Chapter 11:Chapter 11:Between the WarsBetween the Wars

Fascism, Communism, Fascism, Communism, Dictators & the Road to Dictators & the Road to

WWIIWWII

IMAGESIMAGES Capturing an Era Capturing an Era

MussoliniMussolini

Il DuceIl Duce

Mussolini’s GoalsMussolini’s Goals

Rome Berlin AxisRome Berlin AxisHitler and MussoliniHitler and Mussolini

HitlerHitlerMy StruggleMy Struggle

Hitler’s Hitler’s HateHate

Der Führer (Leader)Der Führer (Leader)

HitlerHitler

http://www.oldhistoricnewspapers.com/hitler.jpg

Emperor HirohitoEmperor Hirohito

Alliance with Japan and Alliance with Japan and ItalyItaly

JapanJapan

World History Studies B.8.5-1

They almost ruled the They almost ruled the world…world…

STALINSTALIN

World History Studies B.8.5-1

Stalin as Leader of all Stalin as Leader of all PeoplePeople

Stalin… killed 40 million of Stalin… killed 40 million of his own people…his own people…

Genocide in Ukraine 1932-33

1919-1939… Between the 1919-1939… Between the WarsWars

Contents of this LessonContents of this Lesson Rise of HitlerRise of Hitler Nazi Germany: The Nazi Germany: The

Terror StateTerror State Nazi PropagandaNazi Propaganda

StalinStalin The Secret PoliceThe Secret Police Nazi-Soviet PactNazi-Soviet Pact Hitler, Stalin… The Hitler, Stalin… The

U.S. U.S.

Hitler's Rise to PowerHitler's Rise to Power

http://hsgm.free.fr/liens/hitler.jpg

OverviewOverview

The Nazi Party was The Nazi Party was formed in 1919formed in 1919

Hitler joined the Hitler joined the party shortly after it’s party shortly after it’s inceptioninception

Germany was in a Germany was in a state of disarray after state of disarray after the First World Warthe First World War

There were many There were many extremist groups in extremist groups in Germany at the timeGermany at the time

World History Studies B.8.5-1

1919-19231919-1923 Many Germans were disillusioned after the defeat in the First Many Germans were disillusioned after the defeat in the First

World war. Ex-soldiers felt that they had been ‘Stabbed in World war. Ex-soldiers felt that they had been ‘Stabbed in the back’ and felt that they had not been defeated on the the back’ and felt that they had not been defeated on the battlefield. Many of them joined Right Wing groups such as battlefield. Many of them joined Right Wing groups such as the Freikorps or the Nazi party.the Freikorps or the Nazi party.

1919-19231919-1923

Economic hardship Economic hardship was coupled with was coupled with humiliation as a humiliation as a result of the terms result of the terms of the Treaty of of the Treaty of Versailles. Right Versailles. Right Wing groups Wing groups gained popularity gained popularity by saying that they by saying that they would not adhere would not adhere to it’s terms.to it’s terms.

Rosa Rosa LuxemburgLuxemburg

The Spartacist The Spartacist rising, amongst rising, amongst others, led to many others, led to many people fearing a people fearing a Communist Communist revolution in revolution in Germany. People Germany. People looked to right Wing looked to right Wing groups to act against groups to act against this: the Freikorps in this: the Freikorps in particular.particular.

Polish-born German communist. She helped found the Polish Social Democratic Party in the 1890s, the forerunner of the Polish Communist Party. She was a leader of the left wing of the German Social Democratic Party from 1898 where she collaborated with Karl Liebknecht in founding the Spartacus League in 1918 (see Spartacist). Imprisoned during World War I for opposing the continuation of the war, she was also critical of the decision to launch an uprising in November 1918. She disagreed with leading Polish left-wing ideologists on the issue of Polish nationalism. Luxemburg was also the author of a Marxist critique of capitalist imperialism, The Accumulation of Capital. She was murdered, together with Liebknecht, in January 1919 by the Frei Corps who put down

the Spartacist uprising.

How did the Nazi party gain support in How did the Nazi party gain support in this period?this period?

Military uniforms demonstrated strength Military uniforms demonstrated strength at a time when the government was weakat a time when the government was weak

Use of force against communists and Use of force against communists and Trade unionists was popular with Trade unionists was popular with businessesbusinesses

Populist policies and rhetoric were Populist policies and rhetoric were employed to discredit opponents and employed to discredit opponents and develop support.develop support.

References to traditional values and References to traditional values and reminders of ‘Who was to blame’ for the reminders of ‘Who was to blame’ for the economic crisis builds support.economic crisis builds support.

1923: Violent uprising1923: Violent uprising By 1923 the Nazi party had By 1923 the Nazi party had

gained much support in gained much support in Bavaria. Now firmly under Bavaria. Now firmly under the control of Adolf Hitler the control of Adolf Hitler the group attempts to seize the group attempts to seize control of the government control of the government through use of force.through use of force.

Despite having many Despite having many sympathisers the coup fails sympathisers the coup fails and Hitler is imprisoned.and Hitler is imprisoned.

The failure of the Beer Hall The failure of the Beer Hall Putsch demonstrates that Putsch demonstrates that power needs to be taken power needs to be taken through legal means. through legal means. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/beer_hall_putsch_of_1923.htm

RegroupingRegrouping

Whilst in prison Hitler Whilst in prison Hitler analyses the parties strategyanalyses the parties strategy

Political Strategies are Political Strategies are developed and refineddeveloped and refined

Shift to winning electoral Shift to winning electoral support support

Development of propaganda Development of propaganda toolstools

Attempts to win support of Attempts to win support of big businessbig business

1924-19291924-1929

Focus on traditional Focus on traditional valuesvalues

Builds fear of Left Builds fear of Left Wing groupsWing groups

Continued use of Continued use of military imagerymilitary imagery

Lack of electoral Lack of electoral support due to support due to relative prosperity in relative prosperity in Germany at the timeGermany at the time

1929-1932 A Change in 1929-1932 A Change in FortunesFortunes Wall Street Crash leads Wall Street Crash leads

to end of effective to end of effective financial assistance financial assistance from USAfrom USA

Unemployment rises Unemployment rises rapidlyrapidly

Hyperinflation recursHyperinflation recurs Threat of Communism Threat of Communism

increasesincreases Coalition government Coalition government

fails to address fails to address problems successfullyproblems successfully

DEATH OFPRESIDENT

HINDENBURG

HITLERBECAMECHANCELLOR THE

REICHSTAGFIRE

THEENABLING

ACT

THE NIGHTOF THELONG

KNIVES

OATH OFLOYALTY

TOHITLER

FUHRER

January 1933

The depression after the Wall Street Crash made many more people vote for the Nazis. In 1933 Von Papen convinced Hindenburg that Hitler should become Chancellor.

February 1933

The Reichstag building burnt down.

A communist was found inside the building. He admitted responsibility.

Chancellor Hitler was able to convince people that the Communists were trying to take power by terrorism.

He was able to have the Communists banned from the Reichstag.

THE REICHSTAG FIRETHE REICHSTAG FIRE

March 1933

HITLER CANRULE ALONEFOR FOUR

YEARS. THEREIS NO NEED TOCONSULT THEREICHSTAG.

With the Communists banned from the Reichstag Hitler was able to pass:

THE ENABLING ACTTHE ENABLING ACT

The Night of the Long The Night of the Long KnivesKnives

Hitler had to get rid of Hitler had to get rid of Roehm. He was too Roehm. He was too much of a threat.much of a threat.

On the night of 30On the night of 30thth June 1934 Hitler’s S.S. June 1934 Hitler’s S.S. killed over 1000 SA killed over 1000 SA members including members including Roehm.Roehm.

The army were The army were pleased. pleased.

Hitler had gained the Hitler had gained the support of the army.support of the army.

June 1934

August 1934

PRESIDENT HINDENBURG’SDEATH GAVE HITLER THEOPPORTUNITY TO COMBINETHE ROLE OF CHANCELLORAND PRESIDENT. HE CALLED

HIMSELF ‘DER FUHRER’.

HINDENBURG DIESHINDENBURG DIES

Oath of Loyalty: Every soldier swore a personal oath of loyalty to ADOLF HITLER.

August 1934

"I swear by God this sacred oath that I shall render "I swear by God this sacred oath that I shall render unconditional obedience to Adolf Hitler, the Führer of unconditional obedience to Adolf Hitler, the Führer of the German Reich, supreme commander of the armed the German Reich, supreme commander of the armed forces, and that I shall at all times be prepared, as a forces, and that I shall at all times be prepared, as a brave soldier, to give my life for this oath."brave soldier, to give my life for this oath."

Nazi GermanyNazi GermanyKeeping Control:Keeping Control:

Terror StateTerror State

This section adapted from Mr RJ Huggins

www.SchoolHistory.co.uk

Key QuoteKey Quote

““Terror is the best Terror is the best political weapon political weapon for nothing drives for nothing drives people harder than people harder than a fear of sudden a fear of sudden death.”death.”

How did Hitler keep control of How did Hitler keep control of Germany?Germany?

Keeping Control of Germany

Everyone was scared of being arrested by the

Gestapo and being put in a concentration camp.

Hitler Youth & the Young Maidens.

Propaganda

Mass Rallies, Posters and Propaganda films.

The Nazis controlled and censored the radio

& newspapers.

School children were indoctrinated with Nazi

ideas at school.

The Terror State

Secret police called the Gestapo would spy on and arrest enemies of

the state.

SS were responsible for running the

concentration camps.

Popularity

Creating Jobs

Ripping up the Treaty of Versailles.

The Terror StateThe Terror State

Both the Gestapo Both the Gestapo and the SS were and the SS were run by Heinrich run by Heinrich Himmler.Himmler.

The Gestapo The Gestapo employed an army employed an army of spies who would of spies who would inform on people.inform on people.

Enemies of the StateEnemies of the State

CommunistsCommunists Social DemocratsSocial Democrats JewsJews Trade Unionists.Trade Unionists. Work ShyWork Shy HomosexualsHomosexuals GypsiesGypsies

Germans who Germans who bought from Jewsbought from Jews

PacifistsPacifists Radical Christian Radical Christian

OrganisationOrganisation Anyone who Anyone who

criticised Hitler or criticised Hitler or the Nazi Party.the Nazi Party.

Enemies of the StateEnemies of the State

A list of German A list of German women who were women who were still purchasing still purchasing goods from Jewish goods from Jewish shops.shops.

Printed to scare or Printed to scare or terrorise other terrorise other people into not people into not buying from the buying from the Jews.Jews.

How did the Terror State How did the Terror State Work?Work?

Gestapo Spies inform on you

You are woken up by the Gestapo at 1 am in the morning and told

that you have 5 minutes to pack your bags.

You are arrested and thrown into a cell at the police

station

Days or maybe weeks later you are

interviewed and asked to sign form

D11

By signing this form you are giving your

consent to be put into a concentration camp.

You are handed over to the SS who

run the concentration

camps.

You are imprisoned for up to six months doing hard physical

labour.

When you are released you tell

everybody what has happened to you

Fear

How did the Terror State How did the Terror State Work?Work?

Everyone knew Everyone knew someone who knew someone who knew someone else who had someone else who had been in a been in a concentration camp.concentration camp.

800,000 Germans 800,000 Germans were imprisoned from were imprisoned from 1933 – 1945 as 1933 – 1945 as ‘Enemies of the ‘Enemies of the State.’ State.’

500,000 were 500,000 were executed by being executed by being shot in the neck.shot in the neck.

Key Quote: Martin Key Quote: Martin Niemollen, 1945Niemollen, 1945

When the Nazis came for the Communists When the Nazis came for the Communists I was silent, I was not a Communist.I was silent, I was not a Communist.

When the Nazis came for the Social When the Nazis came for the Social Democrats I was silent, I was not a Democrats I was silent, I was not a Social Democrat.Social Democrat.

When the Nazis came for the Jews I was When the Nazis came for the Jews I was silent, I was not a Jew.silent, I was not a Jew.

When the Nazis came for me there was When the Nazis came for me there was nobody left to protest.nobody left to protest.

Nazi Propaganda

Adapted from Mr Moorhouse

www.SchoolHistory.co.uk

Nazi PropagandaNazi Propaganda What is propaganda?What is propaganda? Propaganda is the use Propaganda is the use

of the Media to of the Media to aggressively promote aggressively promote one point of view.one point of view.

Propaganda is Propaganda is ‘brainwashing’ of the ‘brainwashing’ of the public, convincing public, convincing them of an ideological them of an ideological viewpoint.viewpoint.

PropagandaPropaganda

Discussion PointDiscussion Point- Do governments - Do governments

and/or the media and/or the media use propaganda use propaganda today? How?today? How?

Nazi PropagandaNazi Propaganda

The Nazi’s quickly The Nazi’s quickly recognised the value of recognised the value of the media. From the early the media. From the early days of the party they days of the party they used aggressive used aggressive advertising to promote advertising to promote the nazi ideologythe nazi ideology

Goebbels was in charge of Goebbels was in charge of ‘enlightening’ the German ‘enlightening’ the German publicpublic

Nazi Nazi Propaganda: Propaganda:

MethodsMethods

PostersPosters RadioRadio FilmFilm NewspapersNewspapers

"Germany's Victory is Europe's Freedom."

PostersPosters Posters are cheap and Posters are cheap and

easy to distributeeasy to distribute Placed in prominent Placed in prominent

positions they act as a positions they act as a constant reminder of constant reminder of ideologyideology

Can be used for many Can be used for many purposespurposes

“Youth serves the Fuhrer. All ten-year-olds join the Hitler Youth." www.historywiz.org/ nazi-mm.htm

Examples of Nazi Posters

"All girls join us" Poster From the Nazi Anti-Semitic Hate Film, The Eternal Jew

RadioRadio

Hitler’s SpeechesHitler’s Speeches

Hitler is considered to have been one of the greatest public speakers of all time.

Film

Film was used to show Hitler in a positive light as often as possible.

The Nazi’s commissioned several films, each carefully portraying a certain image – try to think what this may have been…

http://www.third-reich-books.com/third-reich-nazi-films-movies.htm

NewspapersNewspapers

Censoring newspapers ensures that only Censoring newspapers ensures that only the news you want people to read is the news you want people to read is available to the publicavailable to the public

Nazi party members wrote many articles Nazi party members wrote many articles for the press, ensuring that the message for the press, ensuring that the message was always positivewas always positive

Many publications were bannedMany publications were banned

Page from Julius Streicher's antisemitic newspaper, "Der Stürmer," in which an illustration from a medieval book depicting ritual murder, a medieval antisemitic myth, is reproduced. This page was submitted as evidence at the Nuremberg trials.

http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/arts/ARTPROP.HTM

STALINSTALIN

Stalin’s Rise to PowerStalin’s Rise to Power

Death of LeninDeath of Lenin

Potential Potential SuccessorsSuccessors

The Question of The Question of the Economythe Economy

Stalin’s ManeuversStalin’s Maneuvers

Industrializing the Soviet Industrializing the Soviet UnionUnion

The End of the The End of the NEPNEP

DekulakizationDekulakization

5-Year Plans5-Year Plans

Rapid Rapid IndustrializationIndustrialization

The Great PurgeThe Great Purge

Assassination of Assassination of Sergei KirovSergei Kirov

Threat to the PartyThreat to the Party

Show TrialsShow Trials

Purges Purges uncontesteduncontested

Why Did Stalin Win The Why Did Stalin Win The Struggle For Power?Struggle For Power?

The Communist Party in the The Communist Party in the 1920’s, Stalin’s Rise to Power 1920’s, Stalin’s Rise to Power and the Defeat of His Rivals.and the Defeat of His Rivals.

The Communist Party in the The Communist Party in the Early 1920’s – What Factors Early 1920’s – What Factors

Influenced the Power Influenced the Power Struggle?Struggle?

When Lenin died he left no clear successor to When Lenin died he left no clear successor to lead the Communist Party.lead the Communist Party.

Lenin’s Testament criticised all the leading Lenin’s Testament criticised all the leading candidates e.g. he described Stalin as ‘not being candidates e.g. he described Stalin as ‘not being able to use power with sufficient caution’ and able to use power with sufficient caution’ and Trotsky for ‘excessive self assurance’.Trotsky for ‘excessive self assurance’.

A group of leaders emerged; a ‘collective A group of leaders emerged; a ‘collective leadership’.leadership’.

By 1929 one of these leaders, Stalin had become By 1929 one of these leaders, Stalin had become a dominant force.a dominant force.

His success was the result of a power struggle.His success was the result of a power struggle.

Factor 1: The Ban on Factor 1: The Ban on Factionalism.Factionalism.

In 1921 a resolution was passed In 1921 a resolution was passed banning all groups within the party banning all groups within the party from putting forward ideas that from putting forward ideas that disagreed with the official party disagreed with the official party policy.policy.

Those who showed a tolerance to Those who showed a tolerance to factionalism could be expelled from factionalism could be expelled from the party.the party.

Factor 1: The Ban on Factor 1: The Ban on Factionalism.Factionalism.

Consequences:Consequences: This ban caused a lack of debate This ban caused a lack of debate

within the party.within the party. It also resulted in many expulsions: It also resulted in many expulsions:

during the power struggles of the during the power struggles of the 1920s those who succeeded in 1920s those who succeeded in getting their ideas accepted were getting their ideas accepted were quick to accuse their opponents of quick to accuse their opponents of factionalism.factionalism.

Factor 2: A Centralised Factor 2: A Centralised Party Machine.Party Machine.

Traditionally Communists did not Traditionally Communists did not believe in bureaucracy. However, believe in bureaucracy. However, dealing with the complexities of dealing with the complexities of government forced the party into government forced the party into becoming more centralised.becoming more centralised.

The party decided to have a General The party decided to have a General Secretary to organise matters. Secretary to organise matters.

Who do you think got this job???Who do you think got this job???

Factor 2: A centralised Factor 2: A centralised Party machine.Party machine.

Consequences:Consequences: This position and the growing This position and the growing

centralisation of the party put Stalin centralisation of the party put Stalin in a unique position to influence job in a unique position to influence job appointments.appointments.

Factor 3: The growth in Factor 3: The growth in Party membership.Party membership.

By 1933 there were 3 and a half By 1933 there were 3 and a half million members. million members.

Many members were young, Many members were young, inexperienced and uneducated.inexperienced and uneducated.

Factor 3: The growth in Factor 3: The growth in Party membership.Party membership.

Consequences:Consequences: These were “malleable recruits”. These were “malleable recruits”.

They were much more likely to obey They were much more likely to obey instructions than some older party instructions than some older party members.members.

Factor 4: No one clear Factor 4: No one clear Leader.Leader.

StalinStalin TrotskyTrotsky ZinovievZinoviev KamenevKamenev BukharinBukharin

Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky Trotsky was the man most Trotsky was the man most

feared by the other senior feared by the other senior members. members.

BUT…..BUT….. Trotsky refused to compete Trotsky refused to compete

for leadership. He was absent for leadership. He was absent at Lenin’s funeral saying that at Lenin’s funeral saying that Stalin had told him the wrong Stalin had told him the wrong date (hummmm). In reality he date (hummmm). In reality he seems to have lacked the seems to have lacked the political will to fight.political will to fight.

This left the door open This left the door open for…….for…….

Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky

Trotsky was exiled Trotsky was exiled to Turkey. 1 to Turkey. 1 down…..3 to go.down…..3 to go.

Stalin played the Stalin played the other members of other members of the politburo off the politburo off against each other against each other until they lost their until they lost their government posts.government posts.

http://www.okay.com/dunc/gulag.htm

Trotsky on his Deathbed

Stalin’s Victory.Stalin’s Victory.

Stalin’s victory Stalin’s victory was not inevitable, was not inevitable, nor was it a result nor was it a result of his political of his political skills alone.skills alone.

Stalin’s VictoryStalin’s Victory The centralised nature of the party made it The centralised nature of the party made it

relatively easy to control. This had begun under relatively easy to control. This had begun under Lenin.Lenin.

The opposition to factionalism established by The opposition to factionalism established by Lenin led other leading members to their Lenin led other leading members to their political death as they were seen to not be political death as they were seen to not be towing the party line.towing the party line.

Poorly educated new party members were easy Poorly educated new party members were easy to dominate.to dominate.

Stalin’s own political skills aided his rise. By Stalin’s own political skills aided his rise. By shifting allegiances, using the secret police and shifting allegiances, using the secret police and putting his people in key jobs there was no putting his people in key jobs there was no opposition for him to encounter.opposition for him to encounter.

The Stalinist PurgesThe Stalinist Purges

Followed the First Five Year Plan and Followed the First Five Year Plan and the famines and social upheaval of 1931-the famines and social upheaval of 1931-3232

Fears of renewed civil warFears of renewed civil war Opposition to Stalin increasedOpposition to Stalin increased

Trotsky called for change from abroadTrotsky called for change from abroad Internal opposition groups called for Stalin’s Internal opposition groups called for Stalin’s

removal from belowremoval from below Stalin’s wife publicly criticized him and Stalin’s wife publicly criticized him and

committed suicidecommitted suicide

Solzhenitsyn: "Any adult Solzhenitsyn: "Any adult inhabitant of this country, inhabitant of this country, from a collective farmer up from a collective farmer up to a member of the to a member of the Politburo, always knew Politburo, always knew that it would take only one that it would take only one careless word or gesture careless word or gesture and he would fly off and he would fly off irrevocably into the abyss." irrevocably into the abyss." ((The Gulag ArchipelagoThe Gulag Archipelago, , vol. 2, p. 633.) vol. 2, p. 633.)

STALIN’S TERRORSTALIN’S TERROR

Factors That Created the Factors That Created the PurgesPurges

StalinStalin Role and functionRole and function Leadership and powerLeadership and power

PartyParty Development and structureDevelopment and structure

IdeologyIdeology Values and languageValues and language

OppositionsOppositions Leftist Opposition of 1927Leftist Opposition of 1927 Rightist Opposition of 1930Rightist Opposition of 1930

Stalin’s RiseStalin’s Rise Why had Stalin risen to the top?Why had Stalin risen to the top? Distinct and invaluableDistinct and invaluable

Practitioner, not a theoristPractitioner, not a theorist Common man, not an elitistCommon man, not an elitist Plain spoken, not an intellectualPlain spoken, not an intellectual

CounterweightCounterweight

Lenin leaned on him to do Lenin leaned on him to do the work others would notthe work others would not Stalin balanced the Stalin balanced the

competing egos and competing egos and interests in the Politburointerests in the Politburo

Perceived as man of Perceived as man of moderation, compromise, moderation, compromise, and level-headednessand level-headedness

Dedicated, ruthless, brutal Dedicated, ruthless, brutal if necessaryif necessary

Stalin’s PositionStalin’s Position Organizer and workhorseOrganizer and workhorse

Commissar for NationalitiesCommissar for Nationalities Member of Politburo, Orgburo, Secretariat Member of Politburo, Orgburo, Secretariat

(all subsets of the Central Committee) and (all subsets of the Central Committee) and the party Control Commissionthe party Control Commission

Controlled party membership and local Controlled party membership and local electionselections

Minimized criticisms of Central Committee Minimized criticisms of Central Committee by closely structuring attendance at party by closely structuring attendance at party congressescongresses

Lenin’s Last YearsLenin’s Last Years Given more “unwanted” jobsGiven more “unwanted” jobs

Enforced political isolation on Lenin after Enforced political isolation on Lenin after his stroke on doctor’s (and the Politburo’s) his stroke on doctor’s (and the Politburo’s) ordersorders

Positions opened opportunities, but also Positions opened opportunities, but also carried dangerscarried dangers

The others in the leadership thought he The others in the leadership thought he would trip up and they could dispose of himwould trip up and they could dispose of him

Stalin’s self-imageStalin’s self-image IndispensableIndispensable Beset by opponentsBeset by opponents

Stalin in the 1930sStalin in the 1930s

The leader, but not absoluteThe leader, but not absolute Had to exist in a system of conflicting Had to exist in a system of conflicting

groups and interestsgroups and interests Dependent upon, but also powerful over, Dependent upon, but also powerful over,

the personnel of the partythe personnel of the party The The nomenklaturanomenklatura (party political elites) (party political elites)

Moscow had accumulated much centralized Moscow had accumulated much centralized powerpower

Stalin had not really created the system but Stalin had not really created the system but he was its chief representative and patronhe was its chief representative and patron

Party and SocietyParty and Society

Party’s control insecure in countrysideParty’s control insecure in countryside Had been ‘lesser of two evils’ in 1921Had been ‘lesser of two evils’ in 1921 Intense rural opposition to collectivizationIntense rural opposition to collectivization

Party’s responses had been massive Party’s responses had been massive recruitment drivesrecruitment drives ‘‘Lenin Levy’ of 1924 brought in 200,000 Lenin Levy’ of 1924 brought in 200,000

members, mainly ill-educated, Russian-members, mainly ill-educated, Russian-ethnic, industrial workersethnic, industrial workers

Membership reached about 2 million, mostly Membership reached about 2 million, mostly recruited between 1929-1932recruited between 1929-1932

Fissures in the PartyFissures in the Party

The results of growth and centralization The results of growth and centralization led to major divisionsled to major divisions

Four distinct levelsFour distinct levels Stalin and PolitburoStalin and Politburo Central Moscow leadershipCentral Moscow leadership Regional and local leadersRegional and local leaders Rank and file party membersRank and file party members

The following is drawn mainly from J. Arch Getty and Oleg The following is drawn mainly from J. Arch Getty and Oleg V. Naumov, V. Naumov, The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932-1939Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932-1939, Yale University , Yale University Press, 1999.Press, 1999.

AntecedentsAntecedents

Civil War valuesCivil War values Implacable and pitiless character rewardedImplacable and pitiless character rewarded Civil rights and legality as bourgeois liberal Civil rights and legality as bourgeois liberal

nostrumsnostrums The peasants as the enemy of the revolutionThe peasants as the enemy of the revolution Mass terror as legitimate, if not respectableMass terror as legitimate, if not respectable Secret police (Secret police (ChekaCheka, later OGPU) first , later OGPU) first

employedemployed

Language and PoliticsLanguage and Politics

The use of flexible and loosely-The use of flexible and loosely-defined metaphors in official defined metaphors in official discourse to identify enemiesdiscourse to identify enemies KulakKulak TrotskyistTrotskyist SaboteurSaboteur Counter-revolutionaryCounter-revolutionary TraitorTraitor

The Party and PurgesThe Party and Purges

Purges of enemies were accepted, if Purges of enemies were accepted, if not promoted, by many in the partynot promoted, by many in the party Fearful for their positions if the regime Fearful for their positions if the regime

collapsedcollapsed True believers in communism and the True believers in communism and the

chosen role of the Bolshevik partychosen role of the Bolshevik party

Ideology and TruthIdeology and Truth

The historical destiny and The historical destiny and inevitability of inevitability of CommunismCommunism Deaths, setbacks and Deaths, setbacks and

complications could not be complications could not be the result of erroneous the result of erroneous policiespolicies

Had to be the consequence Had to be the consequence of sabotage, class enemies of sabotage, class enemies and internal party traitorsand internal party traitors

Two OppositionsTwo Oppositions

The United Opposition of 1927The United Opposition of 1927 Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev’s threat to Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev’s threat to

take matters to the street after losing out to take matters to the street after losing out to Stalin-BukharinStalin-Bukharin

Broke cardinal rule of keeping disputes Broke cardinal rule of keeping disputes within the party, behind closed doorswithin the party, behind closed doors

Refused to publicly recant, admit errors, and Refused to publicly recant, admit errors, and accept judgmentaccept judgment

Kamenev was severely demoted; Zinoviev Kamenev was severely demoted; Zinoviev and Trotsky were expelled; Trotsky deported and Trotsky were expelled; Trotsky deported in 1929in 1929

Two OppositionsTwo Oppositions

Rightist Opposition of 1930Rightist Opposition of 1930 Bukharin, Rykov, and Tomsky recanted Bukharin, Rykov, and Tomsky recanted

their errors in private speeches to the their errors in private speeches to the partyparty

Performed what was to become a basic Performed what was to become a basic apology ritualapology ritual

Lost their Politburo seats, but stayed in Lost their Politburo seats, but stayed in the party and Central Committeethe party and Central Committee

The Secret PoliceThe Secret Police

HistoryHistory

FunctionsFunctions

StructureStructure

HistoryHistory Tsarist Secret Police: Tsarist Secret Police:

OkhranaOkhrana Under Lenin: Cheka (1917-Under Lenin: Cheka (1917-

1922)1922) Head: Felix DzerzhinskyHead: Felix Dzerzhinsky Purpose: Prevent Purpose: Prevent

counterrevolutionary activitiescounterrevolutionary activities First camp for political First camp for political

prisoners: Solovki Monasteryprisoners: Solovki Monastery 1922: made part of NKVD 1922: made part of NKVD

(Commissariat of Internal (Commissariat of Internal Affairs)Affairs)

The Great TerrorThe Great Terror

1934--assasination of 1934--assasination of KirovKirov

Purge of the Purge of the Leningrad PartyLeningrad Party

Yezhov 1936-38Yezhov 1936-38 Enemies of the PeopleEnemies of the People Public trials of Public trials of

important figuresimportant figures Beria 1938-1953Beria 1938-1953

KGBKGB

Committee for State SecurityCommittee for State Security 1954 to end of Soviet period1954 to end of Soviet period FunctionsFunctions

Foreign intelligenceForeign intelligence Activities of foreigners on Soviet Activities of foreigners on Soviet

territoryterritory Ideological control of Soviet Ideological control of Soviet

populationpopulation Secret informersSecret informers dissidentsdissidents

GULAGGULAG State Directorate of (Labor) CampsState Directorate of (Labor) Camps Corrective Labor: White Sea Canal Corrective Labor: White Sea Canal

project 1930-31project 1930-31 Work reforges anti-social peopleWork reforges anti-social people Cheap laborCheap labor

Solzhenitsyn: Gulag ArchipelagoSolzhenitsyn: Gulag Archipelago Death campsDeath camps KolymaKolyma Political prisoners: Article 58Political prisoners: Article 58

Death TollDeath Toll Solzhenitsyn: 66 millionSolzhenitsyn: 66 million 1927-29: 1 mil., political 1927-29: 1 mil., political

oppositionopposition 1930-33: Collectivization 1930-33: Collectivization

12 mil. Peasants 12 mil. Peasants deported to Siberia deported to Siberia

1932-33: Famine1932-33: Famine 6-7 mil. Die of starvation6-7 mil. Die of starvation 1.5-2 mil. Arrested for 1.5-2 mil. Arrested for

“crimes against state “crimes against state property”property”

http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/sjk/kolyma3.htm

Death Toll (cont.)Death Toll (cont.) Great Terror 1937-38: Great Terror 1937-38:

5-7 mil. Arrested, shot, 5-7 mil. Arrested, shot, sent to labor campssent to labor camps

50% of Party, 70% of 50% of Party, 70% of Central Committee, Central Committee, 66% of military, 66% of military, including nearly all including nearly all generalsgenerals

1939-41: Mass 1939-41: Mass repressions in the Baltic repressions in the Baltic states and western states and western Ukraine, BelorussiaUkraine, Belorussia

http://www.mega.nu:8080/ampp/rummel/dbg.tab1.4.gif

Death Toll (cont.)Death Toll (cont.) During World War IIDuring World War II

2 mil. Ethnic Germans deported2 mil. Ethnic Germans deported 3 mil. Moslems3 mil. Moslems 2-3 mil. Arrested for reporting late for 2-3 mil. Arrested for reporting late for

workwork War casualties: 20 mil.War casualties: 20 mil. Post-war: 10-12 mil. Deprived of Post-war: 10-12 mil. Deprived of

rights or sent to labor camps for living rights or sent to labor camps for living in areas occupied by Nazis during warin areas occupied by Nazis during war

ReasonsReasons Eliminate rivals and potential rivalsEliminate rivals and potential rivals Intensify the mood of terrorIntensify the mood of terror Blame government failures on Blame government failures on

“enemies”“enemies” Cheap labor for government projectsCheap labor for government projects

Adapted from Sean ConnollyAdapted from Sean Connolly

AndAnd

Nick WildeyNick Wildey

The Nazi-Soviet PactThe Nazi-Soviet Pact

““I must confess to the most profound I must confess to the most profound distrust of Russia. And I distrust her distrust of Russia. And I distrust her motives, which seem to me to have motives, which seem to me to have little connection with our ideas of little connection with our ideas of liberty, and to be concerned only with liberty, and to be concerned only with getting everyone else by the ears….”getting everyone else by the ears….”

““Moreover, she is both Moreover, she is both hatedhated and and suspectedsuspected by many of the smaller by many of the smaller States, notably by States, notably by PolandPoland, , RomaniaRomania and and FinlandFinland.”.”

Neville ChamberlainNeville Chamberlain

Summary of ArticlesSummary of Articles Communication between both governments was key so as to Communication between both governments was key so as to

address problems reflecting on their country’s common interests. address problems reflecting on their country’s common interests.

Non-aggression was the main component, assuring that neither Non-aggression was the main component, assuring that neither side would attack the other and any violence was strictly side would attack the other and any violence was strictly forbidden.forbidden.

Summary of Articles Summary of Articles Cont’dCont’d The treaty would last The treaty would last

for ten years, after that for ten years, after that it would continue for it would continue for five more years if five more years if neither party expressed neither party expressed disinterest in the disinterest in the relationship.relationship.

Any conflicts between Any conflicts between parties would not be parties would not be settled through settled through violence, but rather violence, but rather through exchanging through exchanging opinions or arbitration opinions or arbitration commissions.commissions.

Not an AllianceNot an Alliance The treaty or pact The treaty or pact

was definitely not an was definitely not an alliance. The two alliance. The two powers did not agree powers did not agree to international to international efforts.efforts.

The economic The economic agreement of August agreement of August 13, 1939 named 13, 1939 named USSR to provide USSR to provide Germany with food Germany with food and raw materials. and raw materials.

Germany would Germany would supply the U.S.S.R. supply the U.S.S.R. with finished with finished products.products.

A Shock to the WorldA Shock to the World The Nazi's were The Nazi's were

known for hating known for hating CommunistsCommunists. With . With the the USSRUSSR a a Communist body, the Communist body, the world was shocked world was shocked that these two that these two governments would governments would sign any sort of sign any sort of agreement, much less agreement, much less a non-aggression one.a non-aggression one.

Two Terms that Two Terms that Don’tDon’t MixMix

Ideological DifferencesIdeological Differences

FascismFascism – embraces private property – embraces private property

CommunismCommunism – nationalizes (takes – nationalizes (takes away) private propertyaway) private property

HitlerHitler and and Stalin Stalin

Hitler and Stalin were seeking Hitler and Stalin were seeking power by abusing the citizens of power by abusing the citizens of their countries, aspiring to world their countries, aspiring to world domination. domination.

In both Hitler’s Germany and In both Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s U.S.S.R.,Stalin’s U.S.S.R., the populations the populations were split down the midwere split down the middledle..

HitlerHitler//StalinStalin Population Population EffectsEffects

In the In the U.S.S.R. “Stalinism”U.S.S.R. “Stalinism” made the made the people paranoid about people paranoid about not not helping the helping the Soviet cause. The Soviet cause. The “Great Purge”“Great Purge” led led to the deaths of millions of Soviets.to the deaths of millions of Soviets.

In Germany, Hitler created massive rifts In Germany, Hitler created massive rifts between races leading to the deaths of between races leading to the deaths of millions of Jews.millions of Jews.

Secret Perks of the Secret Perks of the AgreementAgreement

The secret protocol of the agreement The secret protocol of the agreement gave the gave the SovietsSoviets control of the Baltic control of the Baltic

States, blocked the States, blocked the SovietsSoviets from entering from entering a war against Germany, and split Poland a war against Germany, and split Poland

between the two countries. between the two countries.

Poland – Result of Pact on Poland – Result of Pact on Target NationsTarget Nations

About a week after the About a week after the signing of the pact, signing of the pact, German forces entered German forces entered Poland. Poland.

Throughout September Throughout September of 1939, Poland was of 1939, Poland was subject to occupation subject to occupation in the west from in the west from German forces and German forces and from the east by Soviet from the east by Soviet forces. forces.

The British and French The British and French honored their ally honored their ally system by declaring system by declaring war on Germany.war on Germany.

““Bloodthirsty”Bloodthirsty”

The Polish were forced into labour camps and The Polish were forced into labour camps and their military officers were brutally murdered.their military officers were brutally murdered.

The goal of German/Soviet occupation was to The goal of German/Soviet occupation was to enslave the Polish and erase their sense of enslave the Polish and erase their sense of nationalism and identity.nationalism and identity.

““A great myth developed that only the A great myth developed that only the fascist enemy was capable of genocide, of fascist enemy was capable of genocide, of mass crime. If the crimes of the mass crime. If the crimes of the Soviet Soviet UnionUnion were to be were to be put into the same category as those of the put into the same category as those of the Nazis, the whole moral story Nazis, the whole moral story of why we fought the Second World War of why we fought the Second World War would have been ruined. would have been ruined. We now know that during the war, We now know that during the war, StalinStalin actually killed more of actually killed more of his own people than Hitler killed during the his own people than Hitler killed during the Holocaust.”Holocaust.”

Norman Davies Norman Davies

At the Katyn forests in 1043, nearly At the Katyn forests in 1043, nearly 4,000 Polish military officers were 4,000 Polish military officers were discovered in a mass grave; a massacre discovered in a mass grave; a massacre which was recently claimed in which was recently claimed in responsibility in 1991 by the Soviets.responsibility in 1991 by the Soviets.

The Big Picture of The Big Picture of PolandPoland

The concentration camps killed Jews The concentration camps killed Jews on Polish soil at infamous camps on Polish soil at infamous camps such as Auschwitz, Majdanek, and such as Auschwitz, Majdanek, and Treblinka.Treblinka.

Almost all of the 3 million Jews living Almost all of the 3 million Jews living in Poland were annihilated by the in Poland were annihilated by the ruthless Germans and Soviets. ruthless Germans and Soviets.

An Attack on Finland, An Attack on Finland, Gone BadGone Bad

On November 30th, 1939 the USSR On November 30th, 1939 the USSR attacked Finland, expecting an easy attacked Finland, expecting an easy victory. However Finland was able to victory. However Finland was able to hold them off and retain its hold them off and retain its independence. This scuttle was independence. This scuttle was known as the Winter War. known as the Winter War.

The End of the PactThe End of the Pact

The pact between the two countries was The pact between the two countries was severed as a result of Hitler invading the severed as a result of Hitler invading the U.S.S.R. on June 22U.S.S.R. on June 22ndnd, 1941., 1941.

Failure of the pactFailure of the pact

The Germans were The Germans were avoiding avoiding fighting a two front war.fighting a two front war.

The attack on the Soviets may have The attack on the Soviets may have helped to win the war for the allies, helped to win the war for the allies, as the Germans then had as the Germans then had two frontstwo fronts to to supply, occupy, and fightsupply, occupy, and fight..

““They should have known They should have known …”…”

The attack on the The attack on the USSRUSSR shocked few people. shocked few people. It was assumed that this pact would last only It was assumed that this pact would last only long enough to give Germany the advantage long enough to give Germany the advantage of not having to fight on two fronts.of not having to fight on two fronts.

USSR USSR Enters Enters WWIIWWII

Following the German invasion of Following the German invasion of the USSR, the Soviets were involved the USSR, the Soviets were involved in WWII, as well as defeating the in WWII, as well as defeating the German powers.German powers.

UU..S.S. Involvement Involvement

The U.S. soon became The U.S. soon became involved in the war. If involved in the war. If the U.S. was involved in the U.S. was involved in the war prior to June the war prior to June 2222ndnd, 1941, many people , 1941, many people believe that Germany believe that Germany would not have attacked would not have attacked Russia.Russia.

http://www.hfcsd.org/ww2

UU..S.S. and and U.S.S.R.U.S.S.R. The combination of the The combination of the

United States and the United States and the USSR joining allied USSR joining allied efforts in a matter of efforts in a matter of months apart, morale months apart, morale among British and French among British and French troops skyrocketed, and troops skyrocketed, and the Soviets fought as if the Soviets fought as if there had been no there had been no negotiations between negotiations between their government and their government and Germany at all.Germany at all.

“ “Ours is a righteous cause. The Ours is a righteous cause. The enemy shall be defeated. Victory will enemy shall be defeated. Victory will be ours.”be ours.”

Vyacheslav Molotov - June 22, 1941 Vyacheslav Molotov - June 22, 1941 (Foreign minister of the USSR during time of (Foreign minister of the USSR during time of

signing of pact as well as time of attack.)signing of pact as well as time of attack.)

EvaluationEvaluation What were the provisions of the Nazi-What were the provisions of the Nazi-

Soviet Pact?Soviet Pact? Was it a treaty of alliance? If not, what Was it a treaty of alliance? If not, what

was its purpose?was its purpose? Why was the world shocked when it was Why was the world shocked when it was

announced? What were the ideological announced? What were the ideological differences between Hitler and Stalin?differences between Hitler and Stalin?

What effect would the pact have on the What effect would the pact have on the nations who were targeted?nations who were targeted?

When and how would the Pact be When and how would the Pact be broken?broken?

Works CitedWorks Cited   German-Soviet Non-Aggression Treaty, 1939German-Soviet Non-Aggression Treaty, 1939

http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/documents/German_Soviet_Pact.htmhttp://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/documents/German_Soviet_Pact.htm Accessed 5-30-03Accessed 5-30-03 Site contained articles of provisions of the pact.Site contained articles of provisions of the pact.

PicturePicture http://www.jacdepczyk.com/images/depczyk_play.jpghttp://www.jacdepczyk.com/images/depczyk_play.jpg Accessed 5-30-03Accessed 5-30-03

Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia http://go.grolier.comhttp://go.grolier.com Accessed 5-30-03Accessed 5-30-03 Good general background information, combined with great graphics of Hitler Good general background information, combined with great graphics of Hitler

and Stalin.and Stalin. Poland’s HolocaustPoland’s Holocaust

www.polandsholocaust.org/www.polandsholocaust.org/ Accessed 6/06/03Accessed 6/06/03 Excellent source for information regarding a country whose “holocaust” was Excellent source for information regarding a country whose “holocaust” was

not quite as known about as was Germany’s.not quite as known about as was Germany’s. Nazi-Soviet PactNazi-Soviet Pact

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSnazipact.htmhttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSnazipact.htm Accessed 5-30-03Accessed 5-30-03 Site contained information on both Hitler and Stalin, as well as several primary Site contained information on both Hitler and Stalin, as well as several primary

source documents.source documents.

Works Cited Cont’dWorks Cited Cont’d The Avalon ProjectThe Avalon Project

http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/nonagres.htmhttp://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/nonagres.htm Accessed 5-30-03Accessed 5-30-03 Contained articles of the pact.Contained articles of the pact. Excellent web site for information on a wide array of topics.Excellent web site for information on a wide array of topics.

Germany and the Soviet Union sign a non-aggression pactGermany and the Soviet Union sign a non-aggression pact http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/World/http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/World/

HitlerStalin.htmlHitlerStalin.html Accessed 5-30-03Accessed 5-30-03 Site talked slightly about the signing of the pact, but focused mainly Site talked slightly about the signing of the pact, but focused mainly

on the invasion of Poland.on the invasion of Poland. German and Soviet RuleGerman and Soviet Rule

http://www.1upinfo.comhttp://www.1upinfo.com Accessed 6/6/03Accessed 6/6/03 Detailed outline of the pact, definitely a source to use again for many Detailed outline of the pact, definitely a source to use again for many

other topics.other topics. Nazi-Soviet PactNazi-Soviet Pact

http://www.johndclare.net/RoadtoWWII8.htmhttp://www.johndclare.net/RoadtoWWII8.htm Accessed 5-30-03 Accessed 5-30-03 Site contained information on the shock that this pact caused to the Site contained information on the shock that this pact caused to the

rest of the world. Also contained some pictures.rest of the world. Also contained some pictures.