Chapter 10Chapter 10

Life SpanLife Span

DevelopmentDevelopment

Life Span Poster ProjectLife Span Poster Project

1.1. Gather pictures from your childhoodGather pictures from your childhood• 1 from infancy (0-1)1 from infancy (0-1)• 1 from early childhood (2-4)1 from early childhood (2-4)• 1 from childhood (5-10)1 from childhood (5-10)• 1 from adolescence (13-15)1 from adolescence (13-15)• 1 recent1 recent

*Any craft items you may want to add; like, glitter or *Any craft items you may want to add; like, glitter or stickers. I will supply tape, glue, markers, stickers. I will supply tape, glue, markers, colored pencils, and poster board.colored pencils, and poster board.

Developmental PsychologyDevelopmental Psychology

The study of how people change from The study of how people change from birth to old age.birth to old age.

““How” and “Why” changes in them occur How” and “Why” changes in them occur as people grow older.as people grow older.

3 enduring issues3 enduring issues1.1. Individual characteristic vs. shared human traitsIndividual characteristic vs. shared human traits

2.2. Stability vs. changeStability vs. change

3.3. Heredity vs. environmentHeredity vs. environment

Individual characteristics Individual characteristics vs. vs.

Shared human traitsShared human traits

This combination is characteristic of all human This combination is characteristic of all human developmentdevelopment

We all take the same developmental journey, but We all take the same developmental journey, but each of us travels somewhat different roads and each of us travels somewhat different roads and experience events in different ways.experience events in different ways.

Stability vs. ChangeStability vs. Change

Human development is characterized by Human development is characterized by both major life transitions and continuities both major life transitions and continuities with the past.with the past.

Heredity vs. EnvironmentHeredity vs. Environment These two constantly interact to shape These two constantly interact to shape

how people grow.how people grow.

Methods in Developmental PsychologyMethods in Developmental Psychology

MethodMethod AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Cross-SectionalCross-Sectional InexpensiveInexpensiveTakes relatively little time to Takes relatively little time to completecompleteAvoids high attrition rate Avoids high attrition rate (dropout of participants from (dropout of participants from studystudy

Different age groups are not Different age groups are not necessarily very much alikenecessarily very much alikeDifferences across age Differences across age groups may be due to cohort groups may be due to cohort differences rather than age.differences rather than age.

LongitudinalLongitudinalGenerates detailed Generates detailed information about individualsinformation about individualsAllows for the study of Allows for the study of developmental change in developmental change in great detailgreat detailEliminates differences due to Eliminates differences due to cohortscohorts

Expensive and time Expensive and time consumingconsumingPotential for high attrition Potential for high attrition rate-participants may drop outrate-participants may drop outDifferences over time may Differences over time may be due to differences in be due to differences in assessment tools rather than assessment tools rather than age.age.

Biographical Biographical or or

Retrospective Retrospective (Case study)(Case study)

Generates rich detail about Generates rich detail about one individual’s lifeone individual’s lifeAllows for in-depth study of Allows for in-depth study of one individualone individual

Individual’s recall often Individual’s recall often untrustworthyuntrustworthyCan be very time consuming Can be very time consuming and expensive.and expensive.

Check Your UnderstandingCheck Your Understanding

In a __________ study the researcher In a __________ study the researcher studies a group of subjects two or more studies a group of subjects two or more times as they grow older.times as they grow older.

a. Cross-sectionala. Cross-sectional

b. Retrospectiveb. Retrospective

c. Longitudinalc. Longitudinal

Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development

What factors can affect children What factors can affect children before birth?before birth?

The Progression of Prenatal The Progression of Prenatal DevelopmentDevelopment

Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development--the stage of development from the stage of development from conception to birth.conception to birth.

EmbryoEmbryo--a developing human between 2 weeks and 3 a developing human between 2 weeks and 3 months after conception.months after conception.

FetusFetus-a developing human between 3 months after -a developing human between 3 months after conception and birth.conception and birth.

PlacentaPlacenta-an organ that nourishes the embryo and -an organ that nourishes the embryo and fetus.fetus.

Week by week developmentWeek by week development

Cont.Cont.

TeratogensTeratogens-toxic substances such as alcohol or -toxic substances such as alcohol or nicotine that cross the placenta and may result in nicotine that cross the placenta and may result in birth defects.birth defects.

Critical periodCritical period-a time when certain internal and -a time when certain internal and external influences have a major effect on external influences have a major effect on development; at other periods, the same influences development; at other periods, the same influences will have little or no effect.will have little or no effect.

Effects of TeratogensEffects of Teratogens Alcohol is the drug most often abused Alcohol is the drug most often abused

by pregnant women (Riley et al., 2003).by pregnant women (Riley et al., 2003). Fetal alcohol syndromeFetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), a (FAS), a

condition characterized by facial condition characterized by facial deformities, heart defects, stunted deformities, heart defects, stunted growth, and cognitive impairments.growth, and cognitive impairments.

Smoking Smoking may cause over 100,000 may cause over 100,000 miscarriages a year. miscarriages a year.

Babies are more likely to suffer low birth Babies are more likely to suffer low birth weight which is liked to other weight which is liked to other developmental problems.developmental problems.

The Newborn BabyThe Newborn Baby

What can newborn babies do?What can newborn babies do?

Newborn BabiesNewborn Babies*Neonates*Neonates- - newborn babies.newborn babies.

ReflexesReflexes RootingRooting

Baby turns its head toward something that brushes its cheek Baby turns its head toward something that brushes its cheek and gropes around with mouthand gropes around with mouth

SuckingSucking Newborn’s tendency to suck on objects placed in the mouthNewborn’s tendency to suck on objects placed in the mouth

SwallowingSwallowing Enables newborn babies to swallow liquids without chokingEnables newborn babies to swallow liquids without choking

GraspingGrasping Close fist around anything placed in their handClose fist around anything placed in their hand

SteppingStepping Stepping motions made by an infant when held uprightStepping motions made by an infant when held upright

Reflexes (Cont.)Reflexes (Cont.)

BabinskiBabinski When the sole of a baby’s foot is touched, the toes When the sole of a baby’s foot is touched, the toes

curl up and outcurl up and out

MoroMoro The “Startle Reflex”The “Startle Reflex” Babies arms will open when startled, then will be Babies arms will open when startled, then will be

brought in close to the bodybrought in close to the body

CrawlingCrawling When placed on the stomach, a baby will make a When placed on the stomach, a baby will make a

crawling motioncrawling motion

TemperamentTemperament Temperament refers to characteristic patterns Temperament refers to characteristic patterns

of emotional reactions and emotional self-of emotional reactions and emotional self-regulationregulation

Thomas and Chess identified three basic Thomas and Chess identified three basic types of babiestypes of babies EasyEasy

• Good-natured, easy to care for, adaptableGood-natured, easy to care for, adaptable DifficultDifficult

• Moody and intense, react to new situations and people Moody and intense, react to new situations and people negatively and stronglynegatively and strongly

Slow-to-warm-upSlow-to-warm-up• Inactive and slow to respond to new things, and when Inactive and slow to respond to new things, and when

they do react, it is mildthey do react, it is mild

Temperament cont.Temperament cont.

Kagan has added a fourth typeKagan has added a fourth type Shy childShy child

• Timid and inhibited, fearful of anything new or Timid and inhibited, fearful of anything new or strangestrange

Temperament may Temperament may

predict later dispositionpredict later disposition

Perceptual AbilitiesPerceptual Abilities VisionVision

Clear for 8-10 inchesClear for 8-10 inches Good vision by 6 monthsGood vision by 6 months

Depth perceptionDepth perception Visual cliff researchVisual cliff research

Other sensesOther senses Ears are functional prior to birthEars are functional prior to birth Infants particularly tune in to human voicesInfants particularly tune in to human voices Taste and smell are fully functionalTaste and smell are fully functional

Check Your UnderstandingCheck Your Understanding

Two reflexes normally disappear after two to three months. They areTwo reflexes normally disappear after two to three months. They area. Sucking and swallowinga. Sucking and swallowing

b. Grasping and rootingb. Grasping and rooting

c. Stepping and graspingc. Stepping and grasping

d. Stepping and rootingd. Stepping and rooting

Temperament differences in babies are attributable to Temperament differences in babies are attributable to

a. Biological factorsa. Biological factors

b. maternal emotions during pregnancyb. maternal emotions during pregnancy

c. Parental reactions to an infant’s crying after a baby’s birthc. Parental reactions to an infant’s crying after a baby’s birth

d. All of the aboved. All of the above

Newborns prefer looking at what kind of patterns?Newborns prefer looking at what kind of patterns?

a. Colorful onesa. Colorful ones

b. Moving onesb. Moving ones

c. Contrasting onesc. Contrasting ones

Infancy and ChildhoodInfancy and Childhood

Do young children think differently from adults?Do young children think differently from adults?

Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development

Children grow about 10 inches and gain Children grow about 10 inches and gain about 15 pounds in first yearabout 15 pounds in first year

Growth occurs in spurts, as much as 1 Growth occurs in spurts, as much as 1 inch overnightinch overnight

Growth slows during second yearGrowth slows during second year

Motor DevelopmentMotor Development

Developmental normsDevelopmental norms Ages by which an average child achieves Ages by which an average child achieves

various developmental milestonesvarious developmental milestones MaturationMaturation

Automatic biological unfolding of development Automatic biological unfolding of development in an organism as a function of passage of in an organism as a function of passage of timetime

Jean PiagetJean PiagetSwiss psychologist (1896-1980)Swiss psychologist (1896-1980)

Most influential theorist in the area of Most influential theorist in the area of cognitive development.cognitive development.

Believed that cognitive development is a Believed that cognitive development is a way of adapting to the environment.way of adapting to the environment.

In his view, children are intrinsically In his view, children are intrinsically motivated to explore and understand motivated to explore and understand things.things.

Progress through 4 basic stages of Progress through 4 basic stages of cognitive development.cognitive development.

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment

Sensory-Motor Stage (birth to 2 years)Sensory-Motor Stage (birth to 2 years) Object permanenceObject permanence

Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) Egocentric; Conservation errorsEgocentric; Conservation errors

Concrete Operations (7-11 years)Concrete Operations (7-11 years) Principles of conservation; ReversibilityPrinciples of conservation; Reversibility

Formal Operations (11-15 years)Formal Operations (11-15 years) Understand abstract ideasUnderstand abstract ideas

Criticisms of Piaget's TheoryCriticisms of Piaget's Theory

Many question assumption that there are Many question assumption that there are distinct stages in cognitive developmentdistinct stages in cognitive development

Criticism of notion that infants do not Criticism of notion that infants do not understand worldunderstand world

Piaget may have underestimated influence Piaget may have underestimated influence of social interaction in cognitive of social interaction in cognitive developmentdevelopment

Live!Live!PsychPsych 10.2 10.2

““Heinz dilemma”Heinz dilemma”

In Europe, a woman was near death from cancer. In Europe, a woman was near death from cancer. One drug might save her, a form of radium that a One drug might save her, a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The druggist was charging $2,000, ten times what the The druggist was charging $2,000, ten times what the drug cost him to make. The sick woman’s husband, drug cost him to make. The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only come up with about half of money, but he could only come up with about half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said, “No.” The husband got later. But the druggist said, “No.” The husband got desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal the desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal the drug for his wife. (Kohlberg, 1969)drug for his wife. (Kohlberg, 1969)

*Should the husband have done that? Why?*Should the husband have done that? Why?

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Development (1979, 1981)(1979, 1981)

Preconventional (preadolescence)Preconventional (preadolescence) ““Good” behavior is mostly to avoid punishment or Good” behavior is mostly to avoid punishment or

seek rewardseek reward

Conventional (adolescence)Conventional (adolescence) Behavior is about pleasing others and, in later Behavior is about pleasing others and, in later

adolescence, becoming a good citizenadolescence, becoming a good citizen

PostconventionalPostconventional Emphasis is on abstract principles such as justice, Emphasis is on abstract principles such as justice,

equality, and libertyequality, and liberty

Criticisms of Kohlberg’s TheoryCriticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory

Research shows that many people never Research shows that many people never progress past the conventional levelprogress past the conventional level

Theory does not take cultural differences Theory does not take cultural differences into accountinto account

Theory is considered by some to be sexist Theory is considered by some to be sexist in that girls often scored lower on tests of in that girls often scored lower on tests of moralitymorality

Language DevelopmentLanguage Development

Cooing (2-3 months)Cooing (2-3 months) Non-descript soundsNon-descript sounds

Babbling (3-4 months)Babbling (3-4 months) Make the sounds of all languageMake the sounds of all language Grunts, “ba”, “da”Grunts, “ba”, “da”

Intonation (4-6 months)Intonation (4-6 months) Rising and lowering of pitchRising and lowering of pitch Can distinguish between own language and foreign Can distinguish between own language and foreign

languagelanguage By 1 year, babies use intonation to communicateBy 1 year, babies use intonation to communicate

• Excitement, Anger, CuriosityExcitement, Anger, Curiosity

Language Dev’t (cont.)Language Dev’t (cont.)

By 6 months, babies can recognize By 6 months, babies can recognize their own namestheir own names

First words (12 months)First words (12 months) DadaDada

Holophrases (12-18 months)Holophrases (12-18 months) One word sentenceOne word sentence ““Up!”, “Down!”, “More!”Up!”, “Down!”, “More!”

Language (con’t)Language (con’t) Naming (1-2 years)Naming (1-2 years)

““Dog!” (very often used incorrectly for objects of any Dog!” (very often used incorrectly for objects of any similarity)similarity)

Short Sentences (2 years)Short Sentences (2 years) ““My ball”, “I do it”My ball”, “I do it”

Long sentences (2-3 years)Long sentences (2-3 years) ““Lea sad” becomes “Lea is sad”Lea sad” becomes “Lea is sad”

OverregularizatonOverregularizaton ““Goed” instead of “went”Goed” instead of “went” Good news: These kids get the basic rules Good news: These kids get the basic rules

By 5-6, vocabulary is 2,500 wordsBy 5-6, vocabulary is 2,500 words

Theories of Language DevelopmentTheories of Language Development Skinner theorized that language develops as Skinner theorized that language develops as

parents reward children for language usageparents reward children for language usage Repeating a baby’s noiseRepeating a baby’s noise Congratulating them for communicatingCongratulating them for communicating

Chomsky proposed the language acquisition Chomsky proposed the language acquisition devicedevice A neural mechanism for acquiring language presumed A neural mechanism for acquiring language presumed

to be “wired into” all humansto be “wired into” all humans Criticism: Children who were not “reinforced” as often Criticism: Children who were not “reinforced” as often

(grew up in institutions or homes) developed more (grew up in institutions or homes) developed more slowlyslowly

Language DevelopmentLanguage Development

Bilingualism and the development of a Bilingualism and the development of a second languagesecond language When small children learn two languages at When small children learn two languages at

once, they have one Broca’s areaonce, they have one Broca’s area When adolescents learn a second language, When adolescents learn a second language,

two Broca’s areas are neededtwo Broca’s areas are needed

Social DevelopmentSocial Development

Parent-Child Relationships in ChildhoodParent-Child Relationships in Childhood

Development of AttachmentDevelopment of Attachment Lorenz and ImprintingLorenz and Imprinting

Tendency to follow the first moving thing seenTendency to follow the first moving thing seen Occurs in many species of animals- not humans!Occurs in many species of animals- not humans! If we hatched a chick and put a dog in front of it, the dog If we hatched a chick and put a dog in front of it, the dog

becomes the Mommy.becomes the Mommy. AttachmentAttachment

Humans form a bond with those who care for them in infancyHumans form a bond with those who care for them in infancy Based upon interaction with caregiverBased upon interaction with caregiver

AutonomyAutonomy Sense of independenceSense of independence

SocializationSocialization Process by which children learn appropriate attitudes and Process by which children learn appropriate attitudes and

behaviorsbehaviors

Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Mary Ainsworth’s Strange SituationSituation

SecureSecure

Will explore freely while the mother is present, Will explore freely while the mother is present, will engage with strangers, will be visibly will engage with strangers, will be visibly upset when the mother departs and happy to upset when the mother departs and happy to see the mother returnsee the mother return

Child will not engage with a stranger if their Child will not engage with a stranger if their mother is not in the roommother is not in the room

Knowledge of a “secure base”Knowledge of a “secure base”

Anxious-Ambivalent (or Resistant) Anxious-Ambivalent (or Resistant) InsecureInsecure

Anxious of exploration and of strangers, even Anxious of exploration and of strangers, even when the mother is presentwhen the mother is present

Child is extremely distressed when mother Child is extremely distressed when mother departsdeparts

When mother returns, child will remain close to When mother returns, child will remain close to the mother but resentful and resistant when the the mother but resentful and resistant when the mother initiates attentionmother initiates attention

Baby may also hit or push his mother and Baby may also hit or push his mother and doesn’t “cling”doesn’t “cling”

Anxious-Avoidant InsecureAnxious-Avoidant Insecure

Will avoid or ignore the caregiver - showing little Will avoid or ignore the caregiver - showing little emotion when the caregiver departs or returnsemotion when the caregiver departs or returns

May run away from his caregiver when they May run away from his caregiver when they approach and fail to cling to them when they approach and fail to cling to them when they pick him uppick him up

The child will not explore very much regardless The child will not explore very much regardless of who is there. Strangers will not be treated of who is there. Strangers will not be treated much differently from the caregivermuch differently from the caregiver

There is not much emotional range displayed There is not much emotional range displayed regardless of who is in the room or if it is empty.regardless of who is in the room or if it is empty.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHUv=QTsewNrHUHU

Relationships With Other ChildrenRelationships With Other Children

Solitary playSolitary play Children first play by themselvesChildren first play by themselves

Parallel playParallel play As they get older, children play side-by-side As they get older, children play side-by-side

with other children, but not interactingwith other children, but not interacting Cooperative playCooperative play

By about 3 or 3½, children begin playing with By about 3 or 3½, children begin playing with othersothers

Relationships With Other ChildrenRelationships With Other Children

Peer groupPeer group A network of same-aged friends and A network of same-aged friends and

acquaintances who give one another acquaintances who give one another emotional and social supportemotional and social support

When children start school, peers begin to When children start school, peers begin to have greater influencehave greater influence

Non-shared environmentNon-shared environment Unique aspects of the environment that are Unique aspects of the environment that are

experienced differently by siblingsexperienced differently by siblings

Baumrind’s Parenting StylesBaumrind’s Parenting Styles

Authoritarian Authoritarian Tightly control children’s behavior and insist on Tightly control children’s behavior and insist on

obedienceobedience Can produce children who have poor communication Can produce children who have poor communication

skills, who are moody, withdrawn, and distrustfulskills, who are moody, withdrawn, and distrustful

Permissive-indifferentPermissive-indifferent Parents have too little control and often are indifferent Parents have too little control and often are indifferent

and neglectfuland neglectful Children tend to become overly dependent and lack Children tend to become overly dependent and lack

social skills and self-controlsocial skills and self-control

Baumrind’s Parenting StylesBaumrind’s Parenting Styles

Permissive-indulgentPermissive-indulgent Parents are very attentive and supportive, but do not Parents are very attentive and supportive, but do not

set limits on behaviorset limits on behavior Children tend to be immature, disrespectful, Children tend to be immature, disrespectful,

impulsive, and out of controlimpulsive, and out of control Authoritative Authoritative

Parents provide firm structure, but are not overly Parents provide firm structure, but are not overly controllingcontrolling

Parents listen to their children’s opinions and explain Parents listen to their children’s opinions and explain their decisions, bur are still clearly in chargetheir decisions, bur are still clearly in charge

Children tend to become self-reliant and socially Children tend to become self-reliant and socially responsibleresponsible

ScenarioScenario

You receive a bad grade on your report You receive a bad grade on your report card (not that this would ever happen to card (not that this would ever happen to you)…you)…

You walk in the door and your parent….You walk in the door and your parent….

Role Play!!!Role Play!!!

Read your assigned parenting style and Read your assigned parenting style and reenact a scenario in which the parent reenact a scenario in which the parent displays this behavior and the child reactsdisplays this behavior and the child reacts

Sex-Role DevelopmentSex-Role Development

Gender identityGender identity Knowledge of being a boy or girlKnowledge of being a boy or girl Occurs by age 3Occurs by age 3

Gender constancyGender constancy Child realizes that gender cannot changeChild realizes that gender cannot change Occurs by age 4 or 5Occurs by age 4 or 5

Sex-Role DevelopmentSex-Role Development

Gender-role awarenessGender-role awareness Knowing appropriate behavior for each genderKnowing appropriate behavior for each gender

Gender stereotypesGender stereotypes Beliefs about presumed characteristics of each genderBeliefs about presumed characteristics of each gender

Sex-typed behaviorSex-typed behavior Socially defined ways to behave different for boys and Socially defined ways to behave different for boys and

girlsgirls May be at least partly biological in originMay be at least partly biological in origin

AdolescenceAdolescence

Physical ChangesPhysical Changes

Growth spurtGrowth spurt Begins about age 10½ in girls and about 12½ Begins about age 10½ in girls and about 12½

in boysin boys Sexual developmentSexual development

PubertyPuberty• Onset of sexual maturationOnset of sexual maturation

MenarcheMenarche• First menstrual period for girlsFirst menstrual period for girls

Physical ChangesPhysical Changes Early and late developersEarly and late developers Adolescent sexual activityAdolescent sexual activity

Approximately ¾ of males and ½ of females Approximately ¾ of males and ½ of females between 15 and 19 have had intercoursebetween 15 and 19 have had intercourse

Average age for first intercourse is 16 for Average age for first intercourse is 16 for boys and 17 for girlsboys and 17 for girls

Teenage pregnancyTeenage pregnancy Rate of teen pregnancy has fallen in the last Rate of teen pregnancy has fallen in the last

50 years50 years Highest in U.S. of all industrialized nationsHighest in U.S. of all industrialized nations

Cognitive ChangesCognitive Changes

Imaginary audienceImaginary audience Adolescent delusion that everyone else is Adolescent delusion that everyone else is

always focused on themalways focused on them Personal fablePersonal fable

Delusion that they are unique and very Delusion that they are unique and very importantimportant

InvulnerabilityInvulnerability Nothing can harm themNothing can harm them

““Storm” and “Stress” of Storm” and “Stress” of AdolescenceAdolescence

It has been observed in the past that It has been observed in the past that adolescents are overly stressed and can exhibit adolescents are overly stressed and can exhibit that through their “attitudes” or behaviorthat through their “attitudes” or behavior

Many have believed that hormones make Many have believed that hormones make teenagers more stressedteenagers more stressed

Truth: 75% are content and had positive self-Truth: 75% are content and had positive self-imagesimages Those who don’t- Constantly being controlled, as in Those who don’t- Constantly being controlled, as in

where to go and when to sleep/wake up, contributes where to go and when to sleep/wake up, contributes to stress (schedules that don’t match their biological to stress (schedules that don’t match their biological clocks)clocks)

Personality and Social Personality and Social DevelopmentDevelopment

Major occurrence in adolescence is identity Major occurrence in adolescence is identity formationformation

Identify crisis- Intense period of self-explorationIdentify crisis- Intense period of self-exploration Forming an identityForming an identity

AchievementAchievement• Successfully find identitySuccessfully find identity

ForeclosureForeclosure• Settle for identity others wish for themSettle for identity others wish for them

MoratoriumMoratorium• Explore various identitiesExplore various identities

DiffusionDiffusion• Unable to “find themselves”Unable to “find themselves”

Cont…Cont…

Relationships with peersRelationships with peers Adolescents often form cliques, or groups with Adolescents often form cliques, or groups with

similar interests and strong mutual attachmentsimilar interests and strong mutual attachment Unisex at first, then mixed-sex, then couplesUnisex at first, then mixed-sex, then couples 16-19- less group-oriented, more about dating16-19- less group-oriented, more about dating

Relationships with parentsRelationships with parents Adolescents test and question every rule and Adolescents test and question every rule and

guideline from parentsguideline from parents

Some Problems of AdolescenceSome Problems of Adolescence

Declines in self-esteemDeclines in self-esteem Related to appearance (Name of fallacy?)Related to appearance (Name of fallacy?) Satisfaction in appearance is related to higher self-Satisfaction in appearance is related to higher self-

esteemesteem

Depression and suicideDepression and suicide Rate of suicide among adolescents has increased Rate of suicide among adolescents has increased

600% since 1950, but has leveled off in ’90s600% since 1950, but has leveled off in ’90s Suicide often related to depression, drug abuse, and Suicide often related to depression, drug abuse, and

disruptive behaviorsdisruptive behaviors Males are more successful, but twice as many Males are more successful, but twice as many

females attemptfemales attempt

AdulthoodAdulthood

Love, Partnerships, and Love, Partnerships, and ParentingParenting

Forming partnershipsForming partnerships First major event of adulthood First major event of adulthood

is forming and maintaining is forming and maintaining

close relationshipsclose relationships

ParenthoodParenthood Having children alters dynamics of relationshipsHaving children alters dynamics of relationships Marital satisfaction often declines after birth of Marital satisfaction often declines after birth of

childchild

Marital SatisfactionMarital Satisfaction

Other IssuesOther Issues The World of WorkThe World of Work

Balancing career and family obligations is a Balancing career and family obligations is a challengechallenge

Cognitive ChangesCognitive Changes Thinking is more flexible and practical- realize that Thinking is more flexible and practical- realize that

there can be more than one correct answer!there can be more than one correct answer! Vocabulary and Verbal memory increase through Vocabulary and Verbal memory increase through

50s; Reasoning and spatial awareness increase 50s; Reasoning and spatial awareness increase through 40s; perceptual speed declines at 25; through 40s; perceptual speed declines at 25; math skills decline at 40math skills decline at 40

Can be improved with rehearsal!! (Don’t stop Can be improved with rehearsal!! (Don’t stop doing crosswords)doing crosswords)

Other issuesOther issues

Personality ChangesPersonality Changes Psychological health increasesPsychological health increases Less self-centered, better coping skillsLess self-centered, better coping skills Some men and women have a Some men and women have a midlife crisis-midlife crisis-

10%10%• Vs. midlife transition- reassess and recreate goalsVs. midlife transition- reassess and recreate goals

The "Change of Life" The "Change of Life" MenopauseMenopause Reproduction ceasesReproduction ceases

Empty Nest MythEmpty Nest Myth

Article by Lindsay LyonArticle by Lindsay Lyon

Late AdulthoodLate Adulthood

Physical ChangesPhysical Changes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgYfys7vErIv=LgYfys7vErI

In late adulthood, physical deterioration is In late adulthood, physical deterioration is inevitableinevitable

A person’s response to these changes are A person’s response to these changes are important- “You’re only as old as you feel.”important- “You’re only as old as you feel.”

Social DevelopmentSocial Development

Independent and satisfying lifestylesIndependent and satisfying lifestyles RetirementRetirement

Most people will stop working and face Most people will stop working and face challenges with that sudden changechallenges with that sudden change

Sexual behaviorSexual behavior Research shows that many older couples Research shows that many older couples

continue to be sexually activecontinue to be sexually active

Cognitive ChangesCognitive Changes

Research has demonstrated that those Research has demonstrated that those who continue to “exercise” their mental who continue to “exercise” their mental abilities can delay mental declineabilities can delay mental decline

Alzheimer’s disease afflicts approximately Alzheimer’s disease afflicts approximately 10% of people over 65 and perhaps as 10% of people over 65 and perhaps as many as 50% of those over 85many as 50% of those over 85

Facing the End of LifeFacing the End of Life

Kubler-Ross’s stages of dyingKubler-Ross’s stages of dying DenialDenial AngerAnger BargainingBargaining DepressionDepression AcceptanceAcceptance