenon that the enrichment coefficient is
gradually increasing of the same biology individual in the different growth period.
Biology enlargement: on the same food chain, the biology enrichment coefficient is gradually increasing with the increase of nutrient level.
eb CCBCF /
Figure 10-3 The Schematic diagram of DDT accumulation in biology body and food net.
• In the biology body, the pollution material can combine and accumulate with the active material.
• It is dissolved and concentrated in the fat through allocation effect.
• It enters bone tissue and accumulates through ion exchange.
Bioaccumulation factors Pollutants: chemical stability, fat-soluble and water-soluble. Biology: biological species, size, gender, organ, growth phase,
etc. Environment: including temperature, salinity, pH, water
hardness, oxygen content and illumination condition and so on.
富集机制Enrichment mechanism
Case study Melamine (English name: Melamine), it is an organic compound of triazine, an important
azole organic chmical raw material. The short name is triamine, and also regarded as 2,4,6 triamido-1,3,5- triazine, trimeric cyanamide, ammelide, cyanurotriamide.
The molecular formula is : C3N6H6 、 C3N3(NH2)3 Molecular content: 126.12, it is an important azole organic chmical raw
material. The physical characteristic: white crystal power, non-toxic and odorless.
The relative density: 1570kg/m3 Melting point: at the normal pressure, it is discomposed at 354 degree ;
sublimation temperature: 300 degree. Dissolubility: it can be dissolved in methanol, ormaldehyde, acetic acid, hot
ethanediol, glycerin, pyridine; it can slightly dissolved in water, alcohol, it can not dissolved in ether, benzene and carbon tetrachloride. The water solution presents alkalescence.
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Usage
Melamine is an organic chemical intermediate goods with extensive purpose, the main propose is used as the raw material of producing melamine/ MF.
Melamine can also be used as fire retardant, water reducer, formaldehyde detergent and so on.
The hardness of this resin is higher, not easy burned, water-tolerant, hot-tolerant, aging-tolerant, arc-tolerant and chemical corrosion-tolerant, it has good insulation characterize, glossiness and mechanical strength.
It is widely used in wooden, plastic, paints, paper making, textile, leather, electric, medicine industry and so on.
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Harm
Now, melamine is regarded as having slight toxicity half of most oral intake fatal dose exceeds 3gram/KG weight. According to one test report in 1945: after giving much dose of melamine to mice, rabbit and dog, there is no obvious poisoning phenomenon observed by people.
Animals taking melamine for long time will result in damage in procreation and micturition system, bladder and kidney concrement and can further induce carcinoma of urinary bladder.
The primary survey result of America pet food pollution poisoning incident in 2007 think that: wheat mixed with more or less 6.6% melamine albumen powder is cause of pet animal poisoning, it has got conclusion of slight poisoning.
For safety design, tableware generally made of melamine will indicate; it can not be used in microwave oven.
On 1st, January of 2008, the monitoring data of America FDA indicates, samples of Meadjohnson EnfamilLIPIL baby milk power making up Fe, it has been tested ramification of melamine for 3 times----melamine, and the content is respectively: 0.247ppm, 0.245ppm and 0.249ppm. At the same time, Nest strengthening baby milk power making up Fe, it has been tested slight melamine for 2 times, the content is respectively: 0.137ppm and 0.140ppm.
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State Administration of Quality Supervision: 22 baby milk powers such as Yili has been tested melamine
(list) Sanlu Shijiazhuang Sanlu11 /11 2563mg Panda Shanghai Panda 5 /3 619mg Shengyuan Qingdao Shengyuan 17/ 8 150mg Gucheng Shanxi Gucheng13 /4 141.6mg Mengniu Inner Mongolia Mengniu28/ 3 68.2mg
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Reason
In the manufacturing process of food, it needs to inspect protein content, but the technology of directly inspecting protein content is complicated.
The trade union usually uses one method called Kjeldahl determination, and melamine has big use. The fee of using melamine is only 20% of that of real protein ram material, so the fabricators use melamine to increase the protein of products. Melamine is a white crystal power, odorless, it is not easy to be found after mixing, this is the reason why fabricators use it. [email protected] School of Environment, Beijing Normal University
Questions and discussion
The scientific method of inspecting toxicity of chemical pollutant?
Whether the outer conclusion of animal test is reliable or not?
The channel of transference and transformation of pollutant?
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Possible ways
Milk powder - people? Feed – animals-milk lotion/meat/ egg -people? Production process - waste - environment - people?
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10.2 Ecology effect of environmental pollutant
Definition: when the pollutant enters ecosystem, participates in the material cycling of ecosystem, it will certainly influence the composition, structure and function of ecosystem, this is presented in the response of ecosystem, that is ecology effect.
Types （ according to response subject ）Species population Biological community Ecological system
The ecology effect of mercury and arsenic
The ecology effect of mercury The mercury evaporation breathed into human body through air tube can
penetrate into blood and accumulates in human tissue. Inorganic mercury can produce hamper for kidney, brain cell, nervus centralis, it can also result in monster and fetal death.
Methyl mercury: the minamata disease of Japan.
The ecology effect of arsenic For plan For animal
The ecology effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PAH is a pollutant widely existed in the environment and it is
connected by two benzene rings. Carcinogenicity: it can result in skin cancer, lung cancer and
stomach cancer and so on.
The ecology effect of organic halogen thing The organic halogen thing includes halogenated hydrocarbon,
PCBs, PCDD and PCDF, as well as organochlorine pesticide such as DDT, compound 118, compound 497, toxaphene, chlordane and so on.
The ecology effect of PCBs: it can result in cancer, deformity and burstiness
The ecology effect of combined pollutant
There are 234,000,00 registered chemical materials. There are 100,000 types enter ecosystem. Each pollutant state in environment. Combined pollution: the ecosystem is simultaneously exposed to
the complicated system co-exist many pollutants. The ecology effect of combined pollutant---ecology effect of
combined pollution. Effect mechanism: cooperative effect, additive effect,
antagonism effect and independence effect.
Monitoring methods and countermeasures
Monitoring methods
chemical analysis Countermeasures
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Discuss in group
Subject Water environmental problem and nature of
watershed Group labor division :1. watershed point source. 2. watershedsquare. 6.
watershed/ecology recovery of urban
Urban environment problem and nature
Group labor division :
3. urban ecology planning.4. urban atmosphere . 5. urban water pollution.
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Preliminary analysis of middle term exame
Title 1-5 chapter Coverage
Format and normative Most of them did't conform to requirements
Pay attention to the hot Water, soil, air and physical pollution
issue of environmentTracking the forefront of science Weak in data analysis
Science thinking and reasoning rigorous Less use of data and graphs
Different perspective Affect by reference material
Rational and novel conclusion Many and extensive Scientific and timeliness of references Weakly
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