chapter 10 pedestrian facility design 3170
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
1/67
Chapter 10:
Pedestrian Facility Design
ACCESSMINNEAPOLISDesignGuidelinesforStreets&Sidewalks
October26,2009
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
2/67
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
3/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
TABLEOFCONTENTS
10PEDESTRIANFACILITYDESIGN ....................................................................... 10-1
10.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 101
10.0.1 PrinciplesforPedestrianFacilityDesign........................................................................................ 101
10.0.2
Background/Purpose..................................................................................................................... 101
10.0.3 RelationshiptoAccessibilityStandards......................................................................................... 102
10.0.4 RelationshiptoRoadwayDesignGuidelines ................................................................................. 102
10.1 PEDESTRIANNETWORK ............................................................................................... 103
10.1.1 NewSidewalkConstruction........................................................................................................... 103
10.1.1.1 NewStreetConstruction............................................................................................................................ 103
10.1.1.2 ReconstructionandRenovationofExistingStreets ................................................................................... 103
10.1.1.3 InfillDevelopment......................................................................................................................................104
10.1.1.4 Exceptions .................................................................................................................................................. 104
10.1.2 StreetandWalkwayGrid............................................................................................................... 104
10.1.2.1 StreetVacations.........................................................................................................................................104
10.1.2.2 NewStreets................................................................................................................................................104
10.1.2.3 WalkwaysandTrails................................................................................................................................... 104
10.2 PEDESTRIANZONEDESIGN........................................................................................... 105
10.2.1 PedestrianZoneOrganization....................................................................................................... 105
10.2.1.1 FrontageZone............................................................................................................................................106
10.2.1.2 ThroughWalkZone....................................................................................................................................106
10.2.1.3 Planting/FurnishingZone ........................................................................................................................... 107
10.2.1.4 CurbZone...................................................................................................................................................107
10.2.2 SpecialtyZones.............................................................................................................................. 107
10.2.2.1 ClearCornerZone ......................................................................................................................................108
10.2.2.2 CornerPublicUseZone..............................................................................................................................108
10.2.2.3 BusStopZone ............................................................................................................................................108
10.2.3 PedestrianZoneWidthbyStreetDesignType.............................................................................. 108
10.2.4 SolutionsforExistingConstrainedConditions .............................................................................. 109
10.2.5 Placementof
Elements
in
the
Pedestrian
Zone .......................................................................... 10
12
10.2.6 EncroachmentsandActiveUsesofthePedestrianZone............................................................ 1013
10.2.6.1 Stairs/Ramps/Doors.................................................................................................................................1013
10.2.6.2 CommercialSigns.....................................................................................................................................1013
10.2.6.3 SidewalkCafes .........................................................................................................................................1013
10.2.6.4 StreetVendors .........................................................................................................................................1014
10.2.7 SidewalkSurfaceDesign.............................................................................................................. 1014
10.2.7.1 MaterialandSurfaceFinish......................................................................................................................10 14
10.2.7.2 SidewalkGradeandCrossSlope..............................................................................................................1017
10.2.7.3 Grates.......................................................................................................................................................1017
10.2.8 Driveway,Alley,&RailroadCrossingsofSidewalks .................................................................... 1017
10.2.8.1 DrivewaysandAlleys ...............................................................................................................................1017
10.2.8.2 AtGradeRailroadCrossings ....................................................................................................................10 19
10.2.9
Sidewalkson
Bridges ................................................................................................................... 10
20
10.2.9.1 PedestrianZoneOrganizationandWidths ..............................................................................................1020
10.2.9.2 Lighting.....................................................................................................................................................1021
10.2.9.3 BarriersfromTraffic.................................................................................................................................1021
10.2.9.4 Railings ..................................................................................................................................................... 1021
10.2.9.5 Visibility....................................................................................................................................................1022
10.2.9.6 Retrofittingpedestrianimprovementsonbridges...................................................................................1022
10.2.10 SidewalksunderBridges.............................................................................................................. 1023
10.2.10.1 PedestrianZoneOrganizationandWidths ..............................................................................................1023
10.2.10.2 PierDesignandPlacement ...................................................................................................................... 1023
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
4/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
10.2.10.3 RetainingWallDesign .............................................................................................................................. 1023
10.2.10.4 Lighting.....................................................................................................................................................1023
10.2.10.5 SnowandIceClearance ........................................................................................................................... 1023
10.3 STREETCORNERS ..................................................................................................... 1023
10.3.1 ElementsofGoodCornerDesign ................................................................................................ 1024
10.3.1.1 CornerSpace............................................................................................................................................1024
10.3.1.2 Visibilityat
Corners ..................................................................................................................................10
24
10.3.2 CurbReturnorCornerRadii........................................................................................................ 1025
10.3.3 CurbRamps ................................................................................................................................. 1025
10.3.3.1 NumberofRamps ....................................................................................................................................1025
10.3.3.2 TypesofCurbRamps ...............................................................................................................................1025
10.3.3.3 TechnicalDetails ......................................................................................................................................1026
10.3.3.4 Drainage................................................................................................................................................... 1027
10.3.3.5 Obstructions.............................................................................................................................................1027
10.3.3.6 SolutionsforConstrainedConditions ......................................................................................................1027
10.3.4 LocatingPedestrianSignalCallButtons ...................................................................................... 1029
10.3.5 CurbExtensions........................................................................................................................... 1030
10.3.5.1 Purpose .................................................................................................................................................... 1030
10.3.5.2 Locations .................................................................................................................................................. 1030
10.3.5.3 Design ...................................................................................................................................................... 1031
10.3.6 CornerGeometryRetrofitGuidance ........................................................................................... 1032
10.4 BUSSTOPS............................................................................................................. 1033
10.4.1 BusStopSign ............................................................................................................................... 1033
10.4.2 BusStopClearZones ................................................................................................................... 1033
10.4.2.1 AccessibleFrontDoorZone .....................................................................................................................10 33
10.4.2.2 ThroughWalkZone..................................................................................................................................1033
10.4.2.3 BackDoorZone ........................................................................................................................................1035
10.4.3 Shelter/BenchZone ................................................................................................................... 1035
10.4.3.1 BusShelters..............................................................................................................................................1035
10.4.3.2 Benches....................................................................................................................................................1037
10.4.4 OtherStreetFurnitureandUtilities ............................................................................................ 1037
10.4.4.1
TrashReceptacles ....................................................................................................................................10
37
10.4.4.2 StreetLightsandUtilities ......................................................................................................................... 1037
10.4.4.3 OtherStreetFurniture .............................................................................................................................1037
10.4.5 SolutionsforExistingConstrainedConditions ............................................................................ 1039
10.5 STREETCROSSINGS .................................................................................................. 1040
10.5.1 LegalCrosswalkDefinition........................................................................................................... 1040
10.5.2 ElementsofSafe,AccessibleandConvenientCrossings ............................................................. 1040
10.5.2.1 FrequencyofCrossingOpportunities.......................................................................................................1040
10.5.2.2 PedestrianDelay ......................................................................................................................................1041
10.5.2.3 CrossingDistance .....................................................................................................................................1041
10.5.2.4 Visibility....................................................................................................................................................1041
10.5.2.5 ManagingVehicleSpeeds ........................................................................................................................1 041
10.5.3 CrosswalkMarkings..................................................................................................................... 1042
10.5.3.1 Purpose .................................................................................................................................................... 1042
10.5.3.2 Location ................................................................................................................................................... 1042
10.5.3.3 Design ...................................................................................................................................................... 1043
10.5.3.4 CrosswalkMaterials .................................................................................................................................1044
10.5.3.5 TexturedandColoredPavementCrosswalks...........................................................................................1045
10.5.3.6 AdvanceStopBarMarkingsandLocations ..............................................................................................1045
10.5.4 Signs............................................................................................................................................. 1045
10.5.4.1 StandardSigns..........................................................................................................................................1046
10.5.4.2 SupplementalSigns..................................................................................................................................1046
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
5/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
10.5.5 Signals.......................................................................................................................................... 104710.5.5.1 CycleLengths/PedestrianDelay ............................................................................................................. 1047
10.5.5.2 CrossingInterval/CrossingTime.............................................................................................................1047
10.5.5.3 CountdownTimers................................................................................................................................... 1047
10.5.5.4 PedestrianDetection/PushButtons.......................................................................................................1048
10.5.5.5 AccessiblePedestrianSignals...................................................................................................................1049
10.5.5.6 FlashingWarningBeaconsandHalfSignals .............................................................................................1049
10.5.5.7 LeadingPedestrian
Intervals....................................................................................................................10
50
10.5.6 PedestrianRefugeandMedianIslands ....................................................................................... 1050
10.5.6.1 CenterMedianIslands ............................................................................................................................. 1050
10.5.6.2 ChannelizedRightTurnLanes ..................................................................................................................10 51
10.5.7 Lighting ........................................................................................................................................ 1052
10.5.8 UniqueTypesofCrossings........................................................................................................... 1052
10.5.8.1 MidBlock ................................................................................................................................................. 1052
10.5.8.2 FreewayRamps........................................................................................................................................1053
10.5.8.3 CuldeSacs/Diverters/ClosedStreets ......................................................................................................1053
10.5.8.4 RaisedIntersectionsandRaisedCrossings...............................................................................................1053
10.5.8.5 Roundabouts............................................................................................................................................ 1054
10.5.8.6 GradeSeparatedCrossings...................................................................................................................... 1054
10.5.8.7 ProhibitedCrossings ................................................................................................................................1054
10.6 OTHERPEDESTRIANNETWORKS .................................................................................. 1054
10.6.1 SkywaySystem ............................................................................................................................ 1054
10.6.1.1 AppropriateLocations.............................................................................................................................. 1054
10.6.1.2 DesignandPlacement.............................................................................................................................. 1055
10.6.1.3 HoursofOperation ..................................................................................................................................1055
10.6.1.4 Wayfinding...............................................................................................................................................1056
10.6.2 NonMotorizedTrails,Bridges,UnderpassesandStairs ............................................................. 1056
10.6.2.1 NonMotorizedTrails ...............................................................................................................................1056
10.6.2.2 NonMotorizedBridges............................................................................................................................1056
10.6.2.3 NonMotorizedUnderpasses ...................................................................................................................1 056
10.6.2.4 Stairs ........................................................................................................................................................ 1057
10.7 WAYFINDING.......................................................................................................... 1057
10.7.1 Placementand
Orientation ......................................................................................................... 10
57
10.7.2 WayfindingDesign....................................................................................................................... 1058
10.7.3 WayfindingInfrastructureMaintenance..................................................................................... 1058
10.8 SITEPLANNING ....................................................................................................... 1058
10.8.1 BuildingFacade ........................................................................................................................... 1058
10.8.2 HumanscaleBuildingMassing,HeightandStepbacks.............................................................. 1058
10.8.3 BuildingSetback .......................................................................................................................... 1058
10.8.4 BuildingEntranceLocation.......................................................................................................... 1059
10.8.5 Walkways..................................................................................................................................... 1059
10.8.6 ParkingLots ................................................................................................................................. 1059
10.8.7 StormwaterRunoff...................................................................................................................... 1059
10.9 CLOSURES,SAFETY,ANDACCESSIBILITYINWORKZONES .................................................. 1059
10.10 REFERENCEPUBLICATIONS ......................................................................................... 1060
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
6/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
FIGURES
Figure101: PedestrianZone ...................................................................................................................................................... 105
Figure102: ThroughWalkZoneVerticalClearanceRequirements ...........................................................................................106
Figure103: SpecialtyZones ....................................................................................................................................................... 107
Figure104: MinimumAccessiblePassingZoneIntervals...........................................................................................................109
Figure105: ExampleofCurbExtensionatVerticalObstruction ..............................................................................................1010
Figure10
6:
Example
of
aBypass
at
Vertical
Obstruction ........................................................................................................ 10
10
Figure107: PedestrianZoneDimensionsbyStreetDesignType.............................................................................................1011
Figure108: RecommendedPlacementofUtilitiesandStreetFurnishingsinthePedestrianZone.........................................1012
Figure109: MaximumSurfaceDiscontinuities ........................................................................................................................ 1016
Figure1010: DecorativeSidewalkScoringandPaversinthePlanting/FurnishingZone ......................................................... 1016
Figure1011:StampedSidewalkDesign....................................................................................................................................1016
Figure1012: SidewalkCrossSlope ..........................................................................................................................................1017
Figure1013: SidewalkDrivewayandAlleyCrossings ..............................................................................................................10 18
Figure1014: BenefitsofAccessManagementforPedestrians................................................................................................1018
Figure1015: ParkingRampAccess/Egress...............................................................................................................................1019
Figure1016: WheelchairWheelStuckinFlangeway ............................................................................................................... 1019
Figure1017:Planting/FurnishingZoneacrossRailroadCrossing .............................................................................................1020
Figure1018: MinimumPedestrianZoneWidthonBridges.....................................................................................................1021
Figure1019: ExampleofPedestrianBarrierandPedestrianScaleLightingonBridge ............................................................1022
Figure10
20:
Conceptual
Bridge
Design...................................................................................................................................10
22
Figure1021: RelationshipbetweenCornerSpace,CornerRadius,andPedestrianZoneWidth.............................................1024
Figure1022: CurbRampComponents.....................................................................................................................................1026
Figure1023: CurbRampwithReturnedEdges ........................................................................................................................1027
Figure1024: CurbRampSolutionsforConstrainedConditions...............................................................................................1027
Figure1025: CurbRampTypes ................................................................................................................................................1028
Figure1026: PedestrianSignalCallButtonPlacement ............................................................................................................ 1029
Figure1027: SafetyBenefitsofCurbExtensions ..................................................................................................................... 1030
Figure1028: MidblockCurbExtension ....................................................................................................................................1031
Figure1029: CornerRadiusandCurbExtensionRetrofitExamples ........................................................................................10 32
Figure1030: BusStopClearZones...........................................................................................................................................1034
Figure1031: BusShelterPlacementOptions........................................................................................................................... 1036
Figure1032: BusBenchPlacementOptions ............................................................................................................................1038
Figure1033: PedestriansChanceofDeathifHitbyMotorVehicle........................................................................................1042
Figure10
34:
Visibility
of
Lateral
vs.
Longitudinal
Crosswalk
Markings....................................................................................10
44
Figure1035:StaggeredSpacingofLongitudinalCrosswalkMarkings ......................................................................................10 44
Figure1036: AdvancedStopBar..............................................................................................................................................1045
Figure1037: MMUTCDPedestriancrossingsign .....................................................................................................................10 46
Figure1038: RemovableInStreetPedestrianCrossingSign ...................................................................................................1047
Figure1039: PedestrianCountdownTimer .............................................................................................................................1048
Figure1040: PedestrianSignalCallButton..............................................................................................................................1049
Figure1041: AngledMedianRefugeIsland ............................................................................................................................. 1051
Figure1042: MedianRefugeIslandwithPedestrianAccess....................................................................................................1051
Figure1043: ProperDesignofChannelizedRightTurnLane...................................................................................................1052
Figure1044: RaisedIntersection .............................................................................................................................................1053
Figure1045: FutureSkywayExpansion ...................................................................................................................................1055
Figure1046: HighlyVisibleVerticalSkywayAccess .................................................................................................................10 55
Figure1047: UnderpasswithGoodSightLines .......................................................................................................................10 57
Figure10
48:
Examples
of
Well
Designed
Pedestrian
Facilities
in
Work
Zones........................................................................10
60
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
7/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
1
10 PedestrianFacilityDesign
10.0 INTRODUCTION10.0.1 PrinciplesforPedestrianFacilityDesignThe following principles are the basis for the guidance in this document and should guide any
improvementsormodificationstopedestrianfacilities.
Thepedestriansystemshouldbesafe. Streets,sidewalks,andwalkwaysshouldbedesignedtominimizeconflictswithmotorizedandnonmotorizedvehicletraffic,minimizetrippinghazards
andprotrudingobjects,andpromotearealityandperceptionofpersonalsafety.
Thepedestriansystemshouldbeaccessibletoall. Thepedestriansystemshouldbedesignedforallpedestrians,includingpeoplewithdisabilities,seniors,andyouth.
The pedestrian system should provide direct and convenient connections. The pedestriansystemshouldprovidecontinuousandwellconnectedsidewalksandwalkwaysandbedesigned
in
a
manner
that
is
responsive
to
pedestrians
desire
to
reach
their
destinations
using
the
shortest and quickest route. This should be achieved by providing minimal delays and direct
connectionswhileensuringsafetyforallusers.
The pedestrian system should provide comfortable places to walk. The pedestrian systemshould be designed and maintained to promote walking and include elements that create a
comfortablewalkingenvironment,suchastrees,pedestrianscaledstreetlighting,buffersfrom
traffic,trashreceptacles,placestosit,andapedestrianscaledenvironment.
The pedestrian system should enhance the public realm of the City. The pedestrian systemshouldbedesignednotonlytoserveatransportationfunction,butalsotoprovidepublicspaces
thatenhancecommunityinteraction,economicvitality,andtheimageoftheCity.
Pedestrian improvements should be costeffective and financially sustainable. Pedestrianimprovementsshouldbe designedand funded tomaximize the benefitsof the improvements
relativetothecosttobuildandtomaintaintheimprovements.
10.0.2 Background/PurposeTheintentofthePedestrianFacilityDesignGuide(Guide)istoestablishguidelinesbywhichtheCityof
Minneapoliswilldesigninfrastructureimprovementsandcarryoutpoliciesastheyrelatetopedestrian
facilities within City rightsofway. The Guide was developed as part of theMinneapolis Pedestrian
MasterPlanand is intendedtobeChapter10oftheCitysDesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
developed originally as part of the Access Minneapolis Ten Year Transportation Action Plan
(http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/publicworks/transplan/DesignGuidelines.asp).
TheGuide is intended tosupersedeorsupplement the followingsectionsoftheDesignGuidelinesfor
StreetsandSidewalksdated2/22/08asindicatedbelow:
Supersedesection5.1.3(PedestrianZone) Supersedesection5.4(PedestrianZone) Supersedesection5.8.5(Crosswalks) Supplementsection5.5(CurbExtensions)
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
8/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
2
Supplementsection5.7(Utilities) Supplementsection5.8.1(CurbReturnorCornerRadii) Supplementsection5.9.3(DesignofTransitShelter/BusStopAreaandLandingPads)
The Guide is structured to begin at a broad level, first discussing the overall pedestrian system, then
becomingmore
specific
as
it
addresses
sidewalk,
street
corner,
and
street
crossing
designs.
The
last
part
of the Guide presents elements of the pedestrian system that are not specific to street rightofway
design,suchasoffstreetpaths,wayfinding,andsiteplanning.
10.0.3 RelationshiptoAccessibilityStandardsThe AmericanswithDisabilities Act (ADA)of 1990 isa civil rightsstatute thatprohibits discrimination
against people with disabilities, and Title II of the ADA applies to the design and construction of
pedestrianfacilitiesinthepublicrightofway. ThecurrentADAdesignstandardiscontainedintheADA
AccessibilityGuidelines(ADAAG),whichwereprincipallydevelopedforbuildingsandsiteworkthatare
notdirectlyapplicabletosidewalks,streetcrossings,andrelatedpedestrianfacilitiesinthepublicright
ofway. TheUSAccessBoardhassincedevelopeddraftProposedRightsofWayAccessibilityGuidelines
(PROWAG)
1
that
provide
more
specific
guidance
for
the
design
of
pedestrian
facilities
in
the
public
right
ofway. ThePROWAGguidelinesareexpectedtobecomethenewADAstandardandsupersedeADAAG
once they are adopted by the US Department of Justice and Department of Transportation. In the
interim,theFederalHighwayAdministrationhas identifiedthePROWAGguidelinesasthecurrentbest
practice.2
This Guide includes much of theguidance from the draft PROWAG guidelines. Thepedestrianaccess
route,asdefinedinPROWAGguidelines,isdefinedastheThroughWalkZoneinthePedestrianDesign
Guide. The Guide is not intended to replace design standards, and design standards will need to be
updatedtoreflectthePROWAGguidanceoncethePROWAGbecomesthenewADAstandard.
10.0.4 RelationshiptoRoadwayDesignGuidelinesThe
design
of
facilities
for
motor
vehicles
has
adirect
impact
on
the
design
of
pedestrian
facilities
in
a
givenstreetcorridor.Pedestriansafety,accessibility,mobility,andcomfortareenhancedby:
Slowertrafficspeeds Fewertrafficlanes Narrowertrafficlanes Shorterstreetcrossings Clearvisibilitybetweenpedestriansandvehiclesatintersections Abufferfromtrafficprovidedbywidersidewalks,curbsidebikelanesandonstreetparking
Tighter
corner
radii
Space inthesidewalkcorridor for trees,planted boulevards, transitshelters,andotherstreetfurniture
1November23,2005draftPROWAG: http://www.accessboard.gov/prowac/draft.htm
2January2006FHWAMemorandum: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bikeped/prwaa.htm
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
9/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
3
However,pedestrianneedsareoftencompromisedbycompetingdemands for rightofwayspace for
vehicle movement, transit stops, loading zones, and onstreet parking and other curbside uses. The
following sections of the Design Guidelines for Streets and Sidewalks provide guidance regarding
roadwaydesignswhilealsoconsideringpedestrianneeds:
Section 2: Framework for Urban Street Design includes a street design typology andassociated
maximum
number
of
desired
through
lanes
for
different
street
types.
Following
theseguidelineswillhelpachieveabetterbalanceamongthevarioustransportationmodes.
Section3:TheDesignProcess includesguidanceondeterminingmodalneedsandpriorities,forecastingtrafficvolumesandoptionsforintersectiontreatmentsandtrafficmanagement.
Section 4: Design Controls addresses the appropriate design speed and design vehicle fordifferentstreettypes,whichhasadirect impactonspeed,roadwaywidth,andcornerdesign,
whichinturnimpactspedestriansafetyandcomfort.
Section5.3: DesignGuidanceforLaneWidths addressesappropriatelanewidthsfordifferentstreettypes,trafficvolumes,andmodalpriorities,allofwhichmustbebalancedwithpedestrian
needs.
Section 5.8: Design Guidance for Intersections addresses curb return radii, right turn lanesand bike lanes at intersections. Intersections are high risk areas for pedestrians and shall be
designedwithpedestrianneedsinmind.
In addition, the design of streets for bicyclists has benefits for pedestrians. Onstreet bicycle lanes
encourage bicyclists to ride in the streets, thereby reducing potential bicyclepedestrian conflicts on
sidewalks.Curbsidebicyclelanesalsohelptobufferpedestriansfrommotorvehicletraffic. Chapter11
oftheDesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalksaddressesbikewaydesign.
10.1 PEDESTRIANNETWORKSidewalks are fundamental pedestrian facilities. Sidewalks enable pedestrians to access properties,
parks,
transit,
businesses
and
employment.
They
also
provide
safety
from
traffic.
A
high
level
of
connectivity is necessary for an efficient pedestrian network. While Minneapolis has an extensive
pedestriannetworkwithsidewalksonover90%ofstreets,gapsremaininsomelocations.
10.1.1 NewSidewalkConstructionGaps within the current network should be completed as part of public and private construction
improvements.Sidewalksareparticularlyimportantalongnonlocalstreetswherehighertrafficvolumes
are likely, where there are existing cowpaths, and where there are gaps in otherwise contiguous
sidewalks.
10.1.1.1 NewStreetConstructionAll
new
street
construction
should
include
sidewalks
on
both
sides,
including
private
streets.
10.1.1.2 ReconstructionandRenovationofExistingStreetsReconstructionandrenovationofexistingstreetsshouldincludeconstructionofsidewalksonbothsides
wheresidewalksdonotexist.
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
10/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
4
10.1.1.3 InfillDevelopmentInfill development should include construction of a continuous sidewalk system adjacent to the
development and connecting to the existing sidewalk system. This may require sidewalk construction
beyondthepropertyfrontageoronanadjacentblock.
10.1.1.4 ExceptionsGenerally,sidewalksareneededonbothsidesofallstreets.Streetsthatmayrequiresidewalksononly
onesideofthestreetinclude:
Astreetadjacenttoafreewaywithnontransportationlandusesononlyoneside. Astreetwithseveretopographicconstraintsormaturelandscaping.Theseare locationswhere
the provision of a sidewalk would result in building large retaining walls or removing mature
trees.
In all cases, streets with sidewalks on one side of the street shall have safe street crossings to allow
pedestrians to access the sidewalks on the continuous side of the street. Culdesacs and diverted
streetsshouldmaintainsidewalkconnections.
10.1.2 StreetandWalkwayGridThe Minneapolis historic street grid provides a high level of connectivity for walking trips. However,
therearesomegaps inthestreetgridsystem,suchasthosecreatedbyhistoricrailroaddevelopment,
freeway construction, big box retail, and megastructures. These gaps increase walking distances and
reducetheconvenienceofwalking.
10.1.2.1 StreetVacationsTheconnectivityofcurrentandfuturepedestriannetworksshouldbemaintainedorimprovedinevery
streetandrightofwayvacationrequest. Otherwise,streetvacationsmayresultinlargeblocksizesand
increasedtraveldistances,whichareparticularlyproblematicforwalking.
10.1.2.2 NewStreetsSidewalks are to be provided along all new streets to improve connectivity and facilitate pedestrian
oriented development. New streets are particularly effective when designed to typical Minneapolis
blockdimensions,orsmaller.
10.1.2.3 WalkwaysandTrailsWhere blocksare longer than typical blocks in the surrounding area, creationof offstreetpedestrian
walkwaysormultiusebicycleandpedestriantrailsthroughtheblock,providing logicalconnectionsto
othersidewalksanddestinations,isencouragedandshouldbeprovidedwherefeasible.
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
11/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
5
10.2 PEDESTRIANZONEDESIGNThepedestrianzonethespacebetweenthecurbandtheproperty lineplaysan importantrole in
providing: safe and efficient movement of pedestrians of all abilities and disabilities; access to
properties, onstreet parking, and transit; necessary space for above ground street utilities, traffic
control,
trees
and
street
furniture;
and
space
for
sidewalk
cafs,
street
vendors
and
other
active
uses.
10.2.1 PedestrianZoneOrganizationThepedestrianzoneshouldbeorganizedintofourdistinctsubzonesthatmaintainanaccessiblewalking
path and organize the placement of elements. The four subzones are the Curb Zone, the
Planting/FurnishingZone,theThroughWalkZone,andtheFrontageZone(seeFigure101).
The following guidelines are intended for use in street reconstruction or largescale redevelopment
projects when it is feasible to alter curb lines; considerations for constrained conditions on existing
narrowsidewalkcorridorsareaddressedinsection10.2.4. Considerationsforbridgesareaddressedin
section10.2.9,andconsiderationsfortransitstopsareaddressedinsection10.4.
Figure101: PedestrianZone
CommercialContext ResidentialContext
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
12/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
6
10.2.1.1 FrontageZoneUse:TheFrontageZoneisthespaceattheedgeofthewalkwayadjacenttothepropertyline.Itreflects
thevarying levelofactivityassociatedwithproperty frontageand iswiderwherepeopleare likely to
windowshoporactivitiessuchassidewalkcafesareallowed.Italsoreflectsthetendencyofpeopleto
shyawayfromwallsabovewaistheight.TheFrontageZonemayalsobeusedasasecondaryareafor
plantings,street
furniture
and
social
activities.
Width:1.5feetrecommendedminimum,1.0footacceptableminimum(seeFigure107).
SpecialConsiderations: Peopletendtoshyawayfromabuilding,wall,fence,stepsorrailingbyatleast
1 foot. In constrained conditions away from major pedestrian generators or where there are wide
building setbacks, this distance may be decreased. In activity centers and neighborhood commercial
nodes, this width should be increased to allow for caf tables, seating, benches, planting, and other
amenities,aswellashighervolumesofretailrelatedpedestrianactivity.
10.2.1.2 ThroughWalkZoneUse:TheThroughWalkZonecontainsthebasicsidewalkwidthorclearareaforpedestriantravelandis
sizedto
provide
for
two
directions
of
pedestrian
travel.
The
Through
Walk
Zone
should
have
asafe
and
accessiblewalkingsurfaceandbefreeofverticalobstructionsandprotrudingobjects.
Width:6.0feetrecommendedminimum,5.0feetacceptableminimum(seeFigure107).
Specialconsiderations:
5feetisthenecessarywidthfortwowheelchairstopasseachother. 6feetisthenecessarywidthfortwowheelchairsortwopeoplepushingstrollerstowalksideby
sidecomfortably.
If 5 feet is used, the Frontage Zone should be clear of steps, fencing, and railings that mayimpedepedestrianmovement.
Fordowntownandactivitycenters,thepreferredwidthmayneedtobegreaterthan6feet. Wall orpostmountedobjectsplacedbetween27and80inchesabovethewalkingsurfacemay
not extend more than 4 inches horizontally to prevent hazards for people with vision
impairments(seeFigure102).
ThroughWalkZonesurfacesshouldbedesignedasexplainedinsection10.2.7SidewalkSurfaceDesign.
Figure102: ThroughWalkZoneVerticalClearanceRequirements
Source:DesigningSidewalksandTrailsforAccess,PartII,FHWA,2001.
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
13/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
7
10.2.1.3 Planting/FurnishingZoneUse:ThePlanting/FurnishingZonecontainstrees,signs,street lights,utilityboxes,plantedboulevards,
landscaping,planters,busshelters,bicycleparkingandotherfurniture.
Width:5.5feetormore,dependingonstreettype(seeFigure107).
SpecialConsiderations:
The Planting/Furnishing Zone may be extended into the parking lane by the use of curbextensionstoprovideadditionalspacefortrees,pedestrianramps,busshelters,bicycleparking,
waitingareas,streetfurniture,orotherneeds.Seesection10.3.5formoreinformationoncurb
extensions.
Bussheltershavesignificantspacerequirements;seesection10.4formoredetailedguidance. Treesbenefit fromasmuchspaceaspossible,asdescribed inChapter9.Theminimumwidth
requiredfortreeplantingis4feet;yetthisisnotdesirableforlongtermtreehealthandvitality.
Inconstrainedconditions,structuralsoilsorotherapprovedstructuralapproachcanbeusedto
expandtheplantingzoneunderneaththeThroughWalkZone.
Fordowntownandactivitycenters,thepreferredwidthmayneedtobegreater. SeeChapter9oftheDesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalksforadditionalstreettreeandboulevardguidelines.
10.2.1.4 CurbZoneUse:TheCurbZoneiscomprisedofthetopofcurbadjacenttothesidewalk. Thecurbisusedprimarily
fordrainageandtodiscouragemotoristsfromdrivingontothePedestrianZone.
Width: Aminimumof0.5feet,thewidthofthetopofthecurb,willbehardsurface.
Specialconsideration: ThetopofcurbinMinneapolisistypically6incheswidefromfaceofcurb,made
of concrete, and is integrally poured with the gutter. The top of curb is flush with the adjacent use.
Fatbackcurbs
used
in
downtown
and
along
parkways
are
typically
1.0
feet
wide
from
the
face
of
the
curb.
10.2.2 SpecialtyZonesInadditiontothefourprimarysubzoneswithinthePedestrianZone,therearethreeadditionalspecialty
subzonesthatoverlapthePedestrianZone,asshowninFigure103: theClearCornerZone,theCorner
PublicUseZone,andtheBusStopZone.
Figure103: SpecialtyZones
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
14/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
8
10.2.2.1 ClearCornerZoneUse: The Clear Corner Zone is an obstructionfree space between the curb and the lines created by
extending the inside sidewalk line to the curb face. Priority use of the Clear Corner Zone shall be for
accessiblecurbrampsandpedestriancallbuttonsatactuatedsignals. Allotherusesshouldbeplaced
outsideoftheClearCornerZoneintheCornerPublicUseZoneorPlanting/FurnishingZone.
Size:
Sizevaries,
measured
by
the
extension
of
the
inside
edge
of
the
sidewalk
to
the
face
of
curb
SpecialConsiderations:
There are many existing conditions with vertical elements such as signal poles, street lights,utility poles, and fire hydrants in the Clear Corner Zone. As streets and sidewalks are
reconstructed,utilitiesandtrafficcontrolequipmentcurrently locatedwithintheClearCorner
ZoneshouldberelocatedtotheCornerPublicUseZone.
Surfacelevelelementssuchasmanholecovers,utilityvaultcoversorsignalhandholesshouldbekeptoutoftheClearCornerZonetothegreatestextentpossible. Ifsurfacelevelelements
mustremainintheClearCornerZone,theymustaccommodatetwoaccessiblecurbramps.
In narrow Pedestrian Zone corridors, it may be necessary to extend the Clear Corner Zonearoundthecornerbeyondtheextensionoftheinsidesidewalklinestotheendofradiusinordertofittwoaccessiblecurbramps.
InresidentialareaswithawidePedestrianZone,particularlythosewithatightcornerradius,itmaybepossibletoplantaboulevardgardeninthecornerbetweencurbrampsandstillfittwo
accessiblecurbramps.
10.2.2.2 CornerPublicUseZoneUse: TheCornerPublicUseZoneistheportionofthePlanting/FurnishingZoneimmediatelyadjacentto
theClearCornerZonedesignatedforpublicutilitiesandtrafficcontroldevices, includingfirehydrants,
traffic signals, street lights, and service cabinets. This space may not be used for street furniture or
privatetemporary
uses
such
as
sidewalk
cafes,
newspaper
vending
machines,
or
street
vendors.
Size: Sizevaries,dependinguponthesizeandnumberofpublicuses
SpecialConsiderations:
ServicecabinetsshouldbeplacedintheCornerPublicUseZoneoppositebusstops,inordertomaintainasclearaBusStopZoneaspossible.
Atbusstops, itmaybenecessarytoplaceatrashreceptacle intheCornerPublicUseZone inordertomaintainclearaccesstothefrontandbackdoorsofthebusandinordertoservicethe
trashreceptacleautomaticallybyatruck. (Seesection10.4.4.1)
10.2.2.3 BusStopZoneThe Bus Stop Zone is the area behind the curb which provides access to buses, waiting space and
facilities forbuspassengers,aswellasthroughwalkaccess. TheBusStopZone isdescribed inmore
detailinsection10.4.
10.2.3 PedestrianZoneWidthbyStreetDesignTypeThe recommendedandminimumpedestrianzone dimensionsvarybystreet type,asshown inFigure
107.Onallstreettypes,theminimumacceptablepedestrianzonewidthforstreetreconstructionis12
feet. In general, street types that will have high pedestrian traffic, such as activity centers,
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
15/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
9
neighborhood commercial nodes, and commercial and community corridors should have wider
pedestrianzones.SeeSection2.2formore informationonstreettypes. Recommendedandminimum
pedestrian zone dimensions for bridges are addressed in section 10.2.9 and for transit stops are
addressedinsection10.4.
10.2.4 SolutionsforExistingConstrainedConditionsTheacceptableminimumwidthinastreetreconstructionprojectforthepedestrianzoneis12feetfrom
face of curb to property line. However, throughout the city many existing pedestrian zones are
narrower,rangingfrom8 feetto10 feetwideand insomecircumstancesevenasnarrowas56feet.
When there are opportunities to reconstruct these constrained pedestrian zones, such as with street
reconstruction projects or major redevelopment opportunities, these pedestrian zones should be
widenedtothedimensionsshowninSection10.2.1andFigure107.
Where existing pedestrian zone widths are less than 12 feet wide, and street reconstruction is not
planned, thepedestrianzonewidthandplacementofelementsshouldmeet the followingcriteria (in
orderofpriority):
1. ProvideanaccessibleThroughWalkZoneofatleast5feetcontinuousor4feetcontinuouswitha5x5foot
passing
zone
every
200
feet
(see
Figure
10
4).
2. Accommodateexpectedlevelsofpedestrianactivity.3. Providenecessarybufferingbetweentheactiveareaofthesidewalkandadjacenttrafficlanes.4. Integrate trees,street furniture,andotherdesiredelements into the rightofwayoradjacent
properties,asfeasible.
Figure104: MinimumAccessiblePassingZoneIntervals
Source:DesigningSidewalksandTrailsforAccess,PartII,FHWA,2001.
Potentialretrofitsolutionsforconstrainedconditionsinclude(inorderofpriority):
1. CurbExtensions Inconstrainedconditions,curbextensionscanbeusedtocreateadditionalspace for street trees, street furniture, transit stops at corners or midblock or to create a
bypassaroundanobstructionasshowninFigure105. Seesectionforadditionalinformation.
2. RelocateObstacles ObstructionsintheThroughWalkZonemaybemoved.Assituationsallow,thiscanbeachievedbyrelocatingutilities,movingsigns,etc.
3. Create a Bypass around Obstructions When obstacles cannot be relocated or removed, abypassaroundobstructionscouldbecreated,asshowninFigure106.
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
16/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
10
Figure105: ExampleofCurbExtensionatVerticalObstruction
Source:AccessiblePublicRightsofWay: PlanningandDesigningforAlterations,ITE,July2007
Figure10
6:
Example
of
aBypass
at
Vertical
Obstruction
Source:AccessiblePublicRightsofWay: PlanningandDesigningforAlterations,ITE,July2007
Narrow,curbattachedsidewalksthatarelessthan8feetwidepresentsignificantchallenges,including:
Insufficientspacefortherequiredlandingpadforaccessiblebusstops(seesection10.4). Insufficientspaceforbusshelters. Need for special design of driveway sidewalk crossings in order to maintain an accessible
sidewalk.
Difficultconditionsforpropersnowclearance,duetolackofplanting/furnishingzoneforsnowstorage.
Need to place utility poles and other physical obstructions closer to the roadway than isrecommendedinordertomaintainarequired4footThroughWalkZone(withapassingspace5x5feetevery200feet).
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
17/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
11
Figure107: PedestrianZoneDimensionsbyStreetDesignType
CommercialorMixedUseLandUse
ActivityCenterStreetTypewith
HighPedestrianPriority*
Minimum
Width
Curb Planting/
Furnishing
Through
Walk
Frontage Total
Recommended 0.5 8.5 8.0 3.0 20.0
Acceptable 0.5 7.0 6.0 1.5 15.0
AllNonLocalStreetTypes
Minimum
Width
Curb Planting/
Furnishing
Through
Walk
Frontage Total
Recommended 0.5 7.0 6.0 1.5 15.0
Acceptable 0.5 5.5 5.0 1.0 12.0
ResidentialLandUse
AllNonLocalStreetTypes
Minimum
Width
Curb Planting/
Furnishing
Through
Walk
Frontage Total
Recommended 0.5 7.0 6.0 1.5 15.0
Acceptable 0.5 5.5 5.0 1.0 12.0
LocalStreet
Minimum
Width
Curb Planting/
Furnishing
Through
Walk
Frontage Total
Recommended 0.5 6.5 6.0 1.0 14.0
Acceptable 0.5 5.5 5.0 1.0** 12.0
Note: Recommended and minimum pedestrian zone dimensions for bridges are addressed in section 10.2.9 and for transit
stopsareaddressedinsection10.4. Seesection2.2formoreinformationaboutstreetdesigntypes.
* ActivityCenterStreetTypewithHighPedestrianPriorityaretypicallystreetssuchasNicolletMallorHennepinAvenuein
downtownorotheractivitycentersthatareprioritypedestriancorridors.
**Whena12.0PedestrianZoneisusedonlocalstreettypes,itisdesirablethatboththeThroughWalkZoneandtheFrontage
Zonebeconstructedofconcretetoprovidea6.0widesidewalk.
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
18/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
12
10.2.5 PlacementofElementsinthePedestrianZoneTherearemanyelementsthattypicallyneedtobeplacedinthePedestrianZone,includingutilitypoles,
utility cabinets, traffic control, trees/landscaping, and street furnishings. These elements need to be
organizedinamannerthatensurespedestrianaccessibility,accommodatesthefunctionalrequirements
forutilitiesand trafficcontrol,promotessafetyandvisibility,andmakes themostefficientuseof the
publicright
of
way
for
the
many
competing
needs
within
the
Pedestrian
Zone.
Guidance
on
the
placement of various elements within the Pedestrian Zone is shown in Figure 108. Underground
utilitiesshouldbeplacedinthestreet,withtheexceptionofelectricalconduitandirrigation.
Figure108: RecommendedPlacementofUtilitiesandStreetFurnishingsinthePedestrianZone
Primary
Zones SpecialtyZones
Bus
Stop
Element
R=recommendedplacement
A=acceptableplacementin
constrainedconditions
Pla
nting/Furnishing
ThroughWalk
Fro
ntage
PrivateProperty
Cle
arCorner
CornerPublicUse
Fro
ntDoor
BackDoor
Notes
AreawayCovers/Grates A A A R A A Seesection10.2.7re:surfacedesign.
Benches R A R SeesectionSeesection10.4re:busstops.
BicycleLockers/Shelters R R
BicycleRacks R A R Seechapter11re: bicyclefacilitydesign.
BusShelters R A R Seesection10.4re:busstops.
BusStopSigns R R 18fromfaceofcurbtoedgeofsign. Seesection
10.4re:busstops.
FencesandRailings R
FireHydrants R R 18fromfaceofcurbtoedgeofhydrant. 5ftclear
zonerecommended.
LRTCatenaryPoles R R
MailBoxes R A A
NewspaperBoxes
&
Corrals
R
R
R
See
City
Ordinance
Title
17,
Ch
464.
ParkingMeters R 18fromfaceofcurbtoedgeofmeter.
PedestrianSignalPushButtons A R Seesection10.3.4re:pushbuttondesign.
PublicArt R R
SandwichSignBoards R R R
SignalControlBoxes R A R Placementbeyondthecurbreturnwithsightlines
tosignalsformaintenance. Maintainsafeautoand
pedestriansightlines.
SignalPoles R R 2.5fromfaceofcurbtocenterlineofpole.
StreetlightServiceCabinet R A R Placementbeyond thecurbreturn. Maintainsafe
autoandpedestriansightlines.
StreetLights R R 2 from back of curb to centerline of pole. See
section7.
StreetSigns R
SurfaceCovers
(Manholes,
UtilityVaults,SignalHandHoles)
R
A
A
A
R
A
A
Seesection
10.2.7
re:
surface
design.
TreesandLandscaping R A R Seechapter9.
TrafficSigns R R 18fromfaceofcurbtoedgeofsign.
TrashReceptacles R A R A Placement depends upon collection method. See
section10.4.4.1.
UtilityPoles R A A R FrontageZoneorAlleyROWwhenutility linesare
runningperpendiculartotheroadway
WayfindingKiosks R A A
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
19/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
13
10.2.6 EncroachmentsandActiveUsesofthePedestrianZoneActiveusesofthepedestrianzonesuchassidewalkcafesandstreetvendorscansubstantiallyimprove
thewalkingenvironment;however,itisnecessarytobalancetheirplacementwiththeneedtomaintain
theThrough WalkZone,aswellasaccess tootherPedestrianZoneelements,suchasparkingmeters
and bus stops.Similarly,other private elements placed in the PedestrianZone mustbe appropriately
placed.This
balance
is
achieved
by
requiring
permits,
which
allow
private
activities
in
the
public
right
of
way, ensure health and safety standards, and provide the City with a process to review and regulate
encroachments.SeeMinneapolisCityCodeofOrdinances,Title5BuildingCode,Chapter95Projections
andEncroachments.
10.2.6.1 Stairs/Ramps/DoorsImpactstothepedestrianrightofwayfromprivateentrywaysshouldbelimitedtotheFrontageZone.
Onemethodtomitigatethepotentialimpactsfromnewdevelopmentisbyrecessingentryways.During
sidewalk reconstruction, the new sidewalk, while following ADA standards, should be constructed to
avoidconflictbetweenopeningdoorsandthesidewalksurface.Stairways,includingrailings,shouldbe
designedastonotextendintotheThroughWalkZone.
10.2.6.2 CommercialSignsCommercialsignsextendingoverpublicrightofwayshouldbehungsothatthere isat least8feetof
clearanceabovethesidewalk.Signsshouldnotextendmorethan6inchesfromtheexteriorwall.Signs
projectingoverpublicalleysshouldallow15feetofclearanceabovethealley.
Sandwich boards should be placed in the Planting/Furnishing Zone or Frontage Zone to avoid
encroachingupontheThroughWalkZone.
SeeMinneapolisCityCodeofOrdinances,Title5BuildingCode,Chapter109SignsandBillboards and
Title20ZoningCode,Chapter543OnPremiseSigns,Chapter544OffPremiseAdvertisingandBillboards,
andChapter95ProjectionsandEncroachments..
10.2.6.3 SidewalkCafesTheCitysSidewalkCafregulationsrequirethatsidewalkcafesbedesignedandoperatedasfollows:
Forsidewalks12 feetornarrower: Aminimumof4feetofclear,unobstructedThroughWalkZone must be maintained between all obstructions and the edge of sidewalk cafs when the
existingsidewalkis12feetorless.TheThroughWalkZonemustwidento6feetforaminimum
of 6 feet every 30 feet to provide ample room for two or more wheelchairs, strollers, or
pedestrianstopass.Whentwoneighboringcafesfallwithinthe30footzone,bothwillequally
sharethe6footzone.
For sidewalkswider than12 feet: Aminimumof 6 feet ofclear, unobstructedThrough WalkZonemustbemaintainedbetweenallobstructionsandtheedgeofsidewalkcafs.
Tablesandheatingelementsmustbealignedasstraightaspossible. Cafes must be in a physically delineated area, either marked by structural devices such as
plantersorstanchionsorwithpaintedmarkingsonthesidewalk.
Waitstaffarenotallowedtoblockthepedestrianwalkwaywhentakingordeliveryorders. Sidewalk cafes may not be located within 10 feet of a designated bus stop, taxi stand, traffic
signal,crosswalk,pedestriancurbcutoractiveloadingzone.
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
20/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
14
A minimum vertical height of 66 must be maintained between the sidewalk and the lowestedgeoftableumbrellasorawningsiftheumbrellaorawningextendsovertheedgeofthecaf
boundary.
Inadditiontothesestandards,thefollowingguidelinesarerecommended:
TheThroughWalkZonewidthsrecommendedinsection10.2.1andFigure107arewiderthanthe
existing
sidewalk
caf
regulations.
These
wider
widths
should
be
used
when
possible,
particularlyinactivitycentersandotherlocationswithhighpedestrianactivity.
AstraightandcontinuousThroughWalkZonefromoneendoftheblocktotheothershouldbemaintainedtothegreatestextentpossible.
Fencingaroundsidewalkcafesshouldbe incompliancewithPROWAGguidelines(R302.4)andMUTCDstandards.Fencesshouldbecontinuous,stableandrigid.Acontinuousedgeshouldbe
provided no more than 6 inches from the ground, and an upper rail should be provided at a
minimumof3feetabovetheground.Supportmembersshouldnotprotrude intotheThrough
WalkZone.
Theplacementofsidewalkcafesmustbemanaged. Sidewalkcafesaremobileobjectsandmayencroach
upon
the
Through
Walk
Zone
ifnot
properly
managed.
The
Citys
Regulatory
Services
Departmentenforcesthesidewalkcafordinance.
SeeMinneapolisCityCodeofOrdinances,Title13LicensesandBusinessRegulations,Chapter265.Special
PermitsforSpecificBusinessesandUses,ArticleVIISidewalkCafes.
10.2.6.4 StreetVendorsStreetvendors,suchasthoseonNicolletMalladdtothelivelinessofthestreet.Streetvendorsshould
be allowed in activity centers, neighborhood commercial nodes, and community and commercial
corridors wherever the width of the Pedestrian Zone allows. Vending should take place in the
Planting/FurnishingZoneandnotencroachupon theThroughWalkZone. Aminimumof four feetof
clearunobstructed
pedestrian
Through
Walk
Zone
must
be
provided
around
street
vendor
stands,
and
the recommended widths recommended in section 10.2.1 and Figure 107 should be used when
possible,particularlyinactivitycenters.
SeeMinneapolis City Code of Ordinances, Title 13 Licenses and Business Regulations, Chapter 323
PeddlersandChapter331SidewalkFlowerCartVendors.
10.2.7 SidewalkSurfaceDesignThe Through Walk Zone should provide asafe and accessible surface for walking, rolling wheelchairs,
andpeopleusingwalkers,crutchesandwalkingcanes.Sidewalksshouldbe level, firm,stableandslip
resistantandavoidexcessivevibrationsforwheelchairusers.
10.2.7.1 MaterialandSurfaceFinishThe standard sidewalk material in Minneapolis is concrete pavement. This material is used on the
majorityofsidewalks inMinneapolis,andtypicalsidewalkpanelsizesareapproximately6x6feet. In
some cases, however, it may be desirable to enhance the streetscape by using enhanced paving
materialssuchasscoredsidewalks,pavers,coloredconcrete,stoneorotherapprovedpavingmaterial.
Enhancedpavingmaterialsoftenhavemorefrequentlyspacedjointsthatcancreateuncomfortableor
painfulvibrationsforwheelchairusers ifpaversarenotproperlyconstructedormaintained. PROWAG
advises:
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
21/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
15
Surfaces with individual units laid out of plane and those that are heavily textured, rough, or
chamfered, will greatly increase rolling resistance and will subject pedestrians who use
wheelchairs,scooters,androllingwalkerstothestressful(andoftenpainful)effectsofvibration.
It ishighlydesirabletominimizesurfacediscontinuities;whendiscontinuitiesonthepedestrian
accessrouteareunavoidable,theyshouldbewidelyseparated.(PROWAGR301.5)
Therefore, when selecting a design and material for sidewalk surfaces, the following must be
considered:
Surface Discontinuities Surface discontinuities may not exceed inch maximum (openingsshouldnotpermitthepassageofainchsphere),andverticaldiscontinuitiesbetweenand
inchmaximummustbebeveledat1:2minimum(PROWAGR301.5),asshowninFigure109.
Mn/DOT Construction Specifications Mn/DOT standard specifications require that jointsbetween panels be formed with a inch rounding tool and that sidewalk surfaces be
constructedwithamaximum3/16inchvariationinsurfaceovera10footplane.
Panel/Paver Size The more frequentlyspaced thejoints between paver units or sidewalkpanels,themoreopportunitiesthereare forexcessivesurfacediscontinuitiestobepresentat
the timeofconstructionor todevelopover time. Largerpanelsizesgenerallyensureamore
comfortable and accessible surface for all pedestrians. Smaller decorative pavers that addarchitecturaldetailmaybeplacedattheedgesoftheThroughWalkZone,therebyminimizing
potentialexcessivevibrationsforwheelchairusers,whilealsoimprovingtheaestheticdesignas
showninFigure1010.
Material Material must be slipresistant and durable and resistant to chipping, breakage,deterioration,orcorrosionresulting fromsnowremovalequipmentandsolvents. Somestone
paversaremoreslipperyinwetoricyconditionsthanconcrete.
Cost Special paving materials generally have higher initial costs, as well as longtermmaintenancecosts.
DecorativeScoringConcretesidewalksmaybeenhancedwithadecorativedesignbyscoringsmaller
panel
sizes
and
finishing
the
edge
of
each
panel
with
a
smooth
border
instead
of
a
continuousbroomfinish(seeFigure1010). Decorativescoringmustbecarefullyconstructedto
minimizethesurfacediscontinuitiesnotonlybetweenscoredsidewalkpanels,butalsobetween
thesmoothedborderandbroomfinishwithineachpanel.
StampedandEtchedDesignsConcretesidewalksmayalsobestampedoretchedwithdesigns,as shown in Figure 1011. As with decorative scoring, stamped and etched designs must be
carefully designed and constructed to minimize surface discontinuities. Stamped and etched
designsaretypicallyplacedononlyafewsidewalkspanelsperblock,whichhelpstominimize
surfacediscontinuities.
See Special Provisionsfor the Construction of Concrete Sidewalks, Curb andGutter,Alleys andDrive
Approachesfor
design
standards.
SeealsoSection10.5.3.5TexturedandColoredPavementCrosswalks.
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
22/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
16
Figure109: MaximumSurfaceDiscontinuities
Source:NvDOTFieldGuideforAccessiblePublicRightsofWay
Figure1010: DecorativeSidewalkScoringandPaversinthePlanting/FurnishingZone
Location: MarquetteAvenueS
Figure1011:StampedSidewalkDesign
Location: FranklinAvenue
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
23/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
17
10.2.7.2 SidewalkGradeandCrossSlopeSidewalk runninggrade should be no greater than 5%unless thepublic sidewalk is followinga public
street with a running grade greater than 5%. Sidewalks should slope towards the curb to allow for
stormwaterdrainage.ThecrossslopeontheThroughWalkZoneshouldbenogreaterthan2%.
To achieve an acceptable crossslope in locations with exceptional topographic conditions, the
Planting/FurnishingZone
and
Frontage
Zone
may
have
asteeper
cross
slope
as
long
as
the
2%
cross
slopeismaintainedfortheminimumThroughWalkZonewidth,asshowninFigure1012. Allowenough
spacefortheopeningofparkedcardoors.Theexceptiontothisdesignisattransitstops,whichrequire
alevelloadingarea(seesection10.4.2.1).
See Special Provisionsfor the Construction of Concrete Sidewalks, Curb andGutter,Alleys andDrive
ApproachesformoreCitystandards.
Figure1012: SidewalkCrossSlope
Source:SantaBarbaraPedestrianMasterPlan
10.2.7.3 GratesAreaway ventilation grates, tree grates, and other types of grates which serve as a walkable surface
withinthe
Pedestrian
Zone
should
be
designed
as
follows:
Openingsshouldnotallowthepassageofainchsphere;and Openings should be oriented so that the long dimension is perpendicular or diagonal to the
dominantdirectionoftravel.
10.2.8 Driveway,Alley,&RailroadCrossingsofSidewalksDrivewayandalleyentrancesandrailroadcrossingsexposepedestrianstopotentialhazards.
10.2.8.1 DrivewaysandAlleys SidewalkWidthandGrade Thewidthandgradeof theThroughWalkZoneshouldcontinue
acrossdriveways
and
alleys
as
shown
in
Figure
10
13,
consistent
with
the
recommended
widths
insection10.2.1.2(6feetrecommended,5feetacceptable). DrivewaysovertheThroughWalk
Zone of sidewalks may not exceed a 2 percent cross slope. The ramp portion of a driveway
entrance should be located within the Curb and Planting/Furnishing Zone wherever possible.
ThegradeofdrivewayentrancesintheCurbandPlanting/FurnishingZonemaynotexceeda12
percentgrade.Inexistingconstrainedconditions,theThroughWalkZonewidthmaybereduced
to 4 feet, and the sidewalk may bejogged back, as shown in Figure 1013. The slope of
drivewaysforthefirst20behindthepublicrightofwayshouldnotexceed4percent.
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
24/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
18
Figure1013: SidewalkDrivewayandAlleyCrossings
DESIRABLE:ThroughWalkZone
maintainedacrossdriveway.
ACCEPTABLE: Joggedsidewalk.
NotethatMinneapolisstandardcurb
designusesreturned,notflarededges,as
showninthisimage.
UNACCEPTABLE: Drivewaycuts
throughtheThroughWalkZone
creatingaccessibilityproblems.
Source:DesigningSidewalksandTrailsforAccess,FHWA.
Access Management Driveway entrances to buildings should be consolidated wheneverpossibletoreducethefrequencyofcurbcutsonanygivenblockface.Lessfrequentspacingwill
minimize vehicle conflicts with pedestrians on sidewalks as shown in Figure 1014 and will
providemorespaceforstreetfurniture,streettrees,andlighting,aswellasstreetparking.
Figure1014: BenefitsofAccessManagementforPedestrians
Source:GuideforthePlanning,Design,andOperationofPedestrianFacilities,AASHTO.
DrivewayandAlleyWidth Drivewayandalleywidthsshouldbeminimizedtoreduceentrancespeeds,maximize landscapingopportunities,andreducepedestrianexposureatvehicleaccess
points.Drivewayswidths are regulated byChapter541,OffStreetParkingandLoading in the
zoningcode
and
vary
by
zoning
district;
the
minimum
driveway
width
is
typically
12
feet,
and
themaximumdrivewaywidth istypically25feet. Newalleysshouldbeaminimumof14feet
unlesstheyarereconstructinganexistingcondition,wheretheycanbeaminimumof12feet
wide.
DrivewayLocation Drivewaysshouldbelocatedawayfromintersectionsinordertominimizeconflictswithpedestriansatcornersand incrosswalks.Drivewaysshouldbeaminimumof30
feet clear of the intersection of two major streets and a minimum of 20 feet from all other
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
25/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
19
intersections. Driveways are discouraged for residential properties with access to an alley,
exceptoncornerlots,wherethedrivewaycurbcutcanbelocatedfromthesideyard.
ParkingRampandVehicularBuildingAccess/EgressAccesstoandegressfromparkingrampsshouldbedesignedperpendicular tothestreet inasinglecurbcut,asshown inFigure1015.
Thisdesignpromotesgoodvisibilitybetweenpedestriansandvehiclesandminimizespotential
conflict
points
between
pedestriansand
vehicles.
In
large
developments,
it
is
recommended
thatvehicularcurbcutsbelocatedmidblockandbelimitedtoonecurbcutperblockface.
Figure1015: ParkingRampAccess/Egress
Source: DownEast/NorthLoopMasterPlan
OtherConsiderations Parkedcarsshouldnotblockthesidewalkcrossingdriveways.See Special Provisionsfor the Construction of Concrete Sidewalks, Curb andGutter,Alleys andDrive
Approachesformoreinformation.
10.2.8.2
At
Grade
Railroad
Crossings
When not properly designed, rail crossings can be barriers to wheelchairs, strollers, carts, and other
wheeleditemsusedbypedestrians,asshowninFigure1016,andcanencouragepedestrianstowalkin
thestreetacrossrailroadtracks. ThereareseveralexistingrailroadcrossingsinMinneapolisthathave
concretesidewalksonbothsideofthetracks,butballastedtrackorcrumblingasphaltacrossthetracks.
Figure1016: WheelchairWheelStuckinFlangeway
Source:RailReflectionsMagazine,Issue18,TransportationSafetyBoardofCanada.
Wheresidewalksareneededonbothsidesofarailroadcrossing,acontinuoussidewalkwithafirmand
stablesurfacemustbeprovided. It isalsorecommendedthatthePlanting/FurnishingZonebecarried
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
26/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
20
across the railroad crossing to separate the street crossing from the pedestrian crossing and prevent
vehiclesfromdrivingonthesidewalk,asshown inFigure1017;this isparticularly importantatmulti
trackrailroadcrossingswherecrossingsarelong.
Figure1017:Planting/FurnishingZoneacrossRailroadCrossing
Location: 11th
AvenueNE;Source: GoogleStreetview
Openings for wheel flanges at pedestrian crossings of railroad tracks should be designed to prevent
wheelchair wheels from becoming stuck in the tracks. Additional guidance on rail crossing design is
availableinthePROWAG.
10.2.9 SidewalksonBridgesBridgesprovidepedestrianswithconnectionsacrossmajorbarriers,suchasrivers,freeways,railroads,
and creeks. Because bridges are expensive to construct and maintain, they aremuch less frequently
spacedthantherestofthestreetandsidewalknetwork. Bridgesareessentialconnectionsinareaswith
otherwise poor pedestrian connectivity and must be designed to provide safe, comfortable and
appealingpedestrianconnections.
Bridgescanpresentparticularchallenges inprovidingapedestrianzone that isadequatelysized,safe
and
attractive
for
pedestrians.
Many
bridges
in
Minneapolis
have
been
built
with
minimal
sidewalkspace(typically58feet),andsomehavesidewalksononlyoneside. Bridgesoftenhavewidevehicle
lanes and a wide shoulder, typically matching the width of approaching streets. Unlike on street
approaches to bridges where onstreet parking helps to buffer pedestrians from traffic and provide
some side friction to slow vehicle speeds, pedestrians are unprotected from fast moving vehicles. In
addition,bridgesdonothavethebenefitofadjacentlanduses,whichprovideeyesonthestreetand
lightingtoprovidepedestrianswithasenseofpersonalsecurity.
10.2.9.1 PedestrianZoneOrganizationandWidthsPedestrianfacilitiesonbridgeshavethesameorganizationandfunctionalneedsforthepedestrianzone
asdopedestrianfacilitiesonstreets(seesection10.2.1). Theorganizationandwidthofthepedestrian
zone
on
bridges
is
as
follows:
Curb/FurnishingsZoneTheCurbandPlanting/FurnishingZonesarecombinedonbridges. ThiszoneprovidesabufferbetweentheroadwayandtheThroughWalkZone,spacefortemporary
snowstorageonbridges,andspaceforsignage. Italsoprovidesacurbtodiscouragevehicles
fromdrivingontothesidewalk. Becausemostbridgesdonothaveonstreetparkingtobuffer
pedestriansfrommovingtraffic, it isessentialthatthiszoneprovidesufficientwidthtobuffer
pedestrians frommovingtraffic. Thewidthof thiszoneshouldbeaminimumof2 feetwide.
Onlongerbridges,whichtypicallyhavehighervehicleoperatingspeeds,thiszonemayneedto
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
27/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
21
bewiderorabarrierrailprovided. Additionalwidthwillalsoberequired ifseasonalplantings
and/orstreetfurnishingsaredesiredonthebridge.
ThroughWalkZoneThiszoneprovidesanaccessibleclearwalkingspace forpedestrians,aswellasbicyclistswhoprefertorideonsidewalks.3 AsshowninFigure1018,therecommended
ThroughWalkZoneonbridgesis8feetonnonlocalstreettypesand6feetonlocalstreettypes.
(Seesection
2.2
for
more
information
on
street
design
types.)
Bridges
that
connect
to
multi
use
trails often serve bicyclists who do not feel comfortable riding in onstreet bike lanes. If the
bridge connects to amultiuse trail, as domany of the Mississippi River bridges, the Through
WalkZoneshouldbeaminimumof10feetwide.
FrontageZoneThiszonereflectsthetendencyofpeopletoshyawayfromtheprecipiceofabridge. Itshouldbeaminimumof2feetwide.
It should be noted that the necessary width for snow clearance equipment on bridge sidewalks is
typically89feet.
Figure1018: MinimumPedestrianZoneWidthonBridges
TypeofBridge Curb/Furnishing
Zone
ThroughWalk
Zone
Frontage
Zone
Total
Width
BridgeonLocalStreetDesignType 2 6 2 10
BridgeonNonLocalStreetDesignTypes 2 8 2 12
BridgeConnectingtoMultiUseTrail 2 10 2 14
Seesection2.2formoreinformationonstreetdesigntypes.
10.2.9.2 LightingBridges do not have the benefit of light coming from adjacent land uses such as store fronts and
residences. In addition to lighting for vehicle movement, all bridges with pedestrian facilities should
have pedestrianscaled lighting to provide a safe pathway. Lighting may be placed in the
Planting/Furnishing Zone if appropriate Through Walk Zone widths and space for snow clearance
equipmentcanbemaintained,oritmaybeincorporatedintobridgerailings/fencing. Lightingplacedon
the
inside
of
the
sidewalk,
as
shown
in
Figure
1019,
instead
of
the
outside
railing,
helps
define
the
separationbetweenroadwayandpedestrianfacilities.
10.2.9.3 BarriersfromTrafficLongerbridges thatpromotehighervehiclespeedsandbridgesalongarterial routesshouldprovidea
barrier from traffic to give pedestrians a sense of enclosure and safety. The Federal Highway
Administration recommends a railing or barrier measuring at least 42 inches in height for roads with
heavytrafficorhighspeeds,althoughMn/DOTallowsbarriersof36inches,seeFigure1019.Thebarrier
styleschosenshouldmatchthesiteandcontextofthebridge.
10.2.9.4 RailingsThe
outside
railings
on
bridges
should
be
well
designed
to
provide
an
appealing
pedestrian
environment,asshown inFigure1019. Useofchainlink fence onbridges isnot recommended. On
bridgeswherebicyclesmay legally rideon thesidewalk (allsidewalks outside business districts),a 54
inchhighrailingshouldbeusedtoprotectbicyclistsfromfallingovertheedgeofthebridge.
3Bicyclistsarepermittedsidewalkusersoutsideofbusinessdistrictsunderstatestatute.
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
28/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
22
Figure1019: ExampleofPedestrianBarrierandPedestrianScaleLightingonBridge
Location: LakeStreetbridgeovertheMississippiRiver
10.2.9.5 VisibilityPedestrian facilitiesonbridgesmustbedesignedtoprovideadequatesight linesbetweenpedestrians
andvehicles
at
intersections
at
the
ends
of
bridges.
High
fencing
and
overgrown
vegetation
should
be
avoided.
10.2.9.6 RetrofittingpedestrianimprovementsonbridgesManyexistingbridgesinMinneapolishavenarrowsidewalksandashoulderlanethatisthesamewidth
astheparking laneontheapproachingstreet. Inmostcircumstances,parkingisrestrictedonbridges,
soaparkinglaneisnotneeded,butashoulderfordisabledvehiclesisusuallyrequired.4 Theshoulder
maytypicallybe6feetwideoneithersideofthebridge,whichalsoprovidesspaceforabike lane; it
does notneed to be the full width of a typical parking lane. This provides anopportunity to retrofit
many bridges to widen sidewalks and narrow the vehicle shoulder within the existing bridge width.
Wheretheapproachingstreetoneithersideofthebridgehasaparking lane,curbextensionsmaybe
constructed
to
match
the
curb
line
of
the
street
with
the
curb
line
of
the
bridge,
as
shown
in
Figure
1020.
Figure1020: ConceptualBridgeDesign
Source: I35WAccessProject
4Theremaybesomecircumstancesonveryshortbridgeswhereashoulderfordisabledvehiclesisnotneeded.
-
8/8/2019 Chapter 10 Pedestrian Facility Design 3170
29/67
DesignGuidelinesforStreetsandSidewalks
Ch10PedestrianFacilityDesign October26,2009
Page
10
23
10.2.10 SidewalksunderBridgesPedestrianfacilitiesunderbridgesareoftenunappealingpedestrianenvironmentsduetopoorlighting,
blockedsightlines,narrowsidewalks,andbridgepierdesignthatcreatelocationsforpeopletohide. In
addition,underbridgeenvironmentsdonothavethebenefitofadjacent landusesthatprovideeyes
on the street. Real and perceived personal security is significant concern in under bridge
environments.
The principles of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) should be applied to the
designofpedestrianfacilitiesunderbridges,andthecreationofentrapmentorhabitationareasshould
be avoided. Pedestrian